ABKAHAM LINCOLN
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LIFE MASK OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
Draw,, by Kenyon Cox fro:n a copy of the mask made by Clark Mills in February, 1865.
The original mask is owned by Colonel John Hay.
10 Frontispiece.
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
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BY JOHN G
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ABRAHAM LINCOLN
A HISTORY
BY JOHN G. NICOLAY
AND JOHN HAY
VOLUME TEN
NEW YORK
THE CENTURY CO.
Copyright, 1886 and 1890,
by John G. Nicolay
and John Hay.
Copyright renewed, 1914,
by Helen G. Nicolay.
PRINTED IN U. S. A.
ILLUSTRATIONS
Vol. X
Life Mask of Abraham Lincoln Frontispiece
Drawn by Kenyon Cox from a copy of the mask made by Clark
Mills in February, 1865. The original mask is owned by
Colonel John Hay.
PAGE
General George H, Thomas 16
From a photograph.
General John B. Hood 24
From a photograph by Anderson-Cook.
General Alexander P. Stewart 32
From a photograph.
Commander Wm. B. Cushing 48
From a photograph by Brady.
Admiral David D. Porter 64
From a photograph by Brady.
General Alfred H. Terry 72
From a photograph by Brady.
William Lloyd Garrison 80
From a photograph by Rockwood.
General John B. Gordon 160
From a photograph.
General A. A. Humphreys 168
From a photograph by Anthony.
General Charles Griffin 176
From a pbotograph.
General A. P. Hill 184
From a photograph by Anderson-Cook.
Yii
Vlll ILLUSTRATIONS
General Francis C. Barlow 192
From a photograph by Brady.
General George A. Custer 200
From a photograph by Gardner.
General John Gibbon 208
From a photograph by Brady.
General Godfrey Weitzel 216
From a photograph by Anthony.
General W. T. Sherman 224
From a photograph by Brady.
General Oliver O. Howard 224
From a photograph by Brady.
General John A. Logan 224
From a photograph by Brady.
General William B. Hazen 224
From a photograph by Brady.
General Jeff. C. Davis 224
From a photograph by Brady.
General Henry W. Slocum 224
From a photograph by Brady.
General Wade Hampton 232
From a photograph.
General J. A. Mower 240
From a photograph by Brady.
General James H. Wilson 256
From a photograph by Wm. Klauser.
General U. S. Grant 272
From a photograph taken by Walker in 1875.
Abraham Lincoln 288
From a photograph taken March 6, 1865.
Diagram of the Box in Ford's Theater , 294
From the drawing in the War Department.
Stage and Proscenium Boxes of Ford's Theater as they
Appeared on the Night of President Lincoln's As-
sassination 296
From photographs.
Diagram of the House in which President Lincoln Died 300
From the original prepared by Major A. F. Rockwell, April 15,
1865.
The Funeral Car 318
From a photograph by P. Relyea.
The Lincoln Monument at Springfield 324
From a photograph by G. A. W. Pittman.
ILLUSTRATIONS IX
MAPS
Vol. X
PAGE
Hood's Tennessee Campaign 2
Battle of Franklin 14
Battle of Nashville 26
Coast of the Carolinas 40
Fort Fisher 56
Battle of Five Forks 170
From Petersburg to Appomattox Court House 176
Battle of Bentonville 236
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Vol. X
Ohaptee I. Franklin and Nashville
Hood's Plan of Invasion. His Dream of Conquest.
His Movement toward Tennessee. The Responsibility
of Thomas. His Force. Forrest's Raid on Johnson-
ville. Hood at Tuscumbia. He Crosses the Tennessee
and Moves for Columbia. Schofield Arrives there
First. Hood Attempts to Flank Schofield at Spring
Hill. His Failure. Schofield Arrives at Franklin.
Hood Attacks Him. The Battle of Franklin. Re-
pulse of the Confederates. Their Heavy Losses.
Schofield Retires to Nashville. Hood Follows.
Thomas Prepares to Attack Him. Impatience of Gen-
eral Grant. He Resolves to Supersede Thomas. A
Spell of Bad Weather. Thomas Attacks Hood on
the 15th of December. The Battle of Nashville. Hood
Driven Eight Miles. The Fight of the 16th. Rout of
Hood's Army. The Pursuit. Hood Driven into
Mississippi and His Army Dispersed 1
Chapter II. The Albemarle
The Building of the Albemarle. The Attack and Cap-
ture of Plymouth. The Albemarle Attacks the Union
Fleet, and Retires to Plymouth. Plans for her De-
struction. William B. Cushing. His Adventures.
His Expedition Against the Albemarle. Incidents of
Xll TABLE OF CONTENTS
the Night. The Albemarle Destroyed. Escape of
Cushing. Received as One From the Dead. Plymouth
Captured by the United States Navy 38
Chapter III. Fort Fisher and Wilmington
Blockade Running. Importance of the Port of Wil-
mington. Profits of the Blockade Runners. Activity
of the Navy. An Expedition Planned Against Fort
Fisher. The Powder Boat Scheme. The Relations of
Porter, Butler, and Weitzel. Mutual Recriminations.
Delays. The Powder Boat Exploded Without Results.
The Force under Butler Lands. The Fort Bombarded
by the Navy. Weitzel Decides Against Attacking.
The Troops Reembark and Return to Fort Monroe.
Grant Censures Butler and Relieves Him. A New
Expedition Starts under Terry. The Troops Land and
Assault the Fort. Capture of Fort Fisher. The Move-
ment on Wilmington. Schofield Enters Wilmington
on the 22d of February. The March to Goldsboro'.
Battle of Kinston. Occupation of Goldsboro' and
Junction with Sherman 52
Chapter IV. The Thirteenth Amendment
Colfax Elected Speaker. Lincoln's Annual Message
of 1863 on Emancipation. Constitutional Amendments
Proposed. Trumbull's Amendment. Thirteenth
Amendment Passed by the Senate, and Defeated by
the House. Lincoln and the Baltimore Platform.
Lincoln's Annual Message of 1864 on Amending the
Constitution. Ashley Moves to Reconsider the Vote
on the Thirteenth Amendment. Debate in the House.
Progressive Democratic and Border State Members.
Sumner and the Raritan Bill. House Passes the Thir-
teenth Amendment. Lincoln's Address. The Thir-
teenth Amendment Ratified. Amendments of 1861
and 1865 Contrasted 72
Chapter V. Blair's Mexican Project
Lincoln's Annual Message of 1864 on Peace. Francis
P. Blair, Sr., Permitted to go South. His Letters to
Jefferson Davis. His Visit to Richmond. His Inter-
TABLE OF CONTENTS XUl
view with Jefferson Davis. His Scheme Concerning
Mexico. Davis's Replies and Questions. His Letter to
Blair about Peace for " The Two Countries." Lin-
coln's Letter to Blair about Peace for u Our One
Common Country." Blair's Return Visit to Richmond.
Davis's Consultation with His Cabinet. Appoints
Stephens, Hunter, and Campbell Peace Commission-
ers. His Double-meaning Instruction 93
Chapter VI. The Hampton Eoads Conference
Stephens, Hunter, and Campbell Ask Leave to Visit
Washington. Major Eckert's Mission. Lincoln Sends
Seward to Meet the Commissioners. His Instructions.
The Commissioners and Grant. Grant's Telegram to
Stanton. Lincoln Goes to Fort Monroe. Interview Be-
tween Lincoln, Seward, and the Commissioners. The
Points of Discussion. No Agreement Reached. Lin-
coln's Suggestion to Stephens. The Commissioners Re-
port to Jefferson Davis. Da vis's Message and Speech .113
Chapter VII. The Second Inaugural
Lincoln's Proposed Message and Proclamation. His
Proposal Disapproved by the Cabinet. Statement of
Secretary Welles. Statement of Secretary Usher. Lin-
coln's Message About the Hampton Roads Conference.
Joint Resolution About Insurrectionary States. Lin-
coln's Message on Signing the Joint Resolution. The
Presidential Count. Lincoln's Reply to the Notifica-
tion Committee. His Second Inauguration. The Sec-
ond Inaugural. Lincoln's Letter to Weed 132
Chapter VIII. Five Forks
The Agony of the Confederacy. Worthlessness of the
Currency. High Prices. Rigor of the Conscription.
Desertions. Mutual Recriminations. Disaffection.
Decline in Value of Slave Property. Despair of the
Confederate State Department. Lee in Supreme
Command. Overtures for Military Negotiations. Lin-
coln Forbids Them. Lee and Davis on the Evacuation
of Richmond. Gordon's Sortie at Fort Stedman. Its
Partial Success and Final Failure. Grant Resolves to
XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS
Move to the Left. His Plans. Sherman's Visit. The
Army of the Potomac. Sheridan's Views. Grant's
Purpose Fully Developed. Sheridan at Dinwiddie
Court House. The Battle of Five Forks. Warren
Relieved. Relations Between Him and Grant . . 14S
Chapter IX. Appomattox
Grant Orders Assault on the Confederate Lines at
Petersburg. Success of Wright and Parke. Death
of A. P. Hill. Capture of Forts Gregg and Whit-
worth. Lee Driven Back to His Inner Line. He
Evacuates Petersburg. Reception of the News in
Richmond. Lee's Flight and Grant's Pursuit. Lee
at Amelia Court House. The Battle of Sailor's Creek.
Humphreys and Wright Defeat the Confederates.
Read's Self-sacrifice. u Let the Thing be Pressed."
The Race to Appomattox. Lee's Optimism. Not
Shared by His Generals. Grant's Summons to Sur-
render. Exchange of Letters. Sheridan at Appo-
mattox. Ord and Griffin Come Up. The Way Barred.
Lee Surrenders. Grant's Liberal Terms. The Number
Surrendered. No Salutes Fired. Meeting of Lee
and Grant After the Surrender 175
Chaptek X. The Fall of the Rebel Capital
Prospects in Richmond. Davis's Last Message. Lee
Directs the Evacuation of Richmond. A Fateful
Sunday. Departure of the Rebel Government. Dis-
order and Pillage. The Confederates Burn Richmond.
General Ewell's Statement. The City Surrendered to
General Weitzel. Arrival of the Union Army. Rich-
mond Under the Stars and Stripes. Order, Relief,
and Peace 199
Chapter XI. Lincoln in Richmond
Captain Robert T. Lincoln. The President's Visit to
Grant. Interview of Lincoln, Grant, Sherman, and
Porter. Lincoln's Visit to Petersburg. His Visit to
Richmond. Presidential Entry into the Fallen Capital.
Interviews with Judge Campbell. Lincoln's Memoran-
dum. His Directions About the Virginia Legislature.
TABLE OF CONTENTS XV
Notification to Grant. Campbell's Letter to the
Legislative Committee. The Call to the Legisla-
ture. Campbell's Misconstruction. Weitzel's Mistake.
The Meeting Revoked by the President 213
Chapter XII. Johnston's Surrendee
Sherman's March Northward. His Forces. The
Country Traversed. Columbia Captured and Burned.
The March to the Great Pedee. Fayetteville Taken.
Johnston Supersedes Beauregard. The Confederate
Forces. The Battles of Averysboro' and Bentonville.
Sherman Enters Goldsboro'. Stoneman's Raid Towards
Lynchburg. Wilson's Expedition. He Defeats For-
rest and Captures Selma. Sherman Prepares for a
Final Campaign. The News of Lee's Surrender.
Sherman Marches to Raleigh. Johnston Proposes a
Suspension of Hostilities. Negotiations. The Sher-
man-Johnston Memorandum. It is Disapproved by
Grant and the Government. Grant Arrives at
Sherman's Headquarters. Johnston Surrenders on
the Appomattox Terms. Sherman's Controversy with
Halleck and Stanton 229
Chapter XIII. The Capture of Jefferson Davis
Flight of the Rebel Government. Davis's Danville
Proclamation. The Halt at Greensboro'. Davis's
Interviews with Johnston and Beauregard. Johnston's
Statement. Maliory's Statement. Negotiations with
Sherman. Davis's Stay at Charlotte. Davis's Orders
and Johnston's Refusal. Wilson Sends Harnden and
Pritchard in Pursuit. Capture of the Camp near
Irwinville. Davis's Statement. Lawton's Statement.
Reagan's Statement. Imprisonment and Indictment of
Davis. President Johnson's Amnesty. The Death of
Jefferson Davis 255
Chapter XIV. The Fourteenth of April
Good Friday, a Day of Thanksgiving. Restoration of
the Flag at Fort Sumter. Solemn Ceremonies. Ora-
tion by Henry Ward Beecher. Meeting of the Cabinet
at Washington. The President's Dream. Discussion
of Plans for Peace. " Enough Lives Have Been Sac-
XVI TABLE OF CONTENTS
rificed." The President's Last Words to His Cabinet.
He Passes the Day with His Family. Threats of
Assassination. The President's Treatment of Them.
Confederate Propositions. The Final Plot. The Con-
spirators. Wilkes Booth and His Accomplices. Booth's
Preparations at the Theater. The President in His
Box. The Strange Fate of all His Party. The Shot
Fired. The Flight of Booth. The Death of Abra-
ham Lincoln 277
Chapter XV. The Fate op the Assassins
The Attempted Assassination of Seward. The Flight
and Capture of Payne. Booth Gains the Navy Yard
Bridge. His Escape into Maryland. Receives Aid
and Comfort. Passages From His Diary. Shot on the
26th of April. Trial of the Surviving Conspirators.
Their Execution. John H. Surratt 303
Chapter XVI. The Mourning Pageant
The General Sorrow. No Public Rejoicing Over the
Downfall of the Rebellion. The Attitude of the Radi-
cals in Congress. President Johnson Takes the Oath
of Office. The Funeral Ceremonies in Washington.
The Journey to Springfield Begun. Harrisburg.
Philadelphia. New York. Through New York State.
Ohio. Cleveland. Indiana and the West. Chicago.
The Interment at Oak Ridge. Building of the Monu-
ment. Its Dedication. Speech of President Grant . 314
Chapter XVII. The End of Eebellion
" The Back of Rebellion Broken." Fears of an Indefi-
nite Prolongation of the War. These Fears Unfounded.
Surrender of Taylor to Canby and Farrand to Thatcher.
Kirby Smith's Threats and Surrender. Wilson's
Paroles. Recruiting Stopped. Reduction of the
Army. Sale of Material. The Grand Review of the
23d and 24th of May. The Army of the Potomac.
Sherman's Army. The Lesson of the War. The
Mustering out of Army and Navy. The New Grand
Divisions. The Insurrection Proclaimed at an End.
The Losses and Expense of the War. The Growth
of the Country in Four Years 326
TABLE OF CONTENTS XVll
Chapter XVIII. Lincoln's Fame
The Voice of Official Europe. France. England.
Germany. The Common People of Europe. Lincoln
Best Appreciated at Home. The Element of Legend.
Emerson's Opinion. The Fame of Lincoln a Growing
Force in This Country and Abroad. The Foundation
of it. His Writings. His Public Work. His Military
Capacity. His Moral Qualities. His Name the Pos-
session of the Whole Country 341
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
CHAPTER I
FRANKLIN AND NASHVILLE
WHILE Sherman was planning his march to chaf.i
the sea General Hood was devising a coun-
ter scheme of invasion. In spite of the rebuffs he
had suffered at every encounter of arms since he
had attained the object of his ambition by replac-
ing Johnston, his hope and his courage had suf-
fered no diminution. He had come to the West
thoroughly imbued, as he says, with the spirit of
Lee and Jackson. He thought by persisting in a
series of flank attacks he would sooner or later de-
stroy the National army. His courage and energy
were equal to any demands that could be made
upon them. His mental capacity was so limited
that he was unable to see the obstacles in his way.
Even now, after all the wasteful defeats which his
rashness had inflicted upon his army, he was
dreaming of a succession of victories more brilliant
than any which had illustrated the career of his
great prototype in Virginia. Although he had re-
treated from the front of Sherman, on the unani-
Vol. X.— 1
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
FKANKLIN AND NASHVILLE
mous report of all the officers he consulted that chap.i.
his army was in no condition to fight a pitched
battle with Sherman's force, yet even while he
halted at the Cross Eoads he decided, he says, to
cross the Tennessee at Guntersville, to destroy
Sherman's communications, to move upon Thomas
and Schofield, and rout and capture their armies
before they could reach Nashville. He intended
then — we are quoting his own words — to march
upon that city, where he would supply his army
and reenf orce it by accessions from Tennessee ; he
would then march northeast, pass the Cumberland
Eiver, move into Kentucky, take position with his
left at Richmond and his right at Hazel Green,
then, threatening Cincinnati, recruit his army from
Kentucky and Tennessee. The dream that had
beguiled Kirby Smith still had power with Hood ;
"the former State," he said, "was reported, at
this juncture, to be more aroused and embittered
against the Federals than at any period of the
war." He was imbued, he said, with the belief
that he could accomplish this stupendous feat
while Sherman was debating the alternative of
following him, or marching through Georgia. But
this scheme was merely the prelude to greater
achievements; if Sherman should return to con-
front him or should follow him from Georgia into
Tennessee and Kentucky he hoped then to be in
condition to offer battle, and if blest with victory,
to send reenf orcements to General Lee, or to march
through the gaps in the Cumberland Mountains
and take Grant in rear ; even if Sherman should
beat him he considered that this enterprise was
still open to him. Thus, he says, he believed he
ABEAHAM LINCOLN
Chap. I.
Hood,
: Advance
and
Retreat,"
p. 268.
Report
Committee
on Conduct
of the War,
1865-66.
Supple-
ment,
Vol. I.,
p. 232.
Sherman to
Halleck,
Oct. 27.
Report
Committee
on Conduct
of the War.
Supple-
ment,
Part I.,
p. 242.
Hood,
"Advance
and
Retreat,"
p. 274.
could "defeat Grant, and allow General Lee, in
command of our combined armies, to march upon
Washington or turn upon and annihilate Sher-
man." This fantastic vision seemed as easy as
"good morning" to the courageous heart and
narrow mind of General Hood.
Eager as Sherman was to march southward, and
little as he cared for what damage Hood might do
in the rear, he was for a long time uncertain what
course he should pursue in reference to him. On
the 17th of October he had said to Thomas that
Hood would not dare to go into Tennessee. If he
wants to, " let him go ; and then we can all turn on
him and he cannot escape " ; and on the 26th, after
his reconnaissance to Gadsden had revealed the
fact that the rebel army had gone, he again said
to Thomas, " If it turns up at Guntersville I will be
after it ; but if it goes, as I believe, to Decatur and
beyond, I must leave it to you at present, and push
for the heart of Georgia." Even after he was sat-
isfied that Hood had gone towards Decatur, he told
Halleck that he would wait a few days to hear
what headway Hood was making and that he might
yet turn to Tennessee, though it would be a great
pity to take a step backward. " I think," he adds,
with his humorous coolness, "it would be better
even to let him ravage the State of Tennessee, pro-
vided he does not gobble up too many of our
troops."
Hood's intention, as we have seen, was really to
cross at Guntersville, in which case he would have
had Sherman upon his heels ; but he postponed his
ruin a few weeks by passing further west. The
reason he gives for this course was his lack of cav-
FKANKLIN AND NASHVILLE
airy and his desire to effect a junction with Gen-
eral Forrest before crossing. He did not even
attempt to cross at Decatur, or, at least, the move-
ment he made in this direction, which was promptly
checked by General Granger, in garrison there,
with considerable loss to the Confederates, Hood
insists was intended merely as a slight demonstra-
tion.
Sherman, though he sometimes complains of
Hood's baffling eccentricities, seems to have read
his mind on many occasions like an open book.
He telegraphed on the 28th of October, not know-
ing of the result at Decatur, that Hood would not
assault that place and that Granger did not want
too many men. The next day he received infor-
mation of Hood's feeble demonstration against it,
and of Granger's successful sortie, in which he
killed and wounded a considerable number of Con-
federates and captured over a hundred. Granger
added his belief that Hood would go to Tuscum-
bia before crossing ; he was evidently out of sup-
plies, as the first thing the prisoners asked for was
something to eat. Hood continued on his way
west and reached Tuscumbia, on the south bank
of the Tennessee, on the 31st of October.
General Grant's doubts of the wisdom of Sher-
man's movement southward, which were so strong
on the 1st of November that he recommended him
to beat Hood before he started, gave way before
Sherman's intense eagerness to be off, and on the
2d, as we have seen, he gave his full consent.
From that moment there was no question that one
of the gravest responsibilities of the war rested
upon the broad shoulders of General Thomas.
Chap. I.
Hood to
Davis,
Nov. 12,
1864.
1864.
> ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap, i This weighty load was well placed. Sherman said,
" General Thomas is well alive to the occasion, and
better suited to the emergency than any man I
have." He might have gone further and said that
no man then alive on the continent was better
suited to the work in hand. Grant, it is true, never
rated Thomas at his real value ; but he acquiesced
in Sherman's opinion on this as on almost all
other occasions. Sherman's confidence was full
and unlimited. He issued an order that "in the
event of military movements or the accidents of
war separating the general in command from his
military division, Ma jor-G-eneral George H. Thomas,
commanding the Department of the Cumberland,
would exercise command over all the troops and
garrisons not absolutely in the presence of the
General-in-Chief." The Departments of the Ohio
and Tennessee were thus placed completely under
his command. Thomas had not sought these
honors or responsibilities ; he accepted them most
reluctantly. " I do not wish," he said, " to be in
command of the defense of Tennessee unless you
and the authorities in Washington deem it abso-
lutely necessary"; but having once accepted the
charge he executed it with all that human courage
and human wisdom could bring to the task.
During the whole month of November the situa-
tion was extremely grave. Hood's army had, by
the utmost exertion, been recruited up to its full
strength. He himself says that desertions had
ceased, and he started, at least, with his organiza-
tion perfect and his subordinate generals entirely
in harmony with him, now that Hardee was gone ;
with three corps of infantry, commanded by Gen-
FKANKLIN AND NASHVILLE /
erals S. D. Lee, Cheatham, and Stewart, comprising chap.i.
a force variously estimated at from 40,000 to 45,000 ;
and he was accompanied besides by a formidable
body of cavalry, under Forrest, of 10,000 to 12,000.
Thomas's force was, on the 1st of November, greatly i^ of
inferior to that of Hood. A large part of it was ^S
dispersed along the garrisoned posts of the south- coSSSttle
ern frontier of Tennessee, and this, of course, could S?t£enwar!
not be displaced. His movable force he estimated St?"
Part I.
at 22,000 infantry, and a little over 4000 cavalry, p. 369."
He received about this time some 12,000 new recruits
from the North ; but these did not make up his
losses by the expiration of terms of service and by
the furloughing of soldiers going North. The forces
upon which he most relied were the Fourth Corps,
under Stanley, and the Twenty-third Corps, under
Schofield ; and he was promised in addition to these
an excellent corps under A. J. Smith, which had
been serving temporarily under Rosecrans. At the
time of the battle of Nashville, however, Thomas
had at hand of all arms, about 55,000.
As soon as Thomas learned that Hood had ap-
peared in force on the Tennessee, Schofield and
Stanley were ordered to be concentrated at Pulaski ;
but before this could be accomplished Forrest had
made an attack at Johnsonville, one of Thomas's
bases of supply on the Tennessee River, and,
after a feeble and discreditable resistance on the
part of the garrison of the place, had caused the
destruction of several transports and a large
amount of valuable Government property. Scho-
field arrived at Nashville on the 5th, when the nov,is64.
advance of his corps was immediately dispatched
to Johnsonville by rail ; but on reaching there he
8 AEEAHAM LINCOLN
chap. i. found that Forrest, having done all the damage
possible, had retreated. Schofield left the place
sufficiently garrisoned, and with the rest of his
command marched to join the Fourth Corps at
Pulaski, and to assume command of all the troops
in that vicinity. Though Stanley's commission
as major-general antedated his, Schofield had the
higher rank as commander of a department. His
orders from Thomas were to retard the advance of
Hood into Tennessee as much as possible, without
risking a general engagement, until Smith's com-
mand should arrive from Missouri, and General
J. H. Wilson, who had been put in command of all
the cavalry in the department, — and who came
indorsed by Grant with the prediction that he
would increase the efficiency of that arm fifty per
cent., — had time to remount the cavalry regiments
whose horses had been taken for Kilpatrick.
A fortnight had been spent by Hood and Beau-
regard at Tuscumbia and the contemplated cam-
paign discussed by them in all its bearings. On
1864. the 6th of November Hood telegraphed to Jefferson
Davis his intention to move into Tennessee, to
which Mr. Davis answered, that if Sherman, as re-
ported, had " sent a large part of his force southward,
Hood, y°u may nrs^ beat him in detail and subsequently,
"Aandnce without serious obstruction or danger to the coun-
p. 273.' try in your rear, advance to the Ohio River." On
the 12th, which was the day on which communica-
tion ceased between Sherman and Thomas, Hood
telegraphed again to the Confederate President,
giving his reasons for not having fought Sherman ;
saying he did not then regard his army as in proper
condition for a pitched battle, but that it was now
FKANKLIN AND NASHVILLE
in excellent spirits and confidence. He also ac-
counted for his delays of the last few weeks by
saying that Forrest had not been able to join him ;
that as soon as he could come up, which would be
in a few days, he should move forward. He moved
across to Florence on the north bank of the Tennes-
see on the 13th ; Forrest reported the next day, and
Hood brought his entire army across the river.
Sherman's intentions were not long a secret to
the Confederates, and, his formidable movement to
the south being now fully developed, Beauregard
ordered Hood, on the 17th of November, to " take
the offensive at the earliest practicable moment
striking the enemy while thus dispersed, and by
these means distract Sherman's advance into
Georgia"; and on the same day, telegraphing to
General Howell Cobb, who was reporting in panic
and terror the advance of Sherman, Beauregard
said, " Victory in Tennessee will relieve Georgia."
Three days later Beauregard again charged Hood to
" push on active offensive immediately," and on the
21st, Hood, with his usual alacrity, put his army in
motion, feeling sure that he was to gain the victory
so much needed and desired. The storms which in
Sherman's neighborhood had been no more than
refreshing showers, in Middle Tennessee had turned
the roads to mire; neither Schofield nor Thomas
believed that it was possible for the Confederates
to move in such weather, but nevertheless Hood
pushed forward with his habitual vigor intent on
coming upon Schofield's rear and cutting him off
from Columbia ; and in this daring plan he almost
succeeded. In spite of snow, sleet, and rain he
pushed northward, and it was only by an equally
Chap. I.
Hood,
' Advance
and
Retreat,"
p. 274.
Ibid., p. 277.
Nov. 20,
1864.
Ibid., p. 281.
Dispatches
of Nov. 19,
from
Thomas
and
Schofield
to each
other.
10
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
Chap. I.
1864.
Cox,
" Franklin
and
Nashville,
p. 65.
vigorous and energetic march on the night from
the 23d to the 24th of November that Schofield
reached Columbia first. Forrest's cavalry was on
the Mount Pleasant pike almost in sight of the
town when Cox's division moved at double-quick,
marched across from the Pulaski road, and held back
the Confederates until Stanley's head of column ar-
rived and a strong position was taken up by the
whole command, covering the town on the south.
Disappointed in his first effort to march around
Schofield, Hood determined to proceed by the
right flank, crossing the river some distance above
Columbia, and move upon Schofield's line of com-
munications at Spring Hill. He had not yet given
up his hope of renewing in the West the exploits
of Stonewall Jackson. "I had beheld," he said,
"with admiration the noble deeds and grand re-
sults achieved by the immortal Jackson in similar
manoeuvres." He waited only one day to pre-
pare this movement, and as he had always
thought, since the 22d of July, that if he had
been present in Hardee's flanking movement he
could have destroyed McPherson's army, he de-
termined this time to accomplish a closer imita-
tion of Jackson at Chancellorsville, by riding at
the head of his own flanking column. He bridged
Nov., 1864. the river during the night of the 28th, three miles
above Columbia, and crossing at daybreak he rode
at the head of Granbury's brigade of Cleburne's
division, giving instructions to remaining corps to
follow, and to keep well closed up. He left General
S. D. Lee at Columbia with two divisions and most
of the artillery to make a heavy demonstration
against Schofield and to follow him if he retired.
FKANKLIN AND NASHVILLE
u
In anticipation of this movement Stanley had
been sent with two divisions of the Fourth Corps
to Spring Hill, Cox having been left at Columbia to
prevent or delay Hood's crossing there. Colonel P.
S. Post's brigade was at the same time sent up the
river in observation and soon reported the move-
ment of infantry north of the stream. Fearing
that this force, the strength of which was not yet
developed, might come in upon the flank near
Butherford's Creek, Nathan Kimball's division
halted at that point, while Stanley passed on with
G-. D. Wagner's division to Spring Hill, where he
arrived a little before noon. In the mean time
Forrest had been encountered by Wilson near
Hurt's Corners, and a brisk engagement took
place between them, Forrest with his largely
superior force gradually crowding Wilson to the
north in such a way as to give the Confederates
command of the direct road from Bally Hill to
Spring Hill. When Stanley, with his one division,
arrived at the latter point there was brisk skirmish-
ing on every side of him for the possession of the
road, which increased throughout the afternoon.
The disposition made of Wagner's division was
admirably effective ; Emerson Opdycke's and J. Q.
Lane's brigades covering the village and protecting
the trains, while L. P. Bradley occupied a wooded
knoll some three-quarters of a mile east of the pike,
which commanded the approaches from that direc-
tion. By great good fortune Wagner had not only
his own battery of artillery, but Captain Lyman
Bridges, the artillery chief of the corps, had come up
with six more batteries, not with any idea of fight-
ing a battle, but simply to get them as far as pos-
Chap. i.
Nov. 29,
1864.
General
Stanley's
Report,
Committee
on
Conduct of
the War.
Supple-
ment,
Part I.,
p. 395.
12 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
chap. i. sible on the road to Franklin ; but the moment he
arrived at Spring Hill, scenting the conflict, he
placed all his guns in battery on a commanding
point west of the road, where they did efficient
service.
The first demonstration upon the place came from
Cheatham's corps, which Hood accompanied in per-
son, having left Stewart's corps at Eutherford's
Creek ; Cleburne's division, one of the finest in the
Confederate army, under command of a general
whose fighting qualities were proverbial, was so
hotly received by Bradley's small brigade, and by
the utterly disproportionate fire from Bridges'
batteries, that it was impossible for the Confeder-
ates to believe that the force opposed to them was
so small. Bradley's brigade was, however, very
roughly handled. Its heroic commander being se-
verely wounded it fell back under charge of Colonel
Joseph Conrad towards the road, and there, with
Lane's and Opdycke's brigades, made so stout a re-
sistance that evening came on, to Hood's almost
frantic disappointment, before the Franklin pike
was reached. As he saw himself missing the
great stroke upon which he had built such hopes,
he assailed his generals with furious reproaches and
adjurations. Bringing up Stewart from Euther-
ford's Creek he threw him to the right of Cheatham,
with orders to take the pike at all hazards, although
night had already fallen. But it was too late.
Stewart's men went into bivouac within a few
hundred yards of the road which Wagner's divi-
sion, by good fighting and admirable judgment
on the part of everybody concerned, still held, and
with it the salvation of Schofield's army.
FKANKLIN AND NASHVILLE 13
General Lee had succeeded in retaining General chap.i.
Cox with the Twenty-third Corps all day at Colum-
bia. In the afternoon, Schofield, becoming con-
vinced that Hood with his main army was moving
upon his rear, ordered Cox to withdraw as soon as
it was dark. He himself took T. H. Euger's division,
and pushed for Spring Hill. The enemy was so close
to the road that Schofield had repeatedly to brush
his pickets away from the path as he advanced. He
reached Spring Hill about seven o'clock, and there
learned that Thompson's Station, a few miles fur-
ther north, was occupied by the enemy. Posting
a strong force to the east of the road, to protect
his marching column, he hurried on with Euger's
division to Thompson's Station, the enemy retiring
as he approached. He then returned to Spring
Hill, meeting there the head of Cox's column, which
had come up with the greatest celerity from Co-
lumbia. The whole force then started for Franklin,
and marched all night with its heavy trains and
invaluable artillery past the sleeping army of Hood.
Several times during the night the trains were de-
layed by slight obstructions, and it seemed as if
they must be abandoned, or a battle be fought to
save them ; but by mingled good fortune and good
management they all got through, the head of the
column arriving at Franklin a little before daylight
on the 30th, and the rest coming up during the Nov.,i864.
forenoon.
Schofield's orders were to cross the Harpeth
Eiver, to hold Hood in check there, and retire
gradually upon Nashville, for Thomas now felt
ready to fight at that place. Smith's detachment
of the Army of the Tennessee had at last begun to
14
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
FKANKLIN AND NASHVILLE
15
'<* %
16 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
chap. i. arrive from Missouri, and Thomas was now equal
or superior in infantry to Hood. But, to Schofield's
surprise and annoyance, he found no means of
Nov.3o,i864. crossing the river. He had destroyed his pontoons
at Columbia, they being too heavy and cumbrous
for the transportation at his disposition. Those he
had requested from Nashville had not been sent ;
the light and movable train which had belonged to
Thomas's army had gone with Sherman to Georgia.
A staff and an army like that of Schofield's wastes
no time in regrets ; they scarped the banks on both
sides of the river and made a sort of ford ; they tore
several houses to pieces, and with the planking
Cox floored the railroad bridge; they sawed the old
"FrlMin' Pos^s of the county bridge down to the level of the
Kap^8&e " water, and hastily covered the stumps with planks.
Thus in a few hours they had three practicable
bridges, and began at once crossing the artillery
and trains. T. J. Wood's division, with some guns,
took position in an abandoned work called Fort
Granger, on the north side, where they commanded
the bridges.
But while these operations were going on it be-
came necessary to provide for receiving Hood's
attack on the other side of the village. The
Twenty-third Corps was posted on both sides of the
main road, upon which Hood's army was expected.
The village of Franklin stands in a bend of the
Harpeth River, so that Cox, who commanded the
lines, had his left on the stream, and extended
across the Columbia pike to the Carter's Creek
pike, but could not reach to the bend of the river
on the other side. Kimball's division was, there-
fore, given the duty of closing the line on that
GENERAL GEORGE H. THOMAS.
FKANKLIN AND NASHVILLE 17
flank. The instant the men were assigned their chap. i.
positions they went to work with instinctive alac-
rity to build such slight breastworks as the means Cox>
at hand afforded. The roadway was left open to "Fr|ndlm
enable a double line of wagons and artillery to pass, ap. si. e'
and this opening was protected by a retrenchment
a few rods further back.
Wagner's division, which had held the lines at
Spring Hill all the day before, and which had
brought up the rear in a long night march, came
in about noon. Colonel Opdycke's brigade, which
had formed the rear guard, and upon which had
fallen the double duty of beating back Hood's
advance, and driving forward the weary and limp-
ing recruits of Schofield's army, now came inside
the lines, and was posted as a reserve in rear of
the center. Wagner's other two brigades were
left outside the principal line, about half a mile
forward on the Columbia pike, with instructions
to observe the enemy, and to retire as soon as
the Confederates showed a disposition to advance
in force. The weary soldiers threw themselves ibid., p. 86.
down for a little repose behind their breastworks ;
neither Schofield nor his corps commanders im-
agined that a great battle was to burst upon them
in a few moments. The artillery and trains were
nearly all across the river by the middle of the
afternoon, and Schofield had issued orders for the nov.3o,is64.
troops to pass over at six o'clock. But there was a
state of things in the Confederate army which made
any moderate or prudent measures impossible to
Hood. His failure to destroy Schofield at Spring
Hill had so embittered and exasperated him that
he was ready for any enterprise, however desperate.
Vol. X.— 2
18 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. i. The irritation had communicated itself to his
principal officers ; his reproaches had stung them
beyond endurance; and, therefore, on arriving in
sight of Schofield's army, in position on the south
bank of the Harpeth, there was no thought of any-
thing among the Confederate commanders but im-
mediate and furious attack. All the Confederate
accounts agree in describing this spirit in Hood's
army on the morning of the 30th of November,
though Hood and his generals entirely disagree as
to the cause of it.1 Generals Cheatham and John C.
Brown, and, according to their account, General
Cleburne also, ascribed it to Hood's unreasonable
and angry censures of their conduct the day before,
while Hood attributes the new spirit of the army to
mortification for the great opportunity lost and a
renewed access of admiration and confidence to-
wards himself.
Hov.3o,i864. The assault was made at about four o'clock. The
Confederates never rushed forward to battle with
more furious impetus, and by a strange accident it
seemed for a moment as if this desperate assault
of Hood was to succeed, and he was to gain the
glory he so ardently longed for of a success like
Stonewall Jackson's best. Wagner's two brigades,
that had been left outside the line with instruc-
tions to retire before becoming actually engaged
with the enemy, stayed too long. The wide and
heavy lines of Cheatham and Stewart had envel-
oped them on both flanks and the bayonets of
Hood's center were almost touching them when they
1 Hood's " Advance and Re- ing of Confederate officers at
treat," p. 294 et seq. General Louisville — " Southern Histori-
Cheatkam's paper, read at a meet- cal Society Papers." Vol. IX.
FKANKLIN AND NASHVILLE 19
turned and ran for the Union lines. They rushed chap. i.
over the parapets on either side of the pike, the
Confederates following immediately after them,
overwhelming and carrying to the rear the troops Nov.3o,i864.
who were defending the breastworks. A gap of
about one thousand feet was instantly made in the
Union lines ; Hood's battalions were rapidly con-
verging to this point. If the damage were not
immediately repaired, it would be irreparable;
with a superior force wedged into the Union cen-
ter, short work would have been made of the two
wings, and nothing but annihilation would have
been left for Schofield's army.
General D. S. Stanley, the commander of the
Fourth Corps, seeing from the north side of the
river the Confederate advance, started at the in-
stant for his line. He reached it just as the breach
was made and the confused mass of fugitives and
Confederates came pouring to the rear. The only
force available at the instant to meet them was
Opdycke's brigade, which had fought all the day
before at Spring Hill and afterwards had marched
all night ; but even while Stanley was galloping to
order Opdycke to lead his men to the charge he
saw that gallant commander taking position him-
self on the right of his line ; seeing that no orders
were necessary he gave none, but placed himself
at the left of this heroic brigade. A shout rose
among the veteran soldiers about him, "We can go
where the general can " ; and the brigade, sup-
ported on the right and left by Cox's men, who in-
stantly rallied to the rescue, rushed forward and
regained the lines. Opdycke's magnificent courage
met its adequate reward. He fought on horseback
20 ABEAHAM LINCOLN
chap. i. till his revolver was empty, then dealt about him
with the butt of his pistol, and descending from his
horse seized the musket of a fallen soldier, and
fought like a private until the intrenchments were
regained. Although four regimental commanders
fell in this furious charge, Opdycke was unhurt.
Stanley did not fare so well ; his horse was killed
under him and he received a serious wound in the
neck and was carried to the rear.
The battle did not cease with this fierce onset and
repulse. All along the line the Confederates made
attack after attack. Hood sitting on horseback, a
little way behind his lines, sent them forward again
and again with furious orders " to drive the Yankees
into the river." To show with what desperate gal-
lantry the Confederates were led, it need only be
said that six generals were killed on or near the
parapets, six were wounded, and one captured.
Cleburne closed his brilliant career in front of the
Union breastworks. John Adams charged his
horse over the ditch, leaped it, and horse and rider
were killed upon the parapet. General 0. F. Strahl
fought with his men in the ditch until evening came;
he was struck down ; he turned over the command
to Colonel F. E. P. Stafford, but while his men
were carrying him to the rear he was struck twice
more and killed. Stafford took up his fallen sword
and carried on the fight with a courage which will
form the theme of fable and legend in time to
come. An eye witness says that his men were
piled about him in such numbers that when at last
Cox> he was shot dead he could not fall, but was found
"FrS.alm the next morning, partially upright, as if still com-
Naph95le'' manding the gallant dead who surrounded him.
FRANKLIN AND NASHVILLE 21
Along the whole line the attack and defense were chap. i.
carried on, until nothing but the flashes of the Nov.3o,i86i.
muskets could be seen in the darkness, with the
same furious gallantry on the one side and
the same immovable determination on the other.
Few battles so frightfully destructive are recorded
in the wars of modern times. In the terrible fight at
Ezra Church, a Union picket shouted across the
lines to a Confederate with that friendly chaff com-
mon to both armies, " I say, Johnny, how many of
you are there left ? " To which the undaunted Con-
federate replied, " About enough for another kill-
ing." On this terrible afternoon at Franklin, Hood's
army suffered the last killing it was able to endure. Hood,
He admitted in his dispatch to Eichmond a loss of and
Retreat,"
" about 4500 " ; but Thomas in his careful report p- 33°-
foots the Confederate loss at 6252, of which all but Thomas,
700 were killed and wounded. Schofield's loss was committee
very much less, amounting to 2326 in all, of which of the war.
Wagner's unfortunate division lost 1200. Had it ^Xi.
not been for the mistake made in those two ad- p-372,
vanced brigades, Schofield's army would have
slaughtered Hood's at its leisure. Thomas, in his
grave and sober manner, thus sums up the result
of this signal victory : " It not only seriously
checked the enemy's advance and gave General
Schofield time to move his troops and all his prop-
erty to Nashville, but it also caused deep depression
among the men of Hood's army, making them
doubly cautious in their subsequent movements." i^a.
Schofield reported the day's work to Thomas and
by his advice and direction fell back during the
night to Nashville. His retreat was entirely un-
molested; for Wilson, while the battle was going
22 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
chap. i. on at Franklin, had met and checked Forrest,
holding him at the river and driving some of his
detachments back. Schofield's army, on arriving
at Nashville, occupied a position selected for it in
advance by General Thomas. General Schoneld
held the left extending to the Nolensville pike ; the
Fourth Corps, under the command of General
Wood, held the center, and the Sixteenth Corps
under General A. J. Smith, who had just arrived
in time to assist in the defense of Tennessee, occu-
pied the right, his flank resting on the Cumberland
River below the city. Wilson, with his cavalry,
was stationed first at Schofield's left, but Steed-
man's provisional command having arrived at
1864. Nashville on the evening of the 1st of December
Wilson was moved to the north side of the river
and Steedman occupied the space from Schofield's
left to the Cumberland.
Hood, as if driven by his evil genius, followed
rapidly after Schofield and sat down before Nash-
ville. He was aware, he said, of the reinforcements
which had reached Thomas, and which had brought
the strength of the National army above his own,
but he was in the position of a desperate gamester
who has so little to lose that he feels it better
policy to stake all than to leave the game. He
knew that Mr. Davis was urgent in his orders for
the reenforcement of the Army of Tennessee from
Texas; he hoped that with this expected accession he
might still realize the roseate dreams with which
he had started out on this ill-starred campaign.
He trusted to the chapter of accidents to give him
some dazzling successes which would draw the
Tennesseeans and Kentuckians to his standard.
FKANKLIN AND NASHVILLE 23
He formed his line of battle in front of Nashville chap, l
on the 2d of December. Lee's corps took the center, ise*.
astride the Franklin pike, Stewart occupied the
left, and Cheatham the right, their flanks widely
extending towards the Cumberland River, and
Forrest's cavalry filling the gap. But no sooner
had he established himself there than, as if deter-
mined to give himself no chance in the impending
battle, he detached Forrest on the 5th with W. B.
Bate's division of infantry to invest and capture, if
possible, the garrison of Murfreesboro', commanded
by General Rousseau. This expedition totally failed.
A sally was made on the 7th by some of Rousseau's
troops under General Milroy, who won that day a
merited consolation for his disaster at Winchester,
and inflicted a sharp defeat upon Bate's infantry,
which was thereupon recalled to Nashville ; while
Forrest, in this useless adventure, remained away
from Hood too far to be recalled when he was
most needed.
While General Hood was strengthening his in-
trenchments and waiting in vain for good news
from Forrest, and the arrival of reinforcements
from across the Mississippi, which were never to
come, Thomas upon his side was completing in his
unhurried and patient manner his preparations for
a crushing blow. He would have been ready to
strike in about a week after Hood's arrival. Noth-
ing exhibits more vividly the tension of spirit
which had come with four years of terrible war,
than the fact that the Administration at Wash-
ington, which had patiently allowed McClellan to
sit motionless in front of Johnston from July to
February, began to urge Thomas to move against
24 ABEAHAM LINCOLN
chap. i. Hood within twenty-four hours of the victory at
Franklin. General Grant felt and exhibited this
impatience in a much stronger degree. He not
only sent out daily messages urging immediate
action, but betrayed an irritation which reads
strangely in the light of Thomas's career. He car-
ried this feeling much further than the civil author-
ities at Washington, though it is true that Mr.
van Home, Stanton, in a strain of whimsical exaggeration, wrote
"iSaSK?* to Grant on the 7th of December, "If he [Thomas]
°beriand?" waits f or Wilson to get ready, Gabriel will be blow-
P° 253.'' ing his last horn." Grant the next day telegraphed
to Halleck, "If Thomas has not struck yet he
ought to be ordered to hand over his command to
ibid. Schofield." Halleck replied, showing that the Gov-
ernment at Washington, impatient as they felt for
immediate action, cherished a higher regard for
Thomas than that felt by the General-in-Chief. " If
you wish General Thomas relieved," he said, " give
the order. No one here will, I think, interfere.
The responsibility, however, will be yours, as no
HGrS,t0 one here, so far as I am informed, wishes General
*&?' Thomas removed."
This dispatch saved General Thomas his com-
mand for a few days longer; but Grant refused
to be placated. Thomas telegraphed him on the
8th in extenuation of his not having attacked
Hood that he could not concentrate his troops and
get their transportation in order in shorter time
than it had been done. Halleck answered, express-
ing the deep dissatisfaction of Grant at Thomas's
delay, and Grant, on the 9th, with growing indig-
nation, requested Halleck to telegraph orders re-
ibid.,p.255, lieving Thomas at once and placing Schofield in
GENEKAL JOHN B. HOOt>.
posite page 24.
FEANKLIN AND NASHVILLE 25
command. These orders were immediately written chap. i.
out, but before they were transmitted to Nashville
Thomas reported in his usual manly and reasonable
style, " I regret that General Grant should feel
dissatisfaction at my delay in attacking the enemy.
I feel conscious that I have done everything in my
power to prepare, and that the troops could not have
been gotten ready before this. And if he should
order me to be relieved I will submit without a VanHorne)
murmur. A terrible storm of freezing rain has "t?iSArm££
come on since daylight, which will render an attack °be?iand™"
impossible till it breaks." On the receipt of this p. 255."
dispatch the authorities took the responsibility of
delaying the order for Thomas's relief until Grant
could be consulted, and he, the same evening, sus-
pended the order until, as he said, "it is seen ibid., p. 256.
whether he will do anything."
The spell of bad weather announced by Thomas
in this dispatch continued for six days. It made
any movement of either army impracticable. The
rain froze as it fell, covering road and field with a
thick coating of ice, upon which it was impossible
for men to march, and on which every effort to
move cavalry resulted in serious casualties to men
and horses. General Grant knew this;1 but his
fear that Hood might elude Thomas and lead him
in a race to the Ohio River became so overpower-
ing that it clouded his better judgment, and his dis-
patches of censure and vehement command came
raining in day by day upon Thomas, causing that
most subordinate and conscientious of soldiers
1He says in his "Memoirs," that the ground was covered with
Vol. II., p. 380 : " The rain was a sheet of ice that made it very-
falling, and freezing as it fell, so difficult to move."
26
ABBAHAM LINCOLN
FRANKLIN AND NASHVILLE
27
lo»
3*
^
z
o
p
<
S <
'%i
i
1
II
1/
1
#
Hi
1
a
3
1
1*
3 55
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Ml M7/f
28 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
chap. i. exquisite pain, but never for an instant disturbing
the calm equipoise of his mind. He replied from
day to day, acknowledging the receipt of orders,
and promising to execute them at the earliest mo-
van Home, ment possible. " The whole country," he said, on
the Army of the 11th, " is covered with a perfect sheet of ice
bvoiaif' " anc* s^eet> an(^ ^ ^s w^n difficulty that troops are
p- 257-' able to move about on level ground." On the 12th
it was no better. He again described in a dispatch
the utter impossibility of moving men or horses,
and his belief that an attack at this time would only
ibid. result in a useless sacrifice of life.
It is hard to believe, and painful to write, that
after the receipt of this truthful and loyal state-
ment, General Grant dispatched General John
A. Logan, who was then visiting him at City
Point, to relieve General Thomas at Nashville.
He directed him, however, not to deliver the
order or publish it until he reached his desti-
nation, and then, if Thomas had moved, not to
deliver it at all. Even after Logan had started,
Grant's uneasiness at the situation so gained upon
him that he himself started for Nashville, and
was met at Washington by news which electrified
the country, saved General Thomas his command,
and established him immutably in the respect and
affection of his country. Thomas nowhere appears
to greater advantage, not even on the hills of
Chickamauga opposing his indomitable spirit to the
surging tide of disaster and defeat, than he does
during this week, opposing his sense of duty to
the will of his omnipotent superior, and refusing
to move one hour before he thought the interests of
the country permitted it, even under the threat of
FEANKLIN AND NASHVILLE 29
removal and disgrace. In answer to Halleck's last chap. i.
peremptory dispatch, he replied on the evening of
the 14th of December : " The ice having melted away i864.
to-day, the enemy will be attacked to-morrow morn-
ing " ; and the next night he sent this laconic dis- Van Horne
patch, "Attacked enemy's left this morning; drove "thl8S?f
it from the river below city very nearly to Franklin °beriea2S™"
pike — distance about eight miles." P° asa."
The frightful storms of rain and sleet which had
held Thomas as if spell-bound had interfered
equally with the mobility of Hood. Neither one
nor the other could stir. Still, without the slight-
est trepidation, the Confederate chief waited for
Thomas's attack, feeling sure, as he says in his
report, "that I could defeat him and thus gain
possession of Nashville with abundant supplies for Hood>
the army. This would give me possession of Ten- "Atndnce
nessee." So late as the 11th of December he wrote p.m'
in a most encouraging strain to the Confederate
Secretary of War, making suggestions as to his
spring campaign, and saying with unconscious
humor, " I think the position of this army is
now such as to force the enemy to take the in- dm., p. 357.
itiative."
On the morning of the 15th of December, in the i864.
midst of a heavy fog which masked the movements
of Thomas's army, he threw it forward to the long
desired attack. It was the sort of weather which
from time immemorial had been held as a justifica-
tion for absolute inaction. The warm rains had
changed the sleety roads and fields to a sea of
mire, through which the troops floundered pain-
fully. To divert Hood's attention from his real
purpose, Thomas had ordered Steedman to demon-
30 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
chap. i. strate heavily with his command against the Con-
Dec. 15,1864. federate right, east of the Nolens ville pike, orders
which that energetic commander carried out with
such tumultuous zeal as to draw Hood's attention
almost entirely to that side of the field. Wilson's
cavalry and Smith's infantry corps then moved out
along the Hardin pike and commenced the grand
movement of the day, by wheeling to the left, and
advancing against the left flank of Hood's position.
Wilson first struck the enemy along Richland
Creek, which bounds the city on the west, and drove
him rapidly, making numerous captures, until he
came upon a detached redoubt, intended as a pro-
tection to Hood's left flank, which was carried in
splendid style by a portion of Edward Hatch's dis-
mounted troopers ; another work and some hun-
dreds of prisoners were immediately after captured
by the combined assault of Smith's and Wilson's
men.
But finding that Smith had not gone as far to the
right as he had hoped, Thomas directed Schofield
to move the Twenty-third Corps to the right of
General Smith, by this means enabling the cavalry
to act more freely upon Hood's left flank and rear.
Schofield's two divisions, admirably commanded
by Generals Couch and Cox, marched with great
spirit and swiftness to the position assigned them
and gained ground rapidly all the afternoon. The
Fourth Corps, under General T. J. Wood, which
held the center of the Union line, assaulted about
one o'clock Hood's advanced position at Mont-
gomery Hill, a gallant feat of arms executed by the
brigade of Colonel P. Sidney Post. From this
point a rapid advance was made, the whole line
FRANKLIN AND NASHVILLE 31
working steadily forward until Hood was driven chap. i.
everywhere from his position, and forced back to a
new line having its right and left flank respectively
on the Overton and the Brentwood Hills, his left
occupying a commanding range of hills on the east
of the Franklin pike; his center stretched across
from that road to another a mile to the west called
the Granny White turnpike ; both flanks were re-
fused and strongly intrenched to the east and west
and to the south, while the main line fronted north-
ward. The Union lines closed rapidly about him,
and in this position both sides waited for the
morning.
The events of the day had filled the Union army
with confidence and enthusiasm, and at early dawn
on the morning of the 16th Thomas sent his whole Dec.,i864.
line forward. Wood pressed the Confederate skir-
mishers across the Franklin pike, and swinging
a little to the right, advanced due south, driving
the enemy before him, until he came upon his new
main line of works, constructed during the night
on Overton's Hill. Steedman marched out on the
Nolensville pike and formed on the left of Wood,
the latter general taking command of both corps.
Smith connected with Wood's right, his corps facing
southward, while Schofield began the morning's
work in the position where night had overtaken
him, his line running almost due southward and
perpendicular to that of Wood. Thomas now rode
along the entire line surveying every inch of the
field, and at last gave orders that the movement
should continue against the Confederate left. His
entire line was closely crowding that of Hood, there
being only a space of 600 yards between them.
32
ABKAHAM LINCOLN
Thomas,
Report.
chap. i. At about three o'clock, Post's brigade, which had
on the day before so gallantly carried Montgomery
Hill, was ordered by General Wood to assault the
Dec. 16,1864. works on the Overton Heights. C. B. Thompson's
brigade of colored troops of Steedman's command
joined in this desperate enterprise. "Our men,"
says Thomas, " moved steadily onward up the hill
until near the crest, when the reserve of the enemy
rose and poured into the assaulting column a most
destructive fire, causing the men first to waver and
then to fall back, leaving their dead and wounded,
black and white indiscriminately mingled, lying
amidst the abatis, the gallant Colonel Post
among the wounded." l This was the only Confed-
erate success of the day; but it was enough to
excite the wildest hopes in the always sanguine
breast of General Hood. Sitting on his horse and
observing the repulse of Post's storming party, he
says, " I had matured the movement for the next
morning. The enemy's right flank, by this hour,
stood in air some six miles from Nashville, and I
had determined to withdraw my entire force during
the night and attack this exposed flank in rear";
still intent on his reverent imitation of Stonewall
Jackson. But even at the moment he was maturing
this strategic scheme, his line, he says, " broke at all
points," and he " beheld for the first and only time
a Confederate army abandon the field in confusion."
Immediately after Post's assault had failed, the
commands of Smith and Schofield advanced to the
Hood,
' Advance
and
Retreat,"
p. 303.
Ibid.
1 Colonel Post was reported
among the killed; the reports
were afterwards corrected to
4 ' mortally wounded"; but he
survived to receive the promo-
tion he had so gallantly won,
was afterwards Consul-General
of the United States at Vienna,
and is now (1890) a Member of
Congress.
GENERAL ALEXANDER P. STEWART.
FKANKLIN AND NASHVILLE 33
work assigned them, and with marvelous celerity chap. i.
and success they burst over the enemy's works in ?Jj£™;j»
every direction, " carrying all before them, irrep- ^cooSSt
arably breaking his lines in a dozen places and of1t8165-66.ar!
capturing all his artillery and thousands of pris- 8mlltT
oners." The result was so sudden and so over- p?377'.'
whelming that neither side was quite prepared
for it.
Wilson had been making rapid progress with
his cavalry on the extreme right, and had come to
report his success to Thomas, who stood with Scho-
field directing operations ; he saw the rush for the
Confederate position and galloped back to his com-
mand to share in the final struggle ; but as Cox says,
" Before he could get half way there the whole Con-
federate left was crushed in like an egg-shell ; . , .
the arch was broken, there were no reserves to re-
store it, and from right and left the Confederate CoXf
troops peeled away from the works in wild confu- " F ?*<? lin
sion." "With the exception of the casualties in the ap. m.e'
gallant rush made by Post's and Thompson's bri-
gades Thomas's entire loss was but slight. The
Confederates abandoned their artillery, rushed
across the Granny White road to the Franklin
pike, and poured in a disorganized mass down
the only avenue to the South which was left
open to them. No rout during the war was ever
more complete. Thomas captured in the two days eie, i86an
4462 prisoners, including 287 officers of all grades
from that of major-general, fifty- three pieces of Thomas
artillery, and thousands of small arms. Report.
One or two of the brigades that still retained
their organization formed as a rear guard on the
Franklin pike, under command of S. D. Lee, and
Vol. X.— 3
34 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
Chap. I.
during the first hours of the night efficiently main-
tained a certain show of resistance to the pursuing
cavalry. Night quickly closed in, and a drenching
rain came down which made pursuit extremely
difficult. General Grant was never satisfied with
the swiftness and efficiency of Thomas's pursuit of
Hood's beaten army ; yet with the exception of that
historic chase which began at Petersburg and ended
at Appomattox there was no other pursuit of a
beaten army during the war so energetic, so pro-
longed, and so fruitful. The cavalry column came
up with the enemy's rear guard four miles north of
Franklin. They charged it in front and flank, cap-
turing 413 prisoners and three colors. They drove
the Confederates through Franklin, capturing 2000
wounded in the hospitals there, and liberated some
hundreds of Union prisoners. The cavalry pressed
on, followed by the infantry, who moved with such
expedition as was possible over the frightful roads,
incumbered by all the debris of two armies.
Dec, 1864. On the 18th, the enemy crossed Harpeth Eiver,
destroying the bridges behind them. The profuse
rains of the month now began to show their effects
in the swollen water-courses. At Eutherford's
Creek they found the stream, which was usually a
rivulet, a foaming torrent. It took two days to get
the command across; material for a bridge over
Duck Eiver was hastily pushed forward to that
point so that Wood crossed late on the 22d, and
got into position on the Pulaski road. Hood's
army, though still retreating at the top of their
speed, had by this time gained the powerful assist-
ance of Forrest, who had joined them at Columbia ;
and Hood had formed a strong rear guard of four
FBANKLIN AND NASHVILLE
35
thousand infantry, under E. C. Walthall, — Lee
having been wounded on the 17th, — and all his
available cavalry. " With the exception of his rear
guard," says Thomas, " his army had become a dis-
heartened and disorganized rabble of half -armed and
barefooted men, who sought every opportunity to
fall out by the wayside and desert their cause to put
an end to their sufferings." On Christmas morn-
ing Thomas, still continuing the pursuit, drove the
enemy out of Pulaski, and chased him towards
Lamb's Ferry over roads which had become almost
impassable " and through a country devoid of sus-
tenance for man and beast." The Confederates
were, however, more fleet than their pursuers; the
swollen rivers and other accidents everywhere
favored them, and during the 26th and 27th Hood
crossed the Tennessee Eiver.
Even here he did not feel in safety, but con-
tinued his headlong retreat to Tupelo, Missis-
sippi. From there, on the 13th of January, he
sent a dispatch to the Confederate War Depart-
ment requesting to be relieved from the command
of the army. After consultation with General
Beauregard, he issued furloughs to most of his
Tennessee troops ; his army, what there was of it,
rapidly melted away. Four thousand of them
went to join Maury at Mobile. It is hard to say
what became of the rest. After the pressure of
public opinion had forced the Eichmond author-
ities to the bitter necessity of reappointing General
Johnston to the command of that spectral army
which was expected to oppose the triumphal march
of Sherman to the North, the three corps of Hood's
army which reported to him consisted of 2000 men
Chap. I.
Thomas,
Report
Committee
on Conduct
of the War.
Supple-
ment.
Part I.,
p. 379.
Dec., 1864.
1865.
Hood,
' Advance
and
Retreat,"
p. 307.
36 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. i. under C. L. Stevenson, — S. D. Lee's successor, —
2000 under Cheatham, and 1000 under Stewart ; in
addition to these there were, he says, little parties
"JNarratfte who gradually made their way into North Caro-
0 opera; lina, as groups and individuals, and were brought
pp. 372/373. to him at last by General S. D. Lee. The pur-
suit of Hood's retreating army was not continued
1864. longer by Thomas. On the 29th of December, a
small force of cavalry of only 600 men, under
command of Col. W. J. Palmer, of the Fifteenth
Pennsylvania, went roving through North Ala-
bama and Mississippi striking the enemy here and
there, destroying one day his pontoon trains, on
another day a large supply train, sabering and
shooting his mules, attacking the Confederate gen-
eral W. W. Russell near Thorn Hill, routing him,
capturing some prisoners, burning some wagons,
and then proceeding at his leisure back to camp
at Decatur, after a march of over 250 miles, re-
porting a loss of one killed and two wounded.
Mr. Davis promptly complied with Hood's re-
quest for relief, and he bade farewell on the 23d of
January, 1865, to what was left of the army of
50,000 men which Johnston had led with such
unfailing prudence and wisdom from Tunnel Hill
to Atlanta, and which Hood had dashed to pieces
against the National breastworks on every field
from Atlanta to Nashville. Hood then visited Vir-
ginia, was kindly received by Jefferson Davis, with
whom he always remained a favorite, even amid
the impending ruin of the Confederacy, and was
on his way to Texas with instructions to bring a
new army from that remote but gallant State to
the rescue of the falling cause, when he heard of
FRANKLIN AND NASHVILLE 37
Lee's surrender. He tried for many days to cross chap. i.
the Mississippi, several times, as he says, " hotly Hood>
chased by Federal cavalry through the wood and "Adiadce
cane-brakes " ; but, at last, making a virtue of p.m.'
necessity, he surrendered to General John W.
Davidson, at Natchez, on the 31st of May. isss.
CHAPTER II
THE ALBEMARLE
chap.il f I iHE successive captures and recaptures of the
A- town of Plymouth, in North Carolina, were
episodes of the war so unimportant that they would
scarcely claim a place in history were it not for the
memorable naval fights in the spring of 1864 in
which the Confederate ironclad Albemarle gained
great distinction, and the splendid heroism of a
young sailor, by which, in the autumn of the same
year, she was destroyed. This famous vessel was
slowly and painfully constructed, far inland, in a
cornfield on the banks of the Roanoke River, about
thirty miles below Weldon. The same officer who
had changed the Merrimac into the ironclad Vir-
ginia used the experience acquired in that service
in the building of the Albemarle. Nearly every-
thing requisite in shipbuilding was lacking ; but, in
Gilbert spite of all difficulties, the vessel was built at last,
"Battles and snd from the bluff into the river without
Leaders." springing a leak. She measured 152 feet in length,
p. W 45 in width, and, with her armor on, drew eight feet.
In general construction she resembled all the other
Confederate ironclads. Her casement, or shield, was
sixty feet long, sloping to the deck at an angle of
forty-five degrees ; plated with two courses of two-
THE ALBEMARLE 39
inch iron, rolled at the Tredegar Works. She was chap.ii.
armed with two rifled Brooke guns, mounted on
pivot carriages, so disposed that each gun com-
manded three portholes. Her beak was of oak,
plated with two-inch iron. She was a year under
construction ; rumors of her progress occasionally-
transpired, and the brave and vigilant commander,
C. W. Flusser, to whom her first sortie was to be
mortal, warned the department in the summer of
1863 that a formidable craft was in preparation in
the river.
It would have required no considerable expedi-
tion to destroy her in the yard, but General Grant's
attention was at that time fully occupied with other
matters. She was not completed until April, 1864,
and her first service under her captain, J. W. Cooke,
was to assist General Hoke in an attack upon the
town of Plymouth, which was held by a small Union
force under General H. W. Wessels. Hoke's divi-
sion marched down and surrounded the place, his
two flanks resting on the river above and below the
town. It was the task of the Albemarle to clear
away the navy from the river front. The attack
began on the 18th of April, and lasted all day, with 1864
no advantage to the Confederates, Wessels's troops,
and the two gunboats Miami and Southfield, under
the intelligent direction of Flusser, repulsing every
attempt to take the place ; but on the next day the
intervention of the Albemarle put a different face
on the affair. She dropped down the river in front
of the town by night, the fire of the fort rattling
harmlessly against her shield. Flusser, warned of
her coming, made ready for action, and steamed up to
meet her with the Miami and the Southfield chained
40
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
MAPS OF THE COAST OF THE CAROLINAS.
THE ALBEMARLE
41
together. The adversaries met in the first glimmer
of dawn. The ram struck the Miami & slight blow,
and, passing on, with one thrust of her beak tore
open the side of the Southfield, which filled and sank
almost immediately. The Miami opened upon the
ram with her batteries, with results fatal only to
her own brave commander. Flusser, who was per-
sonally firing the first shots, was struck by a frag-
ment of a Dahlgren shell, rebounding from the iron
side of the ram, and instantly killed. His successor
in command seeing that if he remained he would
simply be sacrificing his vessel uselessly, retired
down the river to Albemarle Sound. The post of
Plymouth, surrounded on every side, fell into the
hands of the Confederates.
The destruction of the Albemarle was thencefor-
ward the principal object of the naval squadron
in the Sound. Captain Melancton Smith, an able
and experienced officer, was dispatched to the scene
of action for that especial service. He rapidly made
the necessary arrangements for attack. His main
reliance was upon his guns and torpedoes; ram-
ming was to be resorted to in the discretion of com-
manders, though the peculiar construction of the
double enders, of which his fleet consisted, ren-
dered this a doubtful expedient. The Albemarle
did not wait to be attacked, but sallied forth
at midday of the 5th of May, with the intention
of clearing both Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds of
the Union fleet, and, if possible, regaining control
of Hatteras Inlet. She was attended by the trans-
port Cotton Plant, and the captured storeship Bomb-
shell. Smith speedily got his vessels under way,
the flagship Mattabesett leading, the Sassacus and
Chap. II.
1864.
Report of
Acting-
Master
Wells.
Lee,
Orders,
April 23,
1864.
Report
Secretary
of the
Navy,
Dec. 5, 1864.
Gilbert
Elliott,
"Century
Magazine,'
July, 1888.
42 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. ii. the rest of the fleet following, eight vessels in all,
carrying 32 guns, besides 23 howitzers. Against
this heavy armament the undaunted ironclad came
May 5, 1864. on with her two guns; and so enormous is the
power of invulnerability that the fight was not
altogether unequal. We feel in reading the epics
and sagas of the past, that Achilles and Siegfried
are safe no matter what the number of their adver-
saries, unless the exposed heel or the mark of the
linden leaf is touched. Without the ironclads in
Mobile Bay, all the valor of Farragut would have
been of no avail against the tough sides of the
Tennessee. The Cotton Plant was at once ordered
back out of danger, and the Bombshell, at the first
onset of the Union fleet, surrendered ; but the Albe-
marle held her own sturdily; her two pivot guns,
working in safety and at leisure, seemed to quad-
ruple themselves by dint of efficiency.
The battle began at a quarter before five o'clock ;
the Albemarle fired two damaging shots into the
Mattabesett and then tried to ram her, but the
swifter ship evaded the blow and poured a broad-
side upon the ironclad. The Sassacus coming up
did the same, and the other vessels in succession
Gilbert did what they could; their principal danger was
^century, firing into, or fouling, each other. Their fire was by
juiy, 1888. no means ineffective ; the boats of the Albemarle
were shot away, her smoke-stack so injured that
it almost ceased to draw, many of her plates were
started and shattered, and her after gun was broken
and disabled ; but to the eyes of the officers in
the Union fleet, this concentrated fire appeared to
have no more effect on the iron sides of the monster
than so much thistle-down. Lieutenant-Commander
THE ALBEMARLE 43
F. A. Roe, of the Sassacus, therefore resolved to chap.il
try the desperate expedient of ramming the iron-
clad. He drew off to a distance of some 200 yards, Report,
and putting on a full head of steam rushed upon M Report64
the Albemarle at a speed of ten knots an hour. He oTtiS7
struck her just abaft the casemate on the starboard
side with a shock which caused every timber to
groan, though nothing gave way. There was a
moment of consternation on board the ram, but see-
ing they did not sink the crew immediately rallied
to their guns and continued the fight. The Sassacus
steamed heavily, hoping to force the ram under
water; and in this Roe might have met the suc-
cess his bravery deserved, but for a shot from the
Albemarle which passed through his boiler, and in
an instant filled his vessel with scalding steam,
disabling his engine and sixteen men. Crippled as ibia
he was, his engine room inaccessible, the vessel
filled with smoke and steam and the shrieks of
scalded sailors, Roe still fought his guns with
imperturbable gallantry, hurling upon the Albe-
marle his hundred-pound shot, which rebounded
in pieces on his own deck. He slowly dropped
out of the fight, and a period of considerable con-
fusion ensued, as the result of two mistakes ; the
flag of the Albemarle being shot away, it was
thought she had surrendered, and the Wyalusing
erroneously reported herself as sinking; this
caused a temporary cessation of the battle, which
was not renewed with much energy until night
closed in.
The Albemarle, whose riddled smoke-stack re-
fused to draw, was able, by burning the lard
and bacon on board, to steam back to Plymouth.
44
ABKAHAM LINCOLN
Chap. II.
1864.
Smith,
Report,
May 30,
1864.
Report
Secretary
of the
Navy.
She had gained great glory throughout the Con-
federacy by her two battles, and Captain Cooke
was promoted to the command of the rebel navy
on the coast of North Carolina. With a few
knots more speed she could have destroyed the
whole Union fleet ; as it was, the capture of a fort
with a brigade of prisoners, the destruction of a
gunboat, and a drawn battle lasting a full after-
noon with a squadron mounting 55 pieces, were
no inconsiderable claims to renown. She came out
of the Eoanoke but once after this battle ; on the
24th of May she was seen by a picket boat, appar-
ently dragging for torpedoes. A single shot fired
at her caused her to retire up the stream. She lay
at her berth by the wharf at Plymouth until the
27th of October, when her name was associated
forever with one still more glorious.
Of course the Navy Department could not count
upoD this long inaction, and so long as the Albe-
marle lay substantially unhurt at Plymouth she
was a source of constant anxiety to the squadron in
the Sound. They had no ironclads of sufficiently
light draft to cross the bar at Hatteras Inlet ; sev-
eral were in course of construction, but it was not
safe to wait for their completion. A party of
volunteers from the Wyalusing was sent to destroy
the ram with torpedoes, late in May; but an un-
toward accident, the fouling of their line by a
schooner, prevented a success which was merited
by their courage and good conduct. September
had come before the plan and the man were
found that were adapted to the work. The
scheme was to fit out two small steam launches
rigged with spar torpedoes, and armed with how-
THE ALBEMARLE 45
itzers, which should try to reach the ram at night chap. ii.
by surprise ; the man was Lieutenant William B.
Cushing, who had attracted the attention of his
superiors by several noteworthy examples of cool-
ness and daring. Once he had landed by night
with two boat crews at the town of Smithville,
being rowed under the very guns of Fort Caswell,
walked with three men to General Louis Hebert's
headquarters, captured an officer of engineers, the
general himself being absent in Wilmington, and
had come safely away with his prisoner, from a
post garrisoned by a thousand men.
At another time, having volunteered to destroy
the ironclad Raleigh, supposed to be lying in the
Cape Fear River, he went in his cutter up the stream,
eluding the sentries on either shore, landed within
seven miles of Wilmington, thoroughly reconnoi-
tered the place, found the Raleigh a total wreck, and
after three days of adventures in which his luck and
daring were equally amazing he was intercepted on
his return down the river in the moonlight by a
whole fleet of guard boats and his escape ap-
parently cut off. Turning about, he found himself
confronted by a schooner filled with troops. In-
stead of surrendering he dashed for New Inlet ;
and, seconded by his crew, who always seemed
when with him as insensible to danger as himself,
he escaped into the breakers, where the enemy
dared not follow, and safely rejoined his ship. His
perfect coolness in critical emergencies was a
matter of temperament rather than calculation.
He prepared everything in advance with a care
and judgment remarkable in one so young; but
when the time of action came, the immediate peril
46 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. ii. of death was nothing more than a gentle stimulant
to him ; he enjoyed it as he would a frolic. He
was a handsome youth, 21 years of age ; six feet
high ; with a beardless face and bright auburn hair.
After conferences with Admiral Lee and Mr.
Fox, the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Cushing
went to New York and found two launches, at the
Brooklyn Navy Yard, suited to his purpose. They
were 46 feet in length, 9J feet wide, and drew about
40 inches. While they were being equipped for
the work by Engineer-in-Chief W. W. Wood of the
navy, Cushing visited his mother in Fredonia, N. Y.,
and confided to her his intention, saying he needed
her prayers. Returning to New York he took
his launches out and tested his torpedoes, and
then started them southward, by way of Chesa-
peake Bay ; one of them on the way was attacked
by guerrillas and burned. At Hampton Roads
Cushing refitted his only remaining boat, and pass-
ing through the Dismal Swamp came to Roanoke
Island. There he gave out that he was bound for
Beaufort and steamed away by night to join the
fleet which was lying off the mouth of the Roanoke
River, the senior officer being Commander W. H.
Macomb, whose flagship was the Shamrock.
Here for the first time Cushing disclosed to his
officers and men the purpose of his expedition,
leaving them free to go or stay as they preferred ;
all wanted to go with him.1 Several others volun-
teered, among them Paymaster Francis H. Swan,
whose anxiety for a fight was paid by a severe
l In this chapter we have made Civil War," Vol. IV., p. 634.
free use of Cushing's admirable We have also used J. Russell
account of his expedition, printed Soley's "The Blockade and the
in "Battles and Leaders of the Cruisers."
THE ALBEMARLE 47
wound and four months in Libby prison; W. L. chap.h
Howarth, Cushing's tried and trusted companion in
former adventures, and two other master's mates,
Thos. S. Gray and John Woodman ; two engineer
officers, Steever and Stotesbury, and eight men. A
cutter from the Shamrock was taken in tow with
eleven men ; their duty was to board the wreck of
the Southfield, if the guard which was known to be
posted there should discover the party as they
passed. A false start was made on the night of the
26th ; the boat ran aground, and so much time was
wasted in getting her off that the expedition was
postponed for twenty-four hours. At midnight, c^!pjjf'
in rain and storm, the devoted little party set °£j^°'
forth. Fortune favored them at first ; they passed secretary
the wreck of the Southfield without a hail, and Navy!
came in view of the few lights of Plymouth.
The little noise made by the low-pressure engines
was muffled with tarpaulins, which also concealed
every ray of light from the launch. Cushing
stood near the bow, connected by lines with every
part of the boat as the brain is by nerves with
every limb. He held a line by which he was to de-
tach the torpedo from the spar which carried it,
when it should have been shoved under the over-
hang of the ram; another, by which he was to
explode it after it had floated up to a point of con-
tact ; and two more, one attached to the wrist and
one to the ankle of the engineer, by which he directed
the movements of the boat. He had two com-
plete plans in his mind ; one was — to use his own
nervous phrase — "to take the Albemarle alive," by
landing some distance below, stealing up, and dash-
ing on her fiom the wharf; but just as he was
18 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. ii. sheering in close to the lower wharf he heard a dog
bark, a sentry hail, and a moment afterwards a shot
was fired. Instantly dismissing his first plan, Cush-
ing ordered the cutter to cast loose and row to cap-
ture the Southfield's picket ; and then, putting on all
steam, he rushed for the ram, whose black bulk
loomed in the darkness before him. By the light
of a fire on the wharf he discovered that she was sur-
rounded by a boom of logs extending all around
her for the express purpose of protecting her against
torpedoes. A brisk fire opened on the launch from
the ship and the shore, but his keen intelligence
was only sharpened by the danger, and he saw at
a glance that on the course he was taking he could
not get over the boom. He therefore sheered off a
hundred yards, and then turning came at full speed
to strike the logs at right angles, hoping thus to
slide over them, and getting inside the sort of pen
they formed, to reach the ram.
The fire had by this time become severe ; Swan
was wounded ; Cushing's clothes were torn by three
bullets ; the sole of his shoe was carried away, but
he was unhurt and very happy. Being hailed again,
^Narra?' as he dashed forward, he shouted, " Leave the ram.
ut lupra. We are going to blow you up," a response as consid-
erate as it proved truthful. His crew, catching the
infection, also chaffed the Confederates, while dish-
ing, not wishing to let the enemy do all the firing,
sent a charge of canister among them at short
range, which, he said, "served to moderate their
zeal and disturb their aim." The launch touched
the logs and slid gently over them; the spar was
lowered ; Cushing, as cool in that shower of deadly
missiles, and in face of a hundred-pound rifle,
COMMANDER WILLIAM B. CUSHING.
THE ALBEMARLE 49
whose muzzle he could now plainly see, as a skilled chap.ii.
artisan at his bench, watched for the proper instant,
detached the torpedo with a line held in his
right hand, waited a moment for it to rise under
the hull of the ram, and then pulled with the left oct.27,1864.
hand, which had just been cut by a bullet. At the
same instant the 100-pounder was fired; the
grape shot, at ten feet range, came roaring over
Cushing and his crew, just missing them ; but the
torpedo had done its work, and a suffocating mass
of water rose from the side of the Albemarle and
fell upon the launch, half filling it, and drenching
the crew. Cushing, who thought his boat had been
pierced by the shot from the ram, saw there was b^SC'
no hope of saving her ; being summoned to sur- isk '
render he refused, and ordered his crew to save secretary
' . of the
themselves ; he threw off his sword, revolver, coat, Nayy-
and shoes and jumped into the water.
The Albemarle's commander did not at first real- RwaSey.'
ize what had happened. He heard a dull report as
of an unshotted gun ; a fragment of wood fell at
his feet. He sent a carpenter to examine the hull,
who reported " a hole big enough to drive a wagon
in." The Albemarle was resting in the mud ; she
had sunk so little her own officers did not perceive
it, and the victors were unconscious of their success.
The men in the launch were captured, all but three,
who had followed Cushing in his desperate leap
into the icy river. Two of these were drowned;
the third got ashore and was saved.
Perhaps no event of his life gave such proof of
Cushing's extraordinary nerve and endurance as
his escape. He swam out in the darkness, knowing
there was no shelter for him but the fleet, twelve
Vol. X.— 4
50 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. ii. miles away. He evaded the rebel boats which were
rowing about the river until he was well out of
sight. Nearing the shore, he found Woodman
drowning, and kept him up ten minutes with his
own fast-failing strength, but could not bring him
to land. Cushing at last managed to reach the
muddy shore, and fell, half in and half out of the
water ; there he lay until daybreak, unable to move.
Oct. 28, 1864. When the dawn came, he found himself lying on
the edge of a swamp, in full view of a sentry, not
forty steps from a fort. When the sun had warmed
his chilled limbs a little, he attempted to crawl
away from his exposed position, and, being covered
with mud, he succeeded, by sliding on his back, inch
by inch, though soldiers were several times almost
near enough to tread on him. After gaining the
swamp he wandered for several hours among the
cypresses, scratched and torn at every step by
thorns and briers. At last he found an aged negro,
and the disposition he made of him is noteworthy.
Instead of employing him to assist in his escape,
Cushing plied him with greenbacks and texts of
Scripture until he induced him to go into Plymouth
and get news of the last night's affair.
The tidings he brought back were such a cordial
to the forlorn victor, that he plunged into the
swamp with new heart and hope. In the afternoon
he came upon a stream where there was a picket
post of soldiers who had a small skiff fastened to a
cypress root in the water. Watching them till they
sat down to eat, he swam to the boat, noiselessly
unfastened it, and drew it around a bend in the
river, then got in and paddled for life and liberty.
He floated on through twilight to darkness, out of
THE ALBEMAELE 51
the Roanoke into the broad Sound ; the night was chap. ii.
providentially still and calm; he steered by the
stars till he reached the picket vessel Valley City ;
he had strength enough left to give a feeble hail,
then fell with a splash into the water in the bottom
of his boat. He had paddled, he says, " every min-
ute for ten successive hours, and for four my body
had been 'asleep,' with the exception of my two "Narra?'
arms and brain." At first they took the skiff for a ut sup.
torpedo boat, and were more inclined to give him a
volley of musketry than to pick him up ; but he
soon established his identity, refreshed himself, and
went to report to the flagship, where he was re-
ceived as one risen from the dead with salutes of
rejoicing ; the night air became gay with rockets,
and all hands were called to cheer ship. Perhaps
the most remarkable words in the simple narrative
this heroic youth has left of his strange adventure
are these, with which it closes : " In the morning I
was again well in every way, with the exception of
hands and feet, and had the pleasure of exchanging
shots with the batteries that I had inspected on the
day previous."
On the 30th of October, Commander Macomb, i8<a.
having ascertained that the direct channel was ob-
structed, passed into the Roanoke above Plymouth
by Middle River, and thus took the place in reverse.
A spirited engagement between the fleet and the
forts began about eleven in the morning of the
31st ; a fortunate shot from the Shamrock exploded
the enemy's magazine, and the Confederates hastily
evacuated their works ; the victorious sailors, row-
ing ashore, captured the rear guard with twenty-two
cannon and a large quantity of stores.
CHAPTER III
FORT FISHER AND WILMINGTON
chap. in. npHE ports of Wilmington and Savannah, after
I the capture of New Orleans and the strict
blockade of Charleston, and especially after the
1864. occupation of Mobile Bay, became the most impor-
tant and valuable means of communication with
the outside world which were left to the Confeder-
acy. In spite of the utmost efforts of the National
vessels, an extensive trade was carried on between
these ports and those West Indian islands which
had been taken as points of transshipment for the
contraband goods exported from England to the
Confederacy, and for the cotton which formed
the only coin by which the South paid its debts to
Europe. There was a peculiarity about the harbor
of Wilmington which rendered it the favorite port
of entry for blockade runners. The city stands on
the Cape Fear River, about twenty-eight miles from
the sea. There is a good entrance to the river at
its mouth, and another by New Inlet, six miles in a
straight line to the north ; the space between them,
merely sand and shallow water, is called Smith's
Island, the southern extremity of which is the
sharp headland of Cape Fear, beyond which stretch
the Frying Pan Shoals for ten miles. The southern
FOET FISHEK AND WILMINGTON
53
entrance was protected by Fort Caswell ; the north-
ern by Fort Fisher ; between the two, on the main-
land, was the village of Smithville, where the
blockaders lay in wait, watching their chance to
dart out to sea by one or the other sally-port. Those
wishing to enter would wait outside till evening
fell, and then dash in through the blockading fleet
to the safe shelter of the guns of one or the other
fort.
Legitimate trade had ceased immediately on the
proclamation of the blockade by the President ; but
the necessities of the Confederacy and the hope of
enormous profits by enterprising English adven-
turers formed together so powerful a stimulus to
blockade running that, as a matter of course, it at
once assumed a considerable development, and for
a time actually increased in proportion to the means
taken to suppress it. The Confederates had little
use for their cotton, except as a medium of ex-
change ; it therefore fell to a lower price than usual
in the South; while the dearth of it in England
and in the North caused an enormous increase in
its value in those countries. The difference be-
tween eight cents a pound, at which it could be
purchased in Wilmington, and two shillings, at
which it could be sold in Liverpool, afforded a
profit which would compensate for almost any
possible risk. Three successful voyages would pay
for a vessel ; and the odds against a blockade run-
ner were nothing like so great as that. A single
ship, the R. E. Lee, ran the blockade twenty-one
times between December, 1862, and November,
1863, carrying abroad six thousand bales of cotton.
This was a case of extraordinary success, but it was
Chap. III.
Soley,
"The
Blockade
and the
Cruisers,"
p. 156.
54 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
chap. in. the opinion of onr naval officers that two-thirds of
the vessels attempting to enter Wilmington during
the first half of 1864 were successful. It is true
that sixty steamers running the blockade were cap-
soiey,"The tured or destroyed by the squadron before Wil-
and the mington ; but in many cases these had more than
Cruisers," & > J
p- 9i- paid for themselves before their fate overtook them.
And yet the blockade was one of the most effec-
tive ever seen in war. Captures to the amount
of many millions of dollars were made, and the
shore was strewn with the wrecks of ships which
were destroyed in the attempt to escape. In the
latter part of 1864 the blockade was greatly in-
creased in stringency. Three cordons of ships were
drawn about the blockaded ports ; the first as close
as it could lie to the shore, and the third one hun-
dred and thirty miles from land. Even through all
these toils the long, narrow, and swift steel cruisers
sometimes made their way. But the proportion of
those which were captured grew so large that the in-
dustry languished. The most prudent had retired
with their gains, and the business was no longer what
it had been. The Government of the United States
might have been satisfied with the results of the
blockade but for its tremendous expense. To watch
the port of Wilmington required a vast armada ;
and it was for this reason, fully as much as to put
a stop to contraband trade, that the Navy Depart-
ment and the President constantly urged upon the
military authorities a joint expedition of the army
and navy against Fort Fisher.
Mr. Welles had from time to time during the war
tried to effect this purpose, but it was not until the
autumn of 1864 that he could get the promise of a
FOBT FISHEE AND WILMINGTON 55
military force to assist the naval attack. He at chap. hi.
once took measures to make ready as great a force
as possible and offered the command of it to weiiesto
Admiral Farragut. His health, which had been septfSi.
seriously impaired by his incessant exertions and
exposures in the Gulf, compelled that energetic of-
ficer to decline this appointment; it was then given
to Rear-Admiral D. D. Porter, who had greatly
distinguished himself by his zeal and ability in
command of the Mississippi squadron. "A fleet
of naval vessels," says Mr. Welles, " surpassing in
numbers and equipments any which had assem- Report
bled during the war, was collected with dispatch So7thery
at Hampton Roads." General Grant promised an apf'iv.65,
expeditionary force of over six thousand men.
It was the wish of the President and the War
Department that General Gillmore should have
command of these troops; but that brave and
capable officer had fallen under General Grant's
displeasure, and he had substituted General God-
frey Weitzel. Being informed of the plan pro-
posed Weitzel went down to New Inlet in the
last days of September, and with the assistance 1864
of Rear-Admiral S. P. Lee made a thorough re-
connaissance of the place. He found Fort Fisher
a most formidable work. The Confederates had
made the best use of the long leisure afforded them,
and had built an imposing fortress on the narrow
sandspit which runs northward from New Inlet be-
tween Cape Fear River and the sea. A small out-
work called Fort Buchanan was built on the shore
of the Inlet. A half mile to the north Fort Fisher
stretched all the way across the narrow peninsula,
at that point only about five hundred yards wide.
56
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
FOKT FISHEK AND WILMINGTON
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58 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. hi. The land face looked north ; the sea face east,
running along the beach for thirteen hundred
yards. The northern front mounted twenty-one
guns and three mortars, the sea front twenty-four.
The work was so extensive that if it had consisted
of its vast parapet alone it would have protected
only those immediately under the wall. They
had therefore built an extraordinary series of
traverses, made bomb-proof ; so that Fort Fisher
really consisted of something like a dozen small
cSSttee forts in one inclosure.
conduct of Weitzel returned and reported the result of his
1864-65.' observations to Grant, who told him he did not
Part II.,
p. es. think he would start the expedition ; that the navy
had advertised it too widely by rendezvousing the
fleet at Hampton Koads — a charge which seems
hardly reasonable, as the fleet could not sail with-
out a rendezvous. The plan lay in abeyance for
several weeks. It was taken up with renewed spirit
on account of an idea conceived by General Butler,
suggested by reading of the great destruction con-
sequent upon an explosion of gunpowder at Erith,
England. He supposed that firing a large mass of
powder some four hundred yards from Fort Fisher
would for the moment paralyze the garrison, and
so injure the work as to render its capture easy.
This plan, after it had been tried and failed, seemed
very ridiculous, and every one concerned in the
affair, except Butler, made haste to disavow all
responsibility for it. But no one thought it ridicu-
lous when it was suggested. General Butler says :
" It was readily embraced by the Secretary of the
ibid., p. *. Navy, and with more caution by the President."
After a thorough study of the subject by accom-
FOBT FISHEK AND WILMINGTON 59
plished officers of the army and navy it was de- chap. in.
cided that the experiment was worth trying; the
Louisiana, a boat of little value, was selected and
fitted out, and loaded with two hundred and thirty-
five tons of powder.
It was then the first week in December; Sher- lse*.
man was approaching Savannah, and General
Grant, in view of the weakening of the garrison
of Wilmington by the detachment of troops to
meet the victors of Atlanta, was anxious for the
expedition to be off. He afterwards said that he
had never dreamed of General Butler's going Report
with it; that he had given his orders to Weitzel Sco^Sfc®
through Butler, his department commander, as ° lsetes?*'
required by military courtesy, without any thought p. 52."
of his going in person. Butler contradicted this
statement, insisting that his purpose was known
to Grant from the beginning. However this may pp. io,'ii.
be, the expedition started under the worst pos-
sible auspices. Weitzel, who had been selected
to command it, never read his orders, which had
been communicated by Grant to Butler, and not
shown to Weitzel. In these orders Grant had
said : " The object of the expedition will be gained
on effecting a landing on the mainland between
Cape Fear River and the Atlantic, north of the
north entrance to the river. Should such landing
be effected, whether the enemy hold Fort Fisher
or the batteries guarding the entrance to the river
there, the troops should intrench themselves, and
by cooperating with the navy effect the reduction toSier,
and capture of those places." It was an oversight ibfd.,p.io.'
almost incredible that General Butler did not say
a word to Weitzel of these clear and important in-
60 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap hi. structions. To make a bad matter worse neither
Butler nor Weitzel was on good terms with Ad-
miral Porter, who was to command the fleet.
The history of this unfortunate expedition, as
written by the principal participators, is little more
than a series of mutual recriminations. The fleet
1864- sailed from Hampton Roads on the 13th of Decem-
ber, and the transports with six thousand five
hundred troops on the next day. From the lack
of a good understanding, so essential in such cases,
they did not arrive together at the rendezvous.
Butler went at once to New Inlet, but Admiral
D. d. Porter put in at Beaufort to " coal and receive am-
« Navai munition," as he says, "for now that the expedition
of the had waited two months there was no particular
Civil Var,"
p. 693. hurry." When the admiral was ready to go in and
explode the powder boat, on the 18th, Butler sug-
gested delay until the sea, which had grown rough,
should subside. A gale came on which lasted sev-
eral days, and which the fleet at anchor rode out
in the most creditable manner. When the storm
abated Porter again informed Butler, who in his
turn had gone to Beaufort for coal and water, that
the powder boat would be exploded on the night
of the 23d of December. Admiral Porter seems
up to this time to have expected a great effect
from the explosion. He suggested to Butler that
Report even at a distance of 25 miles the explosion might
ra conduct affect the boilers of his steamers ; and in another
° i864-65.ar' letter he says, " The powder vessel is as complete
p. is. "' as human ingenuity can make her."
She was towed to her place near the beach, four
hundred yards from the fort, by the Wilderness,
under the charge of two of the bravest and most ac-
FORT FISHER AND WILMINGTON 61
complished officers of the navy, Commander Alex. chap, iil
C. Bhind and Lieutenant S. W. Preston, both of
them volunteers. Every contingency was provided
for ; it was even arranged between those two de- Dec, lse*.
voted sailors that if she were boarded by the en-
emy and in danger of capture, Preston, at a signal
given by Rhind, was to stick a lighted candle into
a bag of powder. All this devotion, however, was
to go for nothing; there is even a touch of the
comic about this daring deed of two of the most
heroic men our navy has known. They lighted
their fuses, and kindled a fire of pine knots in the
cabin of the Louisiana, and then jumped into their
boats and pulled for the Wilderness, The fuses
were set for an hour and a half; the Wilderness
steamed out to sea. The whole fleet waited with
breathless apprehension for the result. The ex-
plosion took place at forty-five minutes past one ;
there was a blaze on the horizon, a dull detonation,
and nothing more. There was little or no concus-
sion felt on ship or shore. It was General Butler's
opinion that the ignition was imperfect; in fact,
that not more than one-tenth of the powder was
burned.
At daylight, the admiral got his fleet under way
and stood in towards the fort in line of battle. He
attacked in fine style and soon silenced the guns
of the fortress, to all appearance; though, as it
turned out, little damage was done. At evening
General Butler arrived with some of the transports,
but as it was too late to land the fleet retired to a
safe anchorage. The next day was Christmas ; the
transports were all on hand, and under cover of
the guns of the fleet, which kept up an annoying
62 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. hi. fire all the morning, the troops began to land about
five miles north of the fort. Weitzel took the first
five hundred as a reconnoitering party and pushed
Deo. 25,1864. rapidly towards the fort, capturing on the way the
small garrison of an outlying earthwork. On
questioning the prisoners, he found they belonged
to Hoke's division, which he had left at Richmond;
and that the rest of the brigade to which they be-
longed was a mile and a half to the rear. This con-
vinced him that the garrison of Fort Fisher had
been newly strengthened, and this impression was
deepened by the fact that the next squad he cap-
tured said they were outside the fort because the
bomb-proofs were full. This was not encouraging
information, but he pushed on, advancing his
skirmish line to within 150 yards of the fort, and
from a knoll had a good view of the interior
of the work. What he saw powerfully impressed
him ; the fort was practically uninjured, and
seemed to him, with its thick parapets, its bas-
tions in high relief, its bomb-proof traverses, the
strongest work he had seen during the war.
Weitzel was a brave and intelligent soldier, but
he had been engaged in five assaults of intrench-
ments, three times attacking, twice defending the
weitzei, works. On all iive occasions, the party attacking
TRe^rty' was repulsed; and Weitzel decided naturally
o? cinducft enough that he would not advise an attack upon
1864-65.' ' a work stronger than any he had ever attacked
pp. 72, 73. in vain or defended successfully.
Weitzel reported to Butler the result of his recon-
naissance, which was confirmed by General C. B.
Comstock of Grant's staff, who had also recon-
noitered the work. Upon this report, General Butler
FOKT FISHER AND WILMINGTON 63
made the capital mistake of the expedition. Grant's chap, iil
orders were clear and explicit; the landing itself
was to be regarded as a success ; if the work did
not fall at once, the troops were to stay there and
intrench themselves, and, with the help of the
navy, reduce and capture the place. General But-
ier chose to assume that he had not effected a
landing, because all of his troops had not yet got
ashore ; the weather began to look unfavorable ;
he therefore resolved to abandon the enterprise committee
and return to Fort Monroe. Even then he did not conduct of
show his orders to Weitzel, who said afterwards lmJs.'
Part II.
that if he had known of their existence he would p- so. "
have advised differently.
While the generals afloat were coming to this
unfortunate conclusion, one of the officers ashore
had made up his mind in the opposite sense.
General N. M. Curtis, a man of unusual physical
strength, courage, and energy, had pushed his ad-
vance almost to the parapet of the fort. The fire
of the navy had been so severe as to confine the
garrison in great part to the bomb-proof, so that
Curtis's men were hardly molested in their ap-
proach. They came so near that they captured a
mounted courier; one man climbed the parapet
and brought away a flag which had been shot
away. Curtis was burning with eagerness to
assault; his men shared his enthusiasm. Of course
it cannot be said whether he would have succeeded
or not, though his spirit so infected General Corn-
stock that he changed his mind, and now believed
the movement practicable. But the orders were
given to reembark, and slowly and reluctantly
Curtis drew away his men from the coveted prize
64 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. hi. he believed was in his hands. The reembarkation
of the 2500 who had landed took as much time
as would have been required to put the whole
force on shore. The weather grew worse the next
day, and a portion of Curtis's brigade remained on
shore until the 27th without molestation by the
Confederates.
On the evening of that day General Butler ar-
rived at Fort Monroe and sent a brief telegram to
General Grant announcing his return and the failure
of the expedition. On the 3d of January he made a
more detailed report, throwing the blame of the fail-
ure upon Admiral Porter, saying that the first delay
of three days of good weather, was due to the navy
not being on hand when the army arrived; that
the powder boat was prematurely exploded; that
Porter should have run by the fort and thus block-
aded Wilmington; that Hoke's division was in
front of him, making the enemy's force greater
than his own ; that the experience of Port Hudson
and Fort Wagner convinced him that so strong
a work as Fisher could not be taken by assault.
Upon this General Grant made a merciless indorse-
ment to the effect that he had never intended that
Butler should go with the expedition, and that he
was in error in stating that he came back in " obedi-
ence to his instructions." Grant immediately re-
lieved General Butler from command, which closed
his military career. He was summoned before the
Committee on the Conduct of the War a few days
later, and defended himself with his usual vigor
and adroitness, and the Committee in their report,
after hearing Grant and Porter, fully justified the
action of Butler.
Mm
"mm
ADMIRAL DAVID D. PORTER.
FOKT FISHER AND WILMINGTON 65
The President was deeply disappointed by the chap. hi.
untoward result of the expedition. Finding that
Admiral Porter and the Navy Department were
still confident that an attack, if properly made,
would succeed, without losing a moment of time
in regrets and without even waiting for the official Welleg t0
reports of the affair, he directed that Admiral Por- Dercan29,
ter should hold his position off Fort Fisher and Report of
that the Secretary of the Navy should send in his SeoCfrtuery
name a telegram to General Grant inviting him p.u.
to a renewed cooperation in attacking the fort. To
this Grant instantly acceded. He sent back the
same force which had gone before, Adelbert Ames's
and Charles J. Paine's divisions, adding Joseph
C. Abbott's brigade of the Twenty-fourth Corps,
and assigned to command the expedition General
Alfred H. Terry.
A landing was effected on the 13th of January. im.
In this case there was no room for doubt or vacilla-
tion. The failure of Butler was a sufficient educa-
tion for Terry. He knew he was sent there to take
the fort. He proceeded with the greatest energy
and singleness of purpose to do this. His first work
was to draw a strong line of contravallation across
the narrow sandspit about two miles north of the
fort to protect his rear against any attack from
Wilmington ; this was completed by a hard night's Terry,
work; at eight in the morning Terry's foothold Jan. 25,1865
on the peninsula was secured ; Paine and Abbott
were placed in this line. Under cover of the fire of
the fleet, which now worked with splendid zeal and
activity under the stimulus of the hope and grati-
fication occasioned by the return of the army,
Ames's division, with Curtis in the lead, moved
Vol.X.— 5
66 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. in. down the river to within six hundred yards of the
fort, where Terry, Curtis, and Comstock made a
careful reconnaissance. Curtis felt himself at home
on this ground ; he was as ready as ever to assault,
and an attack was arranged for the afternoon of
Jan., 1865. the 15th. Ames was to move on the land face with
his division, and the navy, inspired by a noble
emulation, undertook to attack the bastion at the
sea-angle at the same time. In the morning
coi.wiiiiam Porter began and carried on perhaps the most
•Southern tremendous fire to which a fort has ever been sub-
society) jected from a fleet. Nothing could withstand the
voi. x!, rain of projectiles which he poured upon Fort
Fisher. At first the Confederate cannoneers stood
stoutly enough to their guns, while the infantry
huddled in their bomb-proofs ; but the fire was too
hot for human endurance ; one by one the guns of
the fort were dismounted or destroyed, until hardly
a response came from the parapets to the thunder
of the ships.
Jan. 15,1865. At two o'clock Curtis began to move forward
against the land face of the fort ; Gralusha Penny-
packer and Louis Bell following in close support.
They went forward rapidly, availing themselves
of every inequality of the ground, under a severe
fire of musketry, until being near enough for the
final rush the fleet was signaled to change the di-
rection of its fire, and Curtis led his brigade directly
at the bastion by the river. At the same instant the
naval force gallantly led by Commander K. R.
Breese attempted to storm the bastion on the sea
beach. This attempt failed, with the loss of many
brave men ; notably of Lieutenants S. W. Preston
and B. H. Porter, two of the most brilliant and
FORT FISHER AND WILMINGTON 67
promising officers in the service; but the diver- chap. in.
sion thus made was of great advantage to Curtis
in distracting the attention of the garrison at a
critical moment. The irresistible rush of his bri-
gade carried them over the parapet and Penny- jan.15,1865.
packer gained the palisade from the earthwork
to the river. They were both now inside the
works and ready to take them in reverse; but
here they found that their labor was only be-
gun. The system of traverses was so complete SpSl
that it required nearly a dozen separate actions to ' rIcom0'?
carry the fort. The garrison under Colonel Will- p/429."
iam Lamb, an officer of high bravery and intelli-
gence, fought with desperate courage ; but the
progress of the National soldiers, though slow and
hotly disputed, was never once checked. The routed
sailors and marines took charge of the line in the
rear and Abbott was set free to reenforce the
storming party in the traverses. It was growing
dark when the last rush was made which cleared
the fort. It was a well-won victory, not lightly
gained. Curtis was terribly wounded in the head ;
Pennypacker had a severe wound, the gallant
Bell was killed at the head of his brigade. The
garrison fled to Fort Buchanan at the southern
extremity of Federal Point, where late in the even-
ing they surrendered. Colonel Lamb and General
W. H. C. Whiting, the latter having taken part in ibid,
the action, though not in command, both severely
wounded, were taken prisoners.
The forts at the mouth of the river were immedi-
ately abandoned, rendering the victory complete
and extremely valuable. One hundred and sixty-
nine cannon in all were captured, and more than
68 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. in. two thousand prisoners. But, better than all this,
the fleet could now enter the harbor, and the days
of blockade running were at an end. A comical
afterpiece — here, as at Savannah — followed the
great drama. Two English vessels after the fort
had been taken made their way by night through
the fleet and gave the customary signals, which
were answered satisfactorily by General Terry,
under the dictation of an intelligent negro; the
vessels came in, their officers reported, and were
informed that their ships were prizes.
On the day that Terry was preparing to storm
Jan. H,i865. Fort Fisher General Schofield received his orders
from Grant to move the Twenty-third Corps to the
east. He came as rapidly as possible by river and
by rail to Washington, and reporting in person to
Grant at Fort Monroe went with him to Fort
Fisher, where, with Terry and Porter, the plan of
the coming campaign was arranged. Schofield
schoneid, was placed in command of the new department of
Apr?3,°i865. North Carolina, and the first task assigned to
him was the capture of Wilmington, to serve as
a base for Sherman if anything should interrupt
his march to Goldsboro'; and next, to open the
route from New Berne to Goldsboro', and concen-
trate his army there to meet Sherman and be
ready for any duty which the exigencies of the
campaign might require.
The first division of the Western troops that ar-
Feb. 9, 1865. rived was that of General J. D. Cox, followed a few
days later by part of D. N. Couch's ; and with these
ibid. and Terry's force Schofield moved on Wilmington.
The Confederate general Hoke had intrenched
himself with his own and what was left of Whi-
FORT FISHER AND WILMINGTON 69
ting's troops across Federal Point, on a line from chap. in.
Myrtle Sound to Cape Fear River, and beyond the
river a heavy earthwork called Fort Anderson
guarded the right bank. Cox and Ames marched
against this position on the 17th, by the right bank
of the stream; Terry moved up the left bank, a
strong force of gunboats between them ; Schofield
kept his headquarters on a steamboat. The fort
was attacked by the fleet at long range ; and two
of Cox's brigades demonstrated against it, while the
rest of his force made a detour to the west to come
in upon its rear. Thus threatened from every side
the Confederate garrison evacuated the place, Feb.i9,i86&.
abandoning ten pieces of heavy ordnance and re-
treating to Town Creek, half way to Wilmington,
halted in a strong position well covered by swamps.
Ames, with his division, went back to the left
bank, where Hoke's principal force was opposing
Terry. Cox cleverly turned the Confederate position
at Town Creek, and, coming in upon their rear, dis-
lodged and routed them, capturing two guns and
nearly four hundred prisoners ; the rest of them
made their escape to Wilmington. Cox pushed on
with great energy the next day and came opposite
to the city, which was shrouded in smoke, and gave
other signs of evacuation. Terry had been stoutly
resisted by Hoke — who was covering his purpose
of retreat by this judicious action — and Schofield
had ordered Cox to cross the river and join the
army on the left bank ; but Cox, seeing that Wil-
mington was in extremity, took the responsibility
of disobeying his orders and explaining the situa-
tion to Schofield. His conduct was approved, and
at daybreak on the 22d of February Schofield cele- tare.
70 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. in. brated the birthday of Washington by an unopposed
Site0flortd' enfry in^° Wilmington.
" r!com°" ^ne nex^ thing to be done was to gain possession
Vp.L3^!" ot Goldsboro', the point designated for the junc-
tion with Sherman. It was decided that New
Berne afforded a better base for that movement,
as well as for Sherman's subsequent operations,
than Wilmington. Cox was therefore sent to New
Berne to prepare it for that purpose, and to set on
foot the necessary repairs to the railway between
New Berne and Goldsboro'. In the prosecution
of this work he advanced to the neighborhood of
Kinston, on the Neuse River, about half way
to Goldsboro', where, on the morning of the 8th of
March, he was attacked with great spirit by the
Confederate forces, under General Bragg, consisting
cox, of Hoke's command and some of the debris of
" The
March Hood's army. One of Cox's regiments, in advance
to the Sea," . *. , , -, r™
p. 159. of his mam line, was routed and captured. The ease
with which this success was achieved was most
encouraging to Bragg, who came up energetically
against Cox's force in position, but was easily re-
pulsed. The attack was renewed the next day with
unabated courage, and although the Confederates
were again repulsed, General Schofield, who had
arrived on the field, sent urgent orders to Couch to
hasten his march across country from Wilmington.
Before he arrived, Bragg had retired through Golds-
boro' to concentrate with the rest of Johnston's
force, who were preparing to resist Sherman's
northward march. Schofield occupied Kinston
March, 1865. on the 14th, bridged the Neuse, and opened up
communication with New Berne by river. Terry,
marching directly upon Goldsboro' from Wilming-
FORT FISHER AND WILMINGTON 71
ton, secured the crossing of the Neuse south of that chap. hi.
city, which Schofield occupied on the 21st of March, 1865.
and made ready for the reception of Sherman ; who,
on the 23d, here completed his march through the
Carolinas.
CHAPTER IV
THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT
chap. iv. ~\^7^ nave enumerated with some detail the
? ▼ series of radical antislavery measures en-
acted at the second session of the Thirty-seventh
Congress, which ended July 17, 1862 — the aboli-
tion of slavery in the District of Columbia; the
prohibition of slavery in the National Territories ;
the practical repeal of the fugitive-slave law ; and
the sweeping measures of confiscation which in
different forms decreed forfeiture of slave prop-
erty for the crimes of treason and rebellion. When
this wholesale legislation was supplemented by the
President's preliminary Emancipation Proclama-
tion of September 22, 1862, and his final Edict of
Freedom of January 1, 1863, the institution had
clearly received its coup de grace in all except the
loyal border States. Consequently the third ses-
sion of the Thirty-seventh Congress, ending March
4, 1863, occupied itself with this phase of the sla-
very question only to the extent of an effort to put
into operation the President's plan of compensated
abolishment. That effort took practical shape in
a bill to give the State of Missouri fifteen millions
on condition that she would emancipate her slaves ;
but the proposition failed, largely through the op-
72
GENERAL ALFRED H. TERRY.
isitc page 7a
THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT 73
position of a few conservative Members from Mis- chap. iv.
souri, and the session adjourned without having by
its legislation advanced the destruction of slavery.
When Congress met again in December, 1863,
and organized by the election of Schuyler Colfax
of Indiana as Speaker, the whole situation had
undergone further change. The Union arms had
been triumphant — Gettysburg had been won and
Yicksburg had capitulated ; Lincoln's Edict of Free-
dom had become an accepted fact ; fifty regiments
of negro soldiers carried bayonets in the Union
armies; Vallandigham had been beaten for gov-
ernor in Ohio by a hundred thousand majority ; the
draft had been successfully enforced in every dis-
trict of every loyal State in the Union. Under
these brightening prospects, military and political,
the more progressive spirits in Congress took up
anew the suspended battle with slavery which the
institution had itself invited by its unprovoked
assault on the life of the Government.
The President's reference to the subject in his
annual message was very brief : " The movements
by State action for emancipation in several of the
States not included in the Emancipation Proclama-
tion are matters of profound gratulation. And
while I do not repeat in detail what I have hereto-
fore so earnestly urged upon this subject, my gen-
eral views and feelings remain unchanged ; and I
trust that Congress will omit no fair opportunity
of aiding these important steps to a great consum- Annual
mation." His language had reference to Maryland, Dec^IfSa
where during the autumn of 1863 the question of
emancipation had been actively discussed by politi-
cal parties, and where at the election of November
74
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
CHAP. IV.
Carpenter,
in
Raymond,
" Life of
Abraham
4, 1863, a legislature had been chosen containing
a considerable majority pledged to emancipation.
More especially did it refer to Missouri, where,
notwithstanding the failure of the fifteen-million
compensation bill at the previous session, a State
Convention had actually passed an ordinance of
emancipation, though with such limitations as
rendered it unacceptable to the more advanced
public opinion of the State. Prudence was the
very essence of Mr. Lincoln's statesmanship, and
he doubtless felt it was not safe for the Executive
to venture farther at that time. "We are like
whalers," he said to Governor Morgan one day,
" who have been long on a chase : we have at last
got the harpoon into the monster, but we must
now look how we steer, or with one ' flop ' of his
^wt" tail he will send us all into eternity."
Senators and Members of the House, especially
those representing antislavery States or districts,
did not need to be so circumspect. It was doubt-
less with this consciousness that J. M. Ashley, a
Republican Representative from Ohio, and James
F. Wilson, a Republican Representative from Iowa,
on the 14th of December, 1863, — that being the
earliest opportunity after the House was organ-
ized,— introduced the former a bill and the latter
a joint resolution to propose to the several States
an amendment of the Constitution prohibiting
slavery throughout the United States. Both the
propositions were referred to the committee on the
judiciary, of which Mr. Wilson was chairman;
but before he made any report on the subject it
had been brought before the Senate, where its
discussion attracted marked public attention.
" Globe,"
Dec. 14,1863,
pp. 19, 21.
THE THIETEENTH AMENDMENT 75
Senator John B. Henderson, who with rare cour- chap. iv.
age and skill had, as a progressive Conservative,
made himself one of the leading champions of Mis- Hemy
sonri emancipation, on the 11th of January, 1864, «msto?y
introduced into the Senate a Joint Eesolution pro- ° slavery "
posing an amendment to the Constitution that in
Congress,"
slavery shall not exist in the United States. It is p- 251.
not probable that either he or the Senate saw any
near hope of success in such a measure. The reso-
lution went to the committee on the judiciary, appar-
ently without being treated as a matter of pressing
importance. Nearly a month had elapsed when
Mr. Sumner also introduced a Joint Eesolution,
proposing an amendment that " everywhere within
the limits of the United States, and of each State
or Territory thereof, all persons are equal be-
fore the law, so that no person can hold another
as a slave." He asked its reference to the select "Globe,"
* • Feb- 8' 1864»
committee on slavery, of which he was chairman ; p- 521.
but several Senators argued that such an amend-
ment properly belonged to the committee on the
judiciary, and in this reference Mr. Sumner finally
acquiesced. It is possible that this slight and
courteously worded rivalry between the two com-
mittees induced earlier action than would other-
wise have happened, for two days later Lyman
Trumbull, chairman of the judiciary commit- Feb. 10.
tee, reported back a substitute in the following
language, differing from the phraseology of both
Mr. Sumner and Mr. Henderson:
ARTICLE XIII.
Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,
except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall
76 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
Chap. IV. have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United
States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
"Globe," Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this
Mar. 28, . ,to . . -1
1864, p. 1313. article by appropriate legislation.
Even after the committee on the judiciary by
this report had adopted the measure, it was evi-
dently thought to be merely in an experimental
stage, for more than six weeks elapsed before the
Senate again took it up for action. On the 28th
of March, however, Mr. Trumbull formally opened
debate upon it in an elaborate speech. The discus-
sion was continued from time to time until the 8th
of April. As the Eepublicans had almost unanimous
control of the Senate, their speeches, though able
and eloquent, seemed perfunctory and devoted to a
foregone conclusion. Those which attracted most
attention were the arguments of Reverdy Johnson
of Maryland and Mr. Henderson of Missouri, —
Senators representing slave States, — advocating
the amendment. Senator Sumner, whose pride of
erudition amounted almost to vanity, pleaded
earnestly for his phrase, "All persons are equal
before the law," copied from the Constitution of
revolutionary France. But Jacob M. Howard of
Michigan, one of the soundest lawyers and clearest
thinkers of the Senate, pointed out the inapplica-
bility of the words, and declared it safer to follow
the Ordinance of 1787, with its historical associa-
tions and its well adjudicated meaning.
There was, of course, from the first no doubt
whatever that the Senate would pass the constitu-
tional amendment, the political classification of
that body being thirty-six Republicans, five Con-
ditional Unionists, and nine Democrats. Not only
THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT
77
was the whole Republican strength, thirty-six votes, chap. iv.
cast in its favor, but two Democrats, — Reverdy
Johnson of Maryland and James W. Nesmith of
Oregon, — with a political wisdom far in advance
of their party, also voted for it, giving more than
the two-thirds required by the Constitution.
When, however, the Joint Resolution went to the
House of Representatives there was such a formid-
able party strength arrayed against it as to fore-
shadow its failure. The party classification of the
House stood one hundred and two Republicans,
seventy-five Democrats, and nine from the border
States, leaving but little chance of obtaining the
required two-thirds vote in favor of the measure.
Nevertheless there was sufficient Republican
strength to secure its discussion ; and when it came
up on the 31st of May the first vote showed "Globe,"
seventy-six to fifty-five against rejecting the Joint mCl. 2612.
Resolution.
We may infer that the conviction of the present
hopelessness of the measure greatly shortened the
debate upon it. The question occupied the House
only on three different days — the 31st of May,
when it was taken up, and the 14th and 15th of
June. The speeches in opposition all came from
Democrats; the speeches in its favor all came
from Republicans, except one. From its adop-
tion the former predicted the direst evils to the
Constitution and the Republic ; the latter the most
beneficial results in the restoration of the country
to peace and the fulfillment of the high destiny
intended for it by its founders. Upon the final
question of its passage the vote stood : yeas, nine-
ty-three; nays, sixty-five; absent or not voting,
1864.
78 ABEAHAM LINCOLN
chap. iv. twenty-three. Of those voting in favor of the Res-
olution eighty-seven were Republicans and four
were Democrats.1 Those voting against it were all
Democrats. The resolution, not having secured a
two-thirds vote, was thus lost; seeing which Mr.
Ashley, Republican, who had the measure in charge,
"Globe," changed his vote so that he might, if occasion
1864, p. 2995. arose, move its reconsideration.
The ever-vigilant public opinion of the loyal
States, intensified by the burdens and anxieties
of the war, took up this far-reaching question
of abolishing slavery by constitutional amendment
with an interest fully as deep as that manifested
by Congress. Before the Joint Resolution had
failed in the House of Representatives the issue
was already transferred to discussion and prospec-
tive decision in a new forum.
When on the 7th of June, 1864, the National Re-
publican Convention met in Baltimore, the two
most vital thoughts which animated its members
were the renomination of Mr. Lincoln and the suc-
cess of the constitutional amendment. The first
was recognized as a popular decision needing only
the formality of an announcement by the Conven-
tion; and the full emphasis of speech and reso-
lution was therefore centered on the latter, as
the dominant and aggressive reform upon which
the party would stake its political fortunes in the
coming campaign.
It is not among the least of the evidences of Presi-
dent Lincoln's political sagacity and political courage
1 The Democrats voting for the sylvania, and Ezra Wheeler of
Joint Resolution were Moses F. Wisconsin, fche latter having made
Odell and John A. Griswold of the only speech in its favor from
New York, Joseph Baily of Penn- the Democratic side.
THE THIBTEENTH AMENDMENT 79
that it was lie himself who supplied the spark that chap. iv.
fired this train of popular action. The editor of
the "New York Independent," who attended the
Convention, and who with others visited Mr. Lin-
coln immediately after the nomination, printed the
following in his paper of June 16, 1864 : " When one
of us mentioned the great enthusiasm at the Con-
vention, after Senator E. D. Morgan's proposition
to amend the Constitution, abolishing slavery, Mr.
Lincoln instantly said, ' It was I who suggested to
Mr. Morgan that he should put that idea into his
opening speech.' " x
The declaration of Morgan, who was chairman of
the National Republican Committee, and as such
called the Convention to order, immediately found
an echo in the speech of the temporary chairman,
the Rev. Dr. Robert J. Breckinridge. The indorse-
ment of the principle by the eminent Kentucky
divine, not on the ground of party but on the high
philosophy of true universal government and of
genuine Christian religion, gave the announcement
an interest and significance accorded to few planks
in party platforms. The permanent chairman,
1 William Lloyd Garrison, in a breaker for millions of the op-
speech at a meeting in the Bos- pressed — to Abraham Lincoln !
ton Music Hall on February 4, (Immense and long continued
1865, called to rejoice over the applause, ending with three
passage of the XIHth Amend- cheers for the President.) I un-
ment, bore the following testi- derstand that it was by his wish
mony to the President's initiative : and influence that that plank was
"And to whom is the country made a part of the Baltimore
more immediately indebted for platform; and taking his posi-
this vital and saving amendment tion unflinchingly upon that
of the Constitution than, per- platform, the people have over-
haps, to any other man f I be- whelmingly sustained both him
lieve I may confidently answer — and it, in ushering in the year
to the humble railsplitter of II- of jubilee." — "The Liberator,"
'inois — to the Presidential chain- February 10, 1865.
80
ABKAHAM LINCOLN
Chap. IV.
" Tribune
Almanac,"
1865.
p. 20.
William Dennison, reaffirmed the doctrine of Mor-
gan and Breckinridge, and the thunderous ap-
plause of the whole Convention greeted the formal
proclamation of the new dogma of political faith in
the third resolution of the platform :
Resolved, That as slavery was the cause and now con*
stitutes the strength of this rebellion, and as it must
he always and everywhere hostile to the principles of re-
publican government, justice and the National safety
demand its utter and complete extirpation from the soil
of the Republic ; and that while we uphold and maintain
the acts and proclamations by which the Government in
its own defense has aimed a death blow at this gigantic
evil, we are in favor, furthermore, of such an amendment
to the Constitution, to be made by the people, in con-
formity with its provisions, as shall terminate and forever
prohibit the existence of slavery within the limits or the
jurisdiction of the United States.
We have related elsewhere how upon this and
the other declarations of the platform the Repub-
lican party went to battle and gained an over-
whelming victory — a popular majority of 411,281,
an electoral majority of 191, and a House of Repre-
sentatives of 138 Unionists to 35 Democrats. In
view of this result the President was able to take
up the question with confidence among his official
recommendations ; and in the annual message which
he transmitted to Congress on the 6th of December,
1864, he urged upon the Members whose terms
were about to expire the propriety of at once
carrying into effect the clearly expressed popular
will. Said he :
At the last session of Congress a proposed amendment
of the Constitution, abolishing slavery throughout the
United States, passed the Senate, but failed, for lack of
the requisite two-thirds vote, in the House of Representa-
WILLIAM LLOTD GAKKISON.
THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT
81
tives. Although the present is the same Congress, and chap.iv.
nearly the same members, and without questioning the wis-
dom or patriotism of those who stood in opposition, I ven-
ture to recommend the reconsideration and passage of the
measure at the present session. Of course the abstract
question is not changed, but an intervening election
shows, almost certainly, that the next Congress will pass
the measure if this does not. Hence there is only a ques-
tion of time as to when the proposed amendment will go
to the States for their action. And as it is to so go at all
events, may we not agree that the sooner the better ! It
is not claimed that the election has imposed a duty on
Members to change their views or their votes any further
than, as an additional element to be considered, their
judgment may be affected by it. It is the voice of the
people, now for the first time heard upon the question.
In a great National crisis like ours unanimity of action
among those seeking a common end is very desirable —
almost indispensable. And yet no approach to such una-
nimity is attainable unless some deference shall be paid to
the will of the majority, simply because it is the will of the
majority. In this case the common end is the maintenance
of the Union j and among the means to secure that end,
such will, through the election, is most clearly declared
in favor of such constitutional amendment.
Lincoln,
Annual
On the 15th of December Mr. Ashley gave notice
that he would, on the 6th of January, 1865, call up
the constitutional amendment for reconsideration ;
and accordingly, on the day appointed, he opened the
new debate upon it in an earnest speech. General
discussion followed from time to time, occupying
perhaps half the days of the month of January.
As at the previous session, the Eepublicans all
favored, while the Democrats mainly opposed it ;
but the important exceptions among the latter
showed what immense gains the proposition had
made in popular opinion and in Congressional wil-
lingness to recognize and embody it. The logic of
Vol. X.— 6
Dec. 6, 1864.
"Globe,"
Dec. 15,
1864, p. 53.
82 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. iv. events had become more powerful than party creed
or strategy. For fifteen years the Democratic party
had stood as sentinel and bulwark to slavery ; and
yet, despite its alliance and championship, the
peculiar institution was being consumed like dry
leaves in the fire of war. For a whole decade it had
been defeated in every great contest of Congres-
sional debate and legislation. It had withered in
popular elections, been paralyzed by confiscation
laws, crushed by executive decrees, trampled upon
by marching Union armies. More notable than all,
the agony of dissolution had come upon it in its
final stronghold — the constitutions of the slave
States. Local public opinion had throttled it in
West Virginia, in Missouri, in Arkansas, in Louisi-
ana, in Maryland; and the same spirit of change
was upon Tennessee, and even showing itself in
Kentucky.
Here was a great revolution of ideas, a mighty
sweep of sentiment, which could not be explained
away by the stale charge of sectional fanaticism,
or by alleging technical irregularities of political
procedure. Here was a mighty flood of public
opinion, overleaping old barriers and rushing into
new channels. The Democratic party did not and
could not shut its eyes to the accomplished facts.
" In my judgment," said William S. Holman of
Indiana, "the fate of slavery is sealed. It dies
by the rebellious hand of its votaries, untouched by
the law. Its fate is determined by the war ; by the
measures of the war; by the results of the war.
«Giobe," These, sir, must determine it, even if the Constitu-
1865, p. 2i9. tion were amended." He opposed the amendment,
he declared, simply because it was unnecessary.
THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT 83
Though few other Democrats were so frank, all chap.iv.
their speeches were weighed down by the same
consciousness of a losing fight, a hopeless cause.
The Democratic leader of the House, and lately-
defeated Democratic candidate for Vice-President,
George H. Pendleton, opposed the amendment, as he
had done at the previous session, by asserting that
three-fourths of the States did not possess constitu-
tional power to pass it, this being — if the paradox
be excused — at the same time the weakest and the
strongest argument : weakest, because the Consti-
tution in terms contradicted the assertion ; strong-
est, because under the circumstances nothing less
than unconstitutionality could justify opposition.
But while the Democrats as a party thus per-
sisted in a false attitude, more progressive Mem-
bers had the courage to take independent and
wiser action. Not only did the four Democrats —
Moses F. Odell and John A. Griswold of New
York, Joseph Baily of Pennsylvania, and Ezra
Wheeler of Wisconsin — who supported the amend-
ment at the first session again record their votes in
its favor, but they were now joined by thirteen
others of their party associates, namely : Augustus
C. Baldwin of Michigan; Alexander H. Cofrroth
and Archibald McAllister of Pennsylvania ; James
E. English of Connecticut; John Ganson, Anson
Herrick, Homer A. Nelson, William Radford, and
John B. Steele of New York ; Wells A. Hutchins
of Ohio ; Austin A. King and James S. Rollins of
Missouri; and George H. Yeaman of Kentucky;
and by their help the favorable two-thirds vote "Giot>ef"
was secured. But special credit for the result must lses, p. 531.
not be accorded to these alone. Even more than of
84
ABBAHAM LINCOLN
Chap. IV.
George W.
Julian,
;* Political
Eecollec-
tions,"
p. 250.
Northern Democrats must be recognized the cour-
age and progressive liberality of Members from the
border slave States — one from Delaware, four from
Maryland, three from West Virginia, four from Ken-
tucky, and seven from Missouri, whose speeches and
votes aided the consummation of the great act ; and
finally, something is due to those Democrats, eight
in number, who were absent without pairs, and
thus, perhaps not altogether by accident, reduced
somewhat the two-thirds vote necessary to the
passage of the Joint Resolution.
Mingled with these influences of a public and
moral nature it is not unlikely that others of more
selfish interest, operating both for and against the
amendment, were not entirely wanting. One, who
was a member of the House, writes : " The success
of the measure had been considered very doubtful,
and depended upon certain negotiations the result
of which was not fully assured, and the particu-
lars of which never reached the public." So also
one of the President's secretaries wrote on the 18th
of January :
I went to the President this afternoon at the request of
Mr. Ashley, on a matter connecting itself with the pend-
ing amendment of the Constitution. The Camden and
Amboy Railroad interest promised Mr. Ashley that if he
would help postpone the Raritan railroad bill over this
session they would in return make the New Jersey Demo-
crats help about the amendment, either by their votes or
absence. Sumner being the Senate champion of the
Raritan bill, Ashley went to him to ask him to drop it
for this session. Sumner, however, showed reluctance to
adopt Mr. Ashley's suggestion, saying that he hoped the
amendment would pass anyhow, etc. Ashley thought he
discerned in Sumner's manner two reasons : (1) That if
the present Senate resolution were not adopted by the
THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT
85
House, the Senate would send them another in which
chey would most likely adopt Sumner's own phraseology
and thereby gratify his ambition ; and (2) that Sumner
thinks the defeat of the Camden and Amboy monopoly
would establish a principle by legislative enactment which
would effectually crush out the last lingering relics of the
States rights dogma. Ashley therefore desired the Presi-
dent to send for Sumner, and urge him to be practical and
secure the passage of the amendment in the manner sug-
gested by Mr. Ashley. I stated these points to the Presi-
dent, who replied at once : " I can do nothing with Mr.
Sumner in these matters. While Mr. Sumner is very cor-
dial with me, he is making his history in an issue with me
on this very point. He hopes to succeed in beating the
President so as to change this Government from its
original form and make it a strong centralized power."
Then calling Mr. Ashley into the room, the President said
to him, " I think I understand Mr. Sumner ; and I think
he would be all the more resolute in his persistence on
the points which Mr. Nicolay has mentioned to me if he
supposed I were at all watching his course on this matter."
Chap. IV,
J. G. N.,
'Personal
Memoran-
da." MS.
The issue was decided in the afternoon of the
31st of January, 1865. The scene was one of un-
usual interest. The galleries were filled to over-
flowing; the Members watched the proceedings with
unconcealed solicitude. " Up to noon," said a con-
temporaneous formal report, " the pro-slavery
party are said to have been confident of defeating
the amendment, and, after that time had passed,
one of the most earnest advocates of the measure
said, ' 'T is the toss of a copper.' " There were the
usual pleas for postponement and for permission to
offer amendments or substitutes, but at four o'clock
the House came to a final vote, and the roll-call
showed, yeas, 119 ; nays, 56 ; not voting, 8. Scat-
tering murmurs of applause had followed the an-
nouncement of affirmative votes from several of the
Report
of Special
Committee
of tlie
Union
League
Club of
New York.
Pamphlet.
86 ABEAHAM LINCOLN
chap. iv. Democratic Members. This was renewed when by
direction of the Speaker the clerk called his name
and he voted aye. But when the Speaker finally
announced, " The constitutional majority of two-
thirds having voted in the affirmative, the Joint
Eesolution is passed," " the announcement " — so
continues the official report printed in the " Globe "
— " was received by the House and by the spec-
tators with an outburst of enthusiasm. The
Members on the Eepublican side of the House
instantly sprung to their feet, and, regardless of
parliamentary rules, applauded with cheers and
clapping of hands. The example was followed by
the male spectators in the galleries, which were
crowded to excess, who waved their hats and
cheered loud and long, while the ladies, hundreds
of whom were present, rose in their seats and
waved their handkerchiefs, participating in and
"Globe," adding to the general excitement and intense in-
i865Tp.353i. terest of the scene. This lasted for several minutes."
"In honor of this immortal and sublime event,"
cried Ebon C. Ingersoll of Illinois, " I move that
the House do now adjourn," and against the objec-
tion of a Maryland Democrat the motion was car-
ried by a yea and nay vote.
A salute of one hundred guns soon made the
occasion the subject of comment and congratula-
tion throughout the city.1 On the following night
i By inadvertence the Joint Res- that " such approval was unneces-
olution proposing the Thirteenth sary to give effect to the action
Amendment was sent to the of Congress " ; Senator Trumbull
President, who formally signed stating in his explanatory re-
it on February 1, the day after marks that the Supreme Court of
its passage by the House. Sub- the United States in a case arising
sequently (February 7) the Sen- in 1798 had decided that " the
ate adopted a resolution declaring negative of the President applies
THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT 87
a considerable procession marched with music to chap. iv.
the Executive Mansion to carry popular greetings
to the President. In response to their calls, Mr.
Lincoln appeared at a window and made a brief
speech, of which only an abstract report was pre-
served, but which is nevertheless important as
showing the searching analysis of cause and effect
which this question had undergone in his mind,
the deep interest he felt in, and the far-reaching
consequences he attached to the measure and its
success.
He supposed the passage through Congress of the con-
stitutional amendment for the abolishment of slavery
throughout the United States was the occasion to which
he was indebted for the honor of this call. The occasion
was one of congratulation to the country and to the whole
world. But there is a task yet before us — to go forward
and have consummated by the votes of the States that
which Congress had so nobly begun yesterday. He had
the honor to inform those present that Illinois had already
to-day done the work. Maryland was about half through,
but he felt proud that Illinois was a little ahead. He
thought this measure was a very fitting if not an indis-
pensable adjunct to the winding up of the great difficulty.
He wished the reunion of all the States perfected, and so
effected as to remove all causes of disturbance in the fu-
ture; and to attain this end it was necessary that the
original disturbing cause should, if possible, be rooted
out. He thought all would bear him witness that he had
never shrunk from doing all that he could to eradicate
slavery, by issuing an Emancipation Proclamation. But
that proclamation falls far short of what the amendment
will be when fully consummated. A question might be
raised whether the proclamation was legally valid. It
only to the ordinary cases of leg- 1865, pp. 629, 630. A similar
islation. He has nothing to do inadvertence occurred when the
with the proposition or adoption amendment of 1861 was passed;
of amendments to the Constitu- it was signed by President
tion." — "Globe," February 7, Buchanan.
88 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
chap. iv. might be urged that it only aided those that came into
our lines, and that it was inoperative as to those who did
not give themselves up ; or that it would have no effect
upon the children of slaves born hereafter; in fact, it
would be urged that it did not meet the evil. But this
amendment is a king's cure-all for all the evils. It winds
the whole thing up. He would repeat that it was the fit-
ting, if not the indispensable, adjunct to the consummation
of the great game we are playing. He could not but
congratulate all present — himself, the country, and the
whole world — upon this great moral victory.
Widely divergent views were expressed by able
constitutional lawyers in both branches of Con-
gress as to what, in the anomalous condition of the
country, would constitute a valid ratification of the
Thirteenth Amendment ; some contending that rati-
fication by three-fourths of the loyal States would
be sufficient, others that three-fourths of all the
States, whether loyal or insurrectionary, would be
necessary. We have seen that Mr. Lincoln, in his
speech on Louisiana reconstruction, while express-
ing no opinion against the first proposition, never-
theless declared, with great argumentative force,
that the latter " would be unquestioned and unques-
tionable " ; and this view appears to have governed
the action of his successor.
As Mr. Lincoln mentioned with just pride in
his address, Illinois was the first State to ratify
lees the amendment, taking her action on February 1,
the day after the Joint Resolution was passed by
the House of Representatives ; and ratification by
other States continued in the following order:
Rhode Island, February 2, 1865; Michigan, Feb-
ruary 2, 1865 ; Maryland, February 3, 1865 ; New
York, February 3, 1865 ; West Virginia, February
THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT 89
3, 1865; Maine, February 7,1865; Kansas, Feb- chap.iv.
ruary 7, 1865; Massachusetts, February 8, 1865;
Pennsylvania, February 8, 1865; Virginia, Feb-
ruary 9, 1865 ; Ohio, February 10, 1865 ; Missouri,
February 10, 1865; Indiana, February 16, 1865;
Nevada, February 16, 1865 ; Louisiana, February
17, 1865 ; Minnesota, February 23, 1865 ; Wisconsin,
March 1, 1865 ; Vermont, March 9, 1865 ; Tennes-
see, April 7, 1865 ; Arkansas, April 20, 1865 ; Con-
necticut, May 5, 1865; New Hampshire, July 1,
1865 ; South Carolina, November 13, 1865; Alabama,
December 2, 1865 ; North Carolina, December 4,
1865 ; Georgia, December 9, 1865 ; Oregon, Decem-
ber 11, 1865; California, December 20, 1865; Florida,
December 28, 1865 ; New Jersey, January 23, 1866 ;
Iowa, January 24, 1866 ; Texas, February 18, 1870.
Without waiting for the ratification by the last
six of these States, Mr. Seward, who remained as
Secretary of State in the Cabinet of President
Johnson, made official proclamation on December
18, 1865, that the Legislatures of twenty-seven
States, constituting three-fourths of the thirty-six
States of the Union, had ratified the amendment,
and that it had become valid as a part of the Con-
stitution of the United States. It needs to be
noted that four of the States constituting this num-
ber of twenty-seven were Virginia, Louisiana, Ten-
nessee, and Arkansas, whose reconstruction had
been effected under the direction and by the
authority of President Lincoln.
The profound political transformation which the
American Eepublic had undergone can perhaps best
be measured by contrasting for an instant the two
constitutional amendments which Congress made
90 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. iv. it the duty of the Lincoln Administration to sub-
mit officially to the several States. The first was
that offered by Thomas Corwin, chairman of the
Committee of Thirty-three, in February, 1861, and
passed by the House of Representatives, yeas, 133 ;
nays, 65; and by the Senate, yeas, 24; nays, 12.
It was signed by President Buchanan as one of his
last official acts, and accepted and indorsed by
Lincoln in his inaugural address. The language of
that amendment was :
"No amendment shall be made to the Constitution
which will authorize or give to Congress the power
to abolish or interfere within any State with the do-
« PGiot>e!"' mestic institutions thereof, including that of persons
Mar 2 1861
p.' 350. ' held to labor or service by the laws of said State."
Between Lincoln's inauguration and the outbreak
of war, the Department of State, under Seward,
transmitted this amendment of 1861 to the several
States for their action; and had the South shown
a willingness to desist from secession and accept it
as a peace offering, there is little doubt that the
required three-fourths of the States would have
made it a part of the Constitution, But the South
refused to halt in her rebellion, and the thunder of
Beauregard's guns against Fort Sumter drove away
all further thought or possibility of such a ratifica-
tion; and within four years Congress framed and
the same Lincoln Administration sent forth the
amendment of 1865, sweeping out of existence by
one sentence the institution to which it had in its
first proposal offered a virtual claim to perpetual
recognition and tolerance. The unew birth of
freedom," which Lincoln invoked for the nation
in his Gettysburg address, was accomplished.
CHAPTER V
BLAIR'S MEXICAN PROJECT
THE triumphant reelection of Mr. Lincoln in chap. v.
November, 1864, greatly simplified the politi-
cal conditions as well as the military prospects of
the country. Decisive popular majorities had
pointedly rebuked the individuals who proclaimed,
and the party which had resolved, that the war
was a failure. The verdict of the ballot-box not
only decided the continuance of a war adminis-
tration and a war policy, but renewed the assurance
of a public sentiment to sustain its prosecution.
When Congress convened on the 6th of December, 1864.
and the President transmitted to that body his an-
nual message, he included in his comprehensive
review of public affairs a temperate but strong and
terse statement of this fact and its potent signifi-
cance. Inspired by this majestic manifestation of
the popular will to preserve the Union and main-
tain the Constitution, he was able to speak of the
future with hope and confidence. But with char-
acteristic prudence and good taste, he uttered no
word of boasting and indulged in no syllable of
acrimony ; on the contrary, in terms of fatherly
kindness, he again offered the rebellious States the
generous conditions he had previously tendered
them by various acts and declarations, and specifi-
91
92 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
chap. v. cally in his amnesty proclamation of December 8,
1863. The statement of the whole situation with
its alternative issues was so admirably compressed
into the closing paragraphs of his message as to
leave no room for ignorance or misunderstanding :
The National resources, then, are unexhausted, and, as we
Dec. 6, 1864. believe, inexhaustible. The public purpose to reestablish
and maintain the National authority is unchanged, and,
as we believe, unchangeable. The manner of continuing
the effort remains to choose. On careful consideration
of all the evidence accessible, it seems to me that no at-
tempt at negotiation with the insurgent leader could re-
sult in any good. He would accept nothing short of
severance of the Union — precisely what we will not and
cannot give. His declarations to this effect are explicit
and oft-repeated. He does not attempt to deceive us.
He affords us no excuse to deceive ourselves. He cannot
voluntarily re-accept the Union ; we cannot voluntarily
yield it. Between him and us the issue is distinct, simple,
and inflexible. It is an issue which can only be tried by
war, and decided by victory. If we yield, we are beaten;
if the Southern people fail him, he is beaten. Either
way, it would be the victory and defeat following war.
What is true, however, of him who heads the insurgent
cause is not necessarily true of those who follow. Al-
though he cannot re-accept the Union, they can. Some
of them, we know, already desire peace and reunion.
The number of such may increase. They can, at any
moment, have peace simply by laying down their arms,
and submitting to the National authority under the Con-
stitution. After so much, the Government could not, if
it would, maintain war against them. The loyal people
would not sustain or allow it. If questions should re-
main, we would adjust them by the peaceful means of
legislation, conference, courts, and votes, operating only
in constitutional and lawful channels. Some certain, and
other possible, questions are, and would be, beyond the
Executive power to adjust j as, for instance, the admis-
sion of members into Congress, and whatever might re-
quire the appropriation of money. The Executive power
BLAIR'S MEXICAN PROJECT 93
itself would be greatly diminished by the cessation of chap. v.
actual war. Pardons and remissions of forfeitures, how-
ever, would still be within Executive control.
In what spirit and temper this control would be exer-
cised can be fairly judged of by the past. A year ago
general pardon and amnesty, upon specified terms, were
offered to all, except certain designated classes; and it
was, at the same time, made known that the excepted
classes were still within contemplation of special clemency.
... In presenting the abandonment of armed resistance
to the national authority, on the part of the insurgents,
as the only indispensable condition to ending the war on
the part of the Government, I retract nothing heretofore
said as to slavery. I repeat the declaration made a year
ago, that " While I remain in my present position I shall
not attempt to retract or modify the Emancipation Proc-
lamation, nor shall I return to slavery any person who
is free by the terms of that proclamation, or by any of
the acts of Congress." If the people should, by whatever
mode or means, make it an Executive duty to reenslave
such persons, another, and not I, must be their instru-
ment to perform it. In stating a single condition of
peace, I mean simply to say that the war will cease on the
part of the Government whenever it shall have ceased on
the part of those who began it. Annual
The country was about to enter upon the fifth
year of actual war; but all the indications were
pointing unmistakably to a speedy collapse of the
rebellion. This foreshadowed disaster to the Con-
federate armies gave rise to another volunteer peace
project and negotiation, which, from the boldness
of its animating thought and the official promi-
nence of its actors, assumes a special importance.
The veteran politician, Francis P. Blair, Sr.,
who, as a young journalist, thirty-five years before,
had helped President Jackson throttle the South
Carolina nullification ; who, from his long political
and personal experience at Washington, perhaps
Dec. 6, 1864.
94 ABBAHAM LINCOLN
chap. v. knew better than almost any one else the individual
characters and tempers of Southern leaders; and
who, moreover, was ambitious to crown his remark-
able career with another dazzling chapter of po-
litical intrigue, conceived that the time had arrived
when he might perhaps take up the role of a suc-
cessful mediator between the North and the South.
He gave various hints of his desire to President
Lincoln, but received neither encouragement nor
opportunity to unfold his plans. " Come to me
after Savannah falls," was Lincoln's evasive reply ;
and when, on the 22d of December, Sherman an-
nounced the surrender of that city as a National
Christmas gift Mr. Blair hastened to put his de-
sign into execution. Three days after Christmas the
President gave him a simple card bearing the words :
Allow the bearer, F. P. Blair, Sr., to pass our lines, go
South, and return.
ms. December 28, 1864. A. Lincoln.
With this single credential he went to the camp
of General Grant, from which he forwarded, by the
usual flags of truce, the following letters to Jeffer-
son Davis at Richmond :
Headquarters Armies of the United States,
December 30, 1864.
Jefferson Davis, President, etc., etc.
My dear Sir : The loss of some papers of importance
(title papers), which I suppose may have been taken by
some persons who had access to my house when General
Early's army were in possession of my place, induces me
to ask the privilege of visiting Richmond and beg the
favor of you to facilitate my inquiries in regard to them.
Mg Your most obedient servant,
F. P. Blair.
BLAIR'S MEXICAN PROJECT
95
Headquarters Armies of the United States, chap. v.
December 30, 1864.
Jefferson Davis, President, etc., etc.
My dear Sir : The fact stated in the inclosed note may-
serve to answer inquiries as to the object of my visit,
which, if allowed by you, I would not communicate fully
to any one but yourself. The main purpose I have in
seeing you is to explain the views I entertain in reference
to the state of the affairs of our country, and to submit to
your consideration ideas which in my opinion you may
turn to good and possibly bring to practical results —
that may not only repair all the ruin the war has brought
upon the nation, but contribute to promote the welfare of
other nations that have suffered from it. In candor I must
say to you in advance that I come to you wholly unac-
credited except in so far as I may be by having permis-
sion to pass our lines and to offer to you my own
suggestions — suggestions which I have submitted to no
one in authority on this side the lines, and will not, with-
out my conversation with you may lead me to suppose
they may lead to something practicable. With the hope
of such result, if allowed, I will confidentially unbosom
my heart frankly and without reserve. You will of course
hold in reserve all that is not proper to be said to one
coming, as I do, merely as a private citizen and address-
ing one clothed with the highest responsibilities. Unless
the great interests now at stake induce you to attribute
more importance to my application than it would other-
wise command I could not expect that you would invite
the intrusion. I venture however to submit the matter to
your judgment.
Your most obedient servant,
F. P. Blair. ms.
Mr. Davis returned a reply with permission to
make the visit ; but by some mischance it did not
reach Mr. Blair till after his patience had become
exhausted by waiting and he had returned to
Washington. Proceeding then to Eichmond he
was received by Jefferson Davis in a confidential
Davie,
"Rise ancl
Fall of the
Confed-
erate Gov*
eminent,"
Vol. II.,
p. 612.
96
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
Chap. V.
Blair,
Report.
MS.
Jan., 1865.
interview on the 12th of January, 1865, which he
thoroughly described in a written report of which
we quote the essential portions :
" I introduced the subject to Mr. Davis by giving
him an account of the mode in which I obtained
leave to go through the lines, telling him that the
President stopped me when I told him ' I had kindly
relations with Mr. Davis, and at the proper time I
might do something towards peace,' and said, l Come
to me when Savannah falls ' — how after that event
he shunned an interview with me, until I perceived
he did not wish to hear me, but desired I should go
without explanation of my object. I then told Mr.
Davis that I wanted to know if he thought fit to
communicate it, whether he had any commitments
with European powers which would control his
conduct in making arrangements with the Govern-
ment of the United States. He said in the most
decisive manner that there were none, that he had
no commitments ; and expressed himself with some
vehemence that he was absolutely free and would
die a freeman in all respects. This is pretty much
his language ; it was his sentiment and manner
certainly. I told him that that was an all-important
point, for if it were otherwise I would not have
another word to say. I then prefaced the reading
of the paper — which I had intended to embody in
a letter to him, or present in some form if I could
not reach him, or if I were prevented from seeing
him personally — by saying that it was somewhat
after the manner of an editorial and was not of a
diplomatic character. . . He replied that he gave
me his full confidence, knew that I was an earn-
est man, and believed I was an honest man, and
BLAIK'S MEXICAN PEOJECT 97
said he reciprocated the attachment which I had chap. v.
expressed for him and his family; that he was
under great obligations to my family for kindnesses
rendered to his, that he would never forget them,
and that even when dying they would be remem- Report,
bered in his prayers. I then read the paper to him. Jan., m&
" ' Suggestions submitted to Jefferson Davis,
President, etc. etc.
" ' The Amnesty Proclamation of President Lin-
coln in connection with his last message to Con-
gress, referring to the termination of the rebellion,
presents a basis on which I think permanent
peace and union between the warring sections
of our country may be reestablished. The am-
nesty offered would doubtless be enlarged to se-
cure these objects and made to embrace all who
sincerely desired to renew and confirm their alle-
giance to the Government of the United States by
the extinction of the institution which originated
the war against the National Kepublic. . . Slavery
no longer remains an insurmountable obstruction to
pacification. You propose to use the slaves in some
mode to conquer a peace for the South. If this
race be employed to secure the independence of the
Southern States by risking their lives in the ser-
vice, the achievement is certainly to be crowned
with their deliverance from bondage. . . Slavery,
" the cause of all our woes," is admitted now on all
sides to be doomed. As an institution all the world
condemns it.
" * This expiation made, what remains to distract
our country ? It now seems a free-will offering on
the part of the South as essential to its own safety.
Vol. X.— 7
98 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
chap.v. Being made, nothing but military force can keep
the North and South asunder. . . We see them
coming together again, after momentary rupture,
RegOTt. along the Ohio, the Mississippi, upon the Gulf, the
Jan., 1865. Potomac, and gradually in the interior wherever
defense is assured from the military power that
at first overthrew the Government. It is now
plain to every sense that nothing but the inter-
position of the soldiery of foreign tyrannies can
prevent all the States from resuming their places
in the Union, casting from them the demon of dis-
cord. The few States remaining in arms that made
the war for slavery as the sine qua non now pro-
pose to surrender it, and even the independence
which was coveted to support it, as a price for
foreign aid.
" ' Slavery abandoned, the issue is changed and
war against the Union becomes a war for monarchy ;
and the cry for independence of a government that
assured the independence of the Southern States of
all foreign powers and their equality in the Union,
is converted into an appeal for succor to European
potentates, to whom they offer, in return, homage
as dependencies ! And this is the price they pro-
pose to pay for success in breaking up the National
Government ! But will the people who have con-
sented to wage this war for an institution once
considered a property, now that they have aban-
doned it, continue the war to enslave themselves ?
Would they abandon slavery to commend them-
selves to the protection of European monarchies,
and thus escape the embrace of that national
Republic as a part of which they have enjoyed
almost a century of prosperity and renown I The
BLAIR'S MEXICAN PROJECT
99
whole aspect of the controversy upon this view
is changed. The patriarchal domestic institution
given up, and the idea of independence and " being
let alone " in happy isolation surrendered to obtain
the boon of foreign protection under the rule of
monarchy.
a i rp^ mos£ modern exemplification of this pro-
gramme for discontented Eepublican States defeat-
ing their popular institution by intestine hostilities
is found in the French emperor's Austrian deputy,
Maximilian, sent to prescribe for their disorders. . .
The design of Louis Napoleon in reference to
conquest on this continent is not left to conjec-
ture. With extraordinary frankness he made a
public declaration that his object was to make the
Latin race supreme in the Southern section of the
North American continent. This is a Napoleonic
idea. The great Napoleon, in a letter or one of his
dictations at St. Helena, states that it had been his
purpose to embody an army of negroes in San
Domingo, to be landed in the slave States with
French support to instigate the blacks there to in-
surrection, and through revolution effect conquest.
Louis Napoleon saw revolution involving the
struggle of races and sections on the question of
slavery made to his hand, when he instantly re-
curred to his uncle's ideas of establishing colonies
to create commerce and a navy for France and
to breed the material for armies to maintain his
European empire. . .
" i Jefferson Davis is the fortunate man who now
holds the commanding position to encounter this
formidable scheme of conquest, and whose fiat can
at the same time deliver his country from the
Chap. V.
Blair,
Report.
MS.
Jan., 1865.
100 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
chap.v. bloody agony now covering it in mourning. He
can drive Maximilian from his American throne,
import, and baffle the designs of Napoleon to subject our
MS
Jan., 1865. Southern people to the " Latin race." With a
breath he can blow away all pretense for proscrip-
tion, conscription, or confiscation in the Southern
States, restore their fields to luxuriant cultivation,
their ports to the commerce of the world, their
constitutions and their rights under them as essen-
tially a part of the Constitution of the United
States to that strong guaranty under which they
flourished for nearly a century not only as equals,
but down to the hour of conflict the prevalent
power on the continent. . .
"'To accomplish this great good for our com-
mon country President Lincoln has opened the
way in his amnesty proclamation and the message
which looks to armistice. Suppose the first en-
larged to embrace all engaged in the war ; suppose
secret preliminaries to armistice enable President
Davis to transfer such portions of his army as he
may deem proper for his purpose to Texas, held
out to it as the land of promise ; suppose this force
on the banks of the Rio Grande, armed, equipped,
and provided, and Juarez propitiated and rallying
the Liberals of Mexico to give it welcome and sup-
port — could it not enter Mexico in full confidence
of expelling the invaders, who, taking advantage of
the distractions of our own Eepublic, have over-
thrown that of Mexico and established a foreign
despotism to rule that land and spread its power
over ours ? I know Romero, the able, patriotic
minister who represents the Republic of Mexico
near our Government. He is intimate with my son
BLAIK'S MEXICAN PKOJECT 101
Montgomery, who is persuaded that he could in- chap. v.
duce Juarez to devolve all the power he can com-
mand on President Davis — a dictatorship, if
necessary — to restore the rights of Mexico and import,
her people and provide for the stability of its Gov- Jan., 1865.
ernment. With such hopes inspiring and a veteran
army of invincibles to rally on, such a force of
Mexicans might be embodied as would make the
conquest of the country the work of its own people
under able leading.
" ' But if more force were wanted than these Mexi-
can recruits and the army of the South would sup-
ply, would not multitudes of the army of the North,
officers and men, be found ready to embark in an
enterprise vital to the interests of our whole Re-
public f The Republican party has staked itself on
the assertion of the Monroe Doctrine proposed by
Canning and sanctioned by a British cabinet. The
Democrats of the North have proclaimed their
adhesion to it, and I doubt not from the spirit ex-
hibited by the Congress now in session, however
unwilling to declare war, it would countenance all
legitimate efforts short of such result to restore
the Mexican Republic. . .
" ' He who expels the Bonaparte-Hapsburg dy-
nasty from our Southern flank, which General
Jackson in one of his letters warned me was the
vulnerable point through which foreign invasion
would come, will ally his name with those of
Washington and Jackson as a defender of the
liberty of the country. If in delivering Mexico he
should model its States in form and principle to
adapt them to our Union and add a new Southern
constellation to its benignant sky while rounding
102 ABEAHAM LINCOLN
chap.v. off our possession on the continent at the Isthmus,
and opening the way to blending the waters of the
Atlantic and Pacific, thus embracing our Eepublic
in the arms of the ocean, he would complete the
work of Jefferson, who first set one foot of our co-
lossal Government on the Pacific by a stride from the
G-ulf of Mexico. Such achievement would be more
highly appreciated in the South, inasmuch as it
would restore the equipoise between the Northern
and Southern States — if indeed such sectional dis-
Report. tinctions could be recognized after the peculiar
Jan., 1865. institution which created them had ceased to exist.' "
It is of course possible that the hard mental pro-
cesses in political metaphysics through which Jef-
ferson Davis had forced his intellect in pursuing the
ambitious hallucinations which led him from loy-
alty to treason, had blighted all generous sentiment
and healthy imagination. But if his heart was
yet capable of a single patriotic memory and im-
pulse, strange emotions must have troubled him as
he sat listening to the reading of this paper by the
man who had been the familiar friend, the trusted
adviser, it might almost be said the confidential
voice, of Andrew Jackson. It was as though the
ghost of the great President had come from his
grave in Tennessee to draw him a sad and solemn
picture of the ruin and shame to which he was
bringing, and had almost brought, the Ameri-
can Republic, especially "his people n of the
Southern States — nationality squandered, slavery
doomed, and his Confederacy a supplicant for life
at the hands of European despotisms. If he did
not correctly realize the scene and hour in all its
impressiveness, he seems at least to have tacitly
BLAIR'S MEXICAN PROJECT 103
acknowledged that his sanguinary adventure in chap. v.
statesmanship was moribund, and that it was high
time to listen earnestly to any scheme which might
give hope of averting from himself and his ad-
herents the catastrophe to whose near approach he
could no longer shut his eyes. Mr. Blair's report
thus narrates the remainder of the interview :
" I then said to him, ' There is my problem, Mr.
Davis ; do you think it possible to be solved ? '
After consideration he said, 'I think so.' I then import,
said, ' You see that I make the great point of this jan^ i86&
matter that the war is no longer made for slavery,
but monarchy. You know that if the war is kept
up and the Union kept divided, armies must be
kept afoot on both sides, and this state of things has
never continued long without resulting in monarchy
on one side or the other, and on both generally.'
He assented to this, and with great emphasis re-
marked that he was like Lucius Junius Brutus, and
uttered the sentiment ascribed to him in Shakspere,
without exactly quoting it :
There was a Brutus once that would have brooked
The eternal devil to keep his state in Rome
As easily as a king.
Then he said, that he was thoroughly for popular
government, that this feeling had been born and
bred in him. Touching the project, he said, of
bringing the sections together again, the great diffi-
culty was the excessive vindictiveness produced by
outrages perpetrated in the invaded States during
the war. He said reconcilement must depend, he
thought, upon time and events, which he hoped
would restore better feelings, but that he was cer-
104 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. v. tain that no circumstance would have a greater effect
than to see the arms of our countrymen from the
North and the South united in a war upon a for-
eign power assailing principles of government
common to both sections and threatening their de-
iSport. struction. And he said he was convinced that all
MS
Jan., 1865. the powers of Europe felt it their interest that our
people in this quarrel should exhaust all their ener-
gies in destroying each other, and thus make them
a prey to the potentates of Europe, who felt that
the destruction of our Government was necessary
to the maintenance of the monarchical principles on
which their own were founded.
" I told him that I was encouraged by finding him
holding these views, and believed that our country,
if impressed with them, as I thought it might be
universally, would soon resume its happy unity.
He said I ought to know with what reluctance he
had been drawn out of the Union ; that he labored
to the last moment to avoid it; that he had fol-
lowed the old flag longer and with more devotion
than anything else on earth; that at Bull Eun,
when he saw the flag he supposed it was his own
hanging on the staff, — they were more alike then
than now, — and when the flag of the United States
unfurled itself in the breeze he saw it with a sigh,
but he had to choose between it and his own, and
he had to look to it as that of an enemy. He felt
now that it was laid up, but the circumstances to
which he had adverted might restore it and recon-
cilement be easier. With regard to Mexico, if
the foreign power was driven out, it would have to
depend on the events there to make it possible
to connect that country with this and restore the
BLAIR'S MEXICAN PROJECT
105
Blair,
Report.
MS.
equipoise to which I looked ; nobody could foresee chap. v.
how things would shape themselves. . .
" Touching the matter of arrangement for recon-
cilement proposed by me, he remarked that all
depended upon well-founded confidence, and, look-
ing at me with very significant expression, he said,
1 What, Mr. Blair, do you think of Mr. Seward f ' jaiCiajs
I replied: 'Mr. Seward is a very pleasant com-
panion ; he has good social qualities, but I have no
doubt that where his ambition is concerned his
selfish feelings prevail over all principle. I have no
doubt he would betray any man, no matter what
his obligations to him, if he stood in the way of his
selfish and ambitious schemes. But,' I said, * this
matter, if entered upon at all, must be with Mr.
Lincoln himself. The transaction is a military
transaction, and depends entirely upon the Com-
mander-in-Chief of our armies. If he goes into it
he will certainly consider it as the affair of the
military head of the Government. Now I know
that Mr. Lincoln is capable of great personal sacri-
fices— of sacrificing the strongest feelings of his
heart, of sacrificing a friend when he thinks it
necessary for the good of the country; and you
may rely upon it, if he plights his faith to any
man in a transaction for which he is responsible
as an officer or a man, he will maintain his word
inviolably.' Mr. Davis said he was glad to hear
me say so. He did not know Mr. Lincoln; but
he was sure I did, and therefore my declaration
gave him the highest satisfaction. As to Mr.
Seward, he had no confidence in him himself,
and he did not know any man or party in the
South that had any.
106
ABKAHAM LINCOLN
Chap. V.
Blair
Report.
MS.
Jan., 1865.
Blair,
Report, MS.
Printed
in full in
Serial
Chapter.
" Century,"
Oct., 1889.
Davis,
" Rise and
Fall of the
Confed-
erate Gov-
ernment."
Vol. II.,
pp. 612
et seq.
" In relation to the mode of effecting the object
about which we had been talking, he said ' we ought
soon to have some understanding, because things
to be done or omitted will depend upon it '; that he
was willing to appoint persons to have conferences,
without regard to forms ; that there must be some
medium of communication ; that he would appoint
a person or persons who could be implicitly relied
on by Mr. Lincoln ; that he had on a former occa-
sion indicated Judge Campbell, of the Supreme
Court, as a person who could be relied on. I told
him he was a person in whom I had unbounded
confidence, both as regarded talents and fidelity.
" In reply to some remarks that I made as to the
fame he would acquire in relieving the country
from all its disasters, restoring its harmony, and
extending its dominion to the Isthmus, he said
what his name might be in history he cared not.
If he could restore the prosperity and happiness of
his country, that was the end and aim of his being.
For himself, death would end his cares, and that
was very easy to be accomplished.
" The next day after my first interview he sent
me a note, saying he thought I might desire to
have something in writing in regard to his conclu-
sion, and therefore he made a brief statement
which I brought away."
The substantial accuracy of Mr. Blair's report is
confirmed by the memorandum of the same inter-
view which Jefferson Davis wrote at the time and
has since printed. In this conversation the rebel
leader took little pains to disguise his entire will-
ingness to enter upon the wild scheme of military
conquest and annexation which could easily be
BLAIR'S MEXICAN PROJECT 107
read between the lines of a political crusade to chap. v.
rescue the Monroe Doctrine from its present peril.
If Mr. Blair felt elated at having so quickly made
a convert of the Confederate President, he was still
further gratified at discovering yet more favorable
symptoms in his official surrounding at Eichmond. lses.
In the three or four days he spent at the rebel
capital he found nearly every prominent person-
age convinced of the hopeless condition of the
rebellion, and even eager to seize upon any con-
trivance to help them out of their direful prospects.
The letter which he bore from Jefferson Davis to
be shown to President Lincoln was in the follow-
ing language :
Richmond, Virginia, 12 Jany., '65.
F. P. Blair, Esq.
Sir : I have deemed it proper, and probably desirable
to you, to give you, in this form, the substance of remarks
made by me, to be repeated by you to President Lincoln,
etc., etc. I have no disposition to find obstacles in forms,
and am willing now, as heretofore, to enter into negotia-
tions for the restoration of peace ; and am ready to send
a commission whenever I have reason to suppose it will
be received, or to receive a commission, if the United
States Government shall choose to send one. That, not-
withstanding the rejection of our former offers, I would,
if you could promise that a commissioner, minister, or
other agent would be received, appoint one immediately,
and renew the effort to enter into conference, with a view
to secure peace to the two countries.
Yours, etc., *««*„«„*
1 _ 7 ._ Autograph
Jefferson Davis. ms.
But the Government councils at Washington
were not ruled by the spirit of political adven-
ture. Abraham Lincoln had a loftier conception
of patriotic duty and a higher ideal of national
108 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap.v. ethics. The proposal to divert his nation, "con-
ceived in Liberty,'' from its grand task of preserv-
ing for humanity " government of the people, by
the people, for the people," and degrade its heroic
struggle and sacrifice to the low level of a joint
filibustering foray, which, instead of crowning
his work of emancipation, might perhaps event-
uate in a renewal, extension, and perpetuation of
slavery, did not receive from him an instant's
1865. consideration. His whole interest in Mr. Blair's
mission was in the despondency of the rebel
leaders which it disclosed, and the possibility of
bringing them to an acknowledgment of their
despair and the abandonment of their resistance.
His only response to the overture thus half of-
ficially brought to his notice was to open the
door of negotiation a little wider than he had
done before, but for the specific and exclusive
objects of union and peace. As an answer to
Jefferson Davis's note he therefore wrote Mr. Blair
the following:
Washington, January 18, 1865.
F. P. Blair, Esq.
Sir : You having shown me Mr. Davis's letter to you of
the 12th instant, you may say to him that I have con-
stantly been, am now, and shall continue ready to receive
any agent whom he, or any other influential person now
resisting the National authority, may informally send to
me, with the view of securing peace to the people of our
lutograph one common country.
Yours, etc.,
A. Lincoln.
With this note Mr. Blair returned to Richmond,
giving Mr. Davis such feeble excuses as he could
hastily frame why the President had rejected his
MS.
BLAIB'S MEXICAN PKOJECT 109
overture for a joint invasion of Mexico,1 alleging chap. v.
that Mr. Lincoln was embarrassed by radical poli-
ticians and could not use " political agencies." Mr.
Blair then, but again without authority, proposed
a new project, namely, that Grant and Lee should
enter into negotiations, the scope and object of
which, however, he seems to have left altogether
vague. The simple truth is evident that Mr. Blair
was, as best he might, covering his retreat from an
abortive intrigue. He soon reported to Davis that
military negotiation was out of the question.
Jefferson Davis therefore had only two alterna-
tives before him — either to repeat his stubborn
ultimatum of separation and independence, or
frankly to accept Lincoln's ultimatum of reunion.
The principal Richmond authorities knew, and
some of them had tacitly admitted, that their Con-
federacy was nearly in collapse. Vice-President
Stephens, in a secret session of the rebel Senate,
had pointed out that "we could not match our
opponents in numbers, and should not attempt to
cope with them in direct physical power," and ad- s^?var11G'
vocated a Fabian policy which involved the aban- thesXes."
donment of Richmond. Judge Campbell, rebel pp- 537-539.
Assistant Secretary of War, had collected facts
1 "He [Blair] then unfolded to must be done without the inter-
me," writes Jefferson Davis in vention of the politicians. He
his book, "the embarrassment therefore suggested that Gen-
of Mr. Lincoln on account of erals Lee and Grant might enter
the extreme men, in Congress into an arrangement by which
and elsewhere, who wished to hostilities would be suspended,
drive him into harsher measures and a way paved for the restora-
tion he was inclined to adopt ; tion of peace. I responded that
whence it would not be feasible I would willingly intrust to Gen-
f or him to enter into any arrange- eral Lee such negotiation as was
ment with us by the use of po- indicated." — Davis, "Rise and
litical agencies ; that if anything Fall of the Confederate Govern-
benefici&l could be effected it ment." Vol. II., pp. 616, 617.
110 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap.v. and figures, which a few weeks later he embodied
4 Jones, in a formal report, showing the South to be in
Wr>iSer»'s Practical exhaustion. Lee sent a dispatch saying
^p0l384L' ne na(^ no^ ^w0 days' rations for his army. Eich-
jan.ii,i865. mond was already in a panic at rumors of evacua-
tion. Flour was selling at a thousand dollars a
barrel in Confederate currency. The recent fall of
Fort Fisher had closed the last avenue through
which blockade runners could bring them foreign
supplies. Governor Brown of Georgia was refus-
ing to obey orders from Eichmond and character-
ibid.,P.395. izing them as "usurping" and "despotic." Under
such circumstances a defiant cry of independence
would not reassure anybody; nor, on the other
hand, was it longer possible to remain silent. Mr.
Blair's first visit to Eichmond had created general
interest. Old friends plied him with eager ques-
tions and laid his truthful answers concerning
their gloomy prospects solemnly to heart. The fact
of his secret consultation with Davis transpired.
When Mr. Blair came a second time and held a
second secret consultation with the rebel President
wonder and rumor rose to fever heat.
Impelled to take action, Mr. Davis had not the
courage to be frank. He called, first, Vice-Presi-
dent Stephens, and afterwards his Cabinet, to a
discussion of the project. A peace commission of
three was appointed, consisting of Alexander H.
Stephens, Vice-President ; E. M. T. Hunter, Sena-
tor and ex-Secretary of State, and John A. Camp-
bell, Assistant Secretary of War — all of them
convinced that the rebellion was hopeless, and yet
unwilling to admit the logical consequences and
necessities. The drafting of instructions for the
BLAIR'S MEXICAN PKOJECT 111
guidance of the commissioners was a difficult prob- chap. v.
lem, since the explicit condition prescribed by Mr.
Lincoln's note was that he would only receive an
agent sent him "with the view of securing peace to
the people of our one common country." The astute Benjamin
Mr. Benjamin, rebel Secretary of State, in order to ^ayr?,8'
make the instructions "as vague and general as « southern
possible," proposed the simple direction to confer HsoSy^
" upon the subject to which it relates." His action vol ivi,
and language were broad enough to carry the infer-
ence that in his secret heart he, too, was sick of
rebellion and ready to make terms. Whether it
was so meant or not, his chief refused to receive
the delicate suggestion.
With the ruin and defeat of the Confederate
cause staring him full in the face Davis could
bring himself neither to a dignified refusal nor to
a resigned acceptance of the form of negotiation as
Mr. Lincoln had tendered it. Even in the gulf of
war and destitution into which he had led his
people he could not forego the vanity of mas-
querading as a champion. He was unwilling,
says Mr. Benjamin, to appear to betray his trust
as Confederate President. " You thought, from re-
gard to your personal honor, that your language
ought to be such as to render impossible any ma-
lignant comment on your actions." But if so, why ibid., p. 213.
not adopt the heroic alternative and refuse to nego-
tiate ? Why resort to the yet more humiliating
absurdity of sending a commission on terms which
he knew Mr. Lincoln had pointedly rejected?1
1 [indorsement by mr. Lincoln.] the original, of which the within
"To-day [January 28] Mr. is a copy, and left it with him; law.
Blair tells me that on the 21st that at the time of delivering it
instant he delivered to Mr. Davis Mr. Davis read it over twice in
112 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
chap, v Instead of Mr. Benjamin's phraseology, Jefferson
Davis wrote the following instruction to the com-
missioners, which carried a palpable contradiction
on its face.
Richmond, January 28, 1865.
In conformity with the letter of Mr. Lincoln, of which
the foregoing is a copy, you are requested to proceed to
iif^orf"! Washington City for informal conference with him upon
society t the issues involved in the existing war, and for the pur-
volTv., pose of securing peace to the two countries.
p' 2U' Your obedient servant,
Jefferson Davis.
Mr. Blair's presence, at the close of Mr. Davis's letter about ' the
of which he (Mr. Blair) remarked two countries,' to which Mr.
luto ph that the part about ' our one com- Davis replied that he so under-
MS. mon country ' related to the part stood it. A. Lincoln."
CHAPTEB VI
THE HAMPTON ROADS CONFERENCE
WITH this double-meaning credential the com-
missioners presented themselves at the Union
lines near Eichmond on the evening of January 29,
1865, and, instead of frankly showing their author-
ity, asked admission " in accordance with an under-
standing claimed to exist with Lieutenant-General
Grant, on their way to Washington as peace com-
missioners." The application being telegraphed
to Washington, Mr. Stanton answered that no
one should be admitted under such character or
profession until the President's instructions were
received. Mr. Lincoln, being apprised of the
application, promptly dispatched Major Thomas
T. Eckert an officer of the War Department, with
written directions to admit the commissioners
under safe conduct if they would say in writing
that they came for the purpose of an informal
conference on the basis of his note of January 18
to Mr. Blair, " with the view of securing peace to
the people of our one common country." Before
this officer arrived, however, the commissioners
reconsidered the form of their application and
addressed a new one to General Grant, asking
permission " to proceed to Washington to hold a
conference with President Lincoln upon the sub-
Vol. X.— 8 us
Chap. VI.
Wilcox
to Parke,
Jan. 29,
1865. MS.
Stanton to
Ord,
Jan. 29,
1865,10 P.M.
MS.
Lincoln to
Eckert,
Jan. 30,
1865. MS.
114 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. vi. ject of the existing war, and with a view of
Stephens, ascertaining upon what terms it may be termi-
aQd Huuter nated, in pursuance of the course indicated by him
lk/'^L in nis letter to Mr- Blair of January 18, 1865."
Pursuant to this request, they were provisionally
conveyed to Grant's headquarters. One of them
records with evident surprise the unostentatious
surroundings of the General-in-Chief. " I was in-
stantly struck with the great simplicity and per-
fect naturalness of his manners, and the entire
absence of everything like affectation, show, or
even the usual military air or mien of men in his
position. He was plainly attired, sitting in a log
cabin, busily writing on a small table, by a
kerosene lamp. It was night when we arrived.
There was nothing in his appearance or surround-
ings which indicated his official rank. There were
neither guards nor aids about him. . . He fur-
nished us with comfortable quarters on board one
of his dispatch boats. The more I became ac-
quainted with him, the more I became thoroughly
impressed with the very extraordinary combination
of rare elements of character which he exhibited.
During the time, he met us frequently and conversed
freely upon various subjects, not much upon our
s^waern8' mission. I saw, however, very clearly that he was
theestK." very anxious for the proposed conference to take
Vol. II., t „
P. 597. place."
The commissioners' note to Grant had been a
substantial compliance with the requirement of
President Lincoln ; and so accepting it, the latter,
on the 31st of January, sent Secretary Seward
to meet them, giving him for this purpose the
following written instructions.
THE HAMPTON ROADS CONFERENCE 115
Executive Mansion, chap. vi.
Washington, January 31, 1865.
Hon. William H. Seward, Secretary of State :
You will proceed to Fortress Monroe, Virginia, there
to meet and informally confer with Messrs. Stephens,
Hunter, and Campbell, on the basis of my letter to F. P.
Blair, Esq., of January 18, 1865, a copy of which you
have. You will make known to them that three things
are indispensable, to wit : First The restoration of the
national authority throughout all the States. Second. No
receding by the Executive of the United States on the
slavery question from the position assumed thereon in
the late annual message to Congress, and in preceding
documents. Third. No cessation of hostilities short of an
end of the war, and the disbanding of all forces hostile
to the Government. You will inform them that all
propositions of theirs, not inconsistent with the above,
will be considered and passed upon in a spirit of sincere
liberality. You will hear all they may choose to say, and
report it to me. You will not assume to definitely con-
summate anything. Yours, etc.,
Abraham Lincoln. ms.
Mr. Seward started on the morning of February 1,
and simultaneously with his departure the Presi-
dent repeated to General Grant the monition which
the Secretary of War had already sent him two days
before through Major Eckert. " Let nothing which
is transpiring change, hinder, or delay your mili- ^rant,*0
tary movements or plans." Grant responded to the e ms.
order, promising that no armistice should ensue,
adding, " The troops are kept in readiness to move to LmSoin,
at the shortest notice, if occasion should justify it." e ms.
Major Eckert1 arrived while Mr. Seward was yet on
his way. On informing the commissioners of the
1 Major Eckert was personally Stephens had been the means of
acquainted with Mr. Stephens, saving Eckert's life from a seces-
and the meeting between them sion mob in Georgia at the out-
was one of peculiar interest, as break of the war.
116
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
Chap. VI.
Hunter, in
" Southern
Historical
Society
Papers."
Vol. III.,
p. 175
(April,
1877).
President's exact requirement they replied by pre-
senting Jefferson Davis's instruction. This was
recediiig from the terms contained in their note to
Grant, and Major Eckert promptly notified them
that they could not proceed further unless they com-
plied strictly with President Lincoln's terms. Thus
at half -past nine on the night of February 1 the mis-
sion of Stephens, Hunter, and Campbell was prac-
tically at an end. It was never explained why they
took this course, for the next day they again
changed their minds. The only conjecture which
seems plausible is that they hoped to persuade
General Grant to take some extraordinary and dic-
tatorial step. One of them hints as much in a
newspaper article written long after the war.
:t We had tried," he wrote, " to intimate to General
Grant, before we reached Old Point, that a settle-
ment generally satisfactory to both sides could be
more easily effected through him and General Lee
by an armistice than in any other way. The at-
tempt was in vain." The general had indeed lis-
tened to them with great interest and in their
eagerness to convert him they had probably in-
dulged in stronger phrases of repentance than
they felt. About an hour after the commissioners
refused Major Eckert's ultimatum General Grant
telegraphed the following to Secretary Stanton,
from which it will be seen that at least two of the
commissioners had declared to him their personal
willingness "to restore peace and union."
February 1, 10 : 30 P. M., 1865.
Hon. Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War :
Now that the interview between Major Eckert, under
his written instructions, and Mr. Stephens an<\ party has
THE HAMPTON ROADS CONFERENCE 117
ended, I will state confidentially, but not officially, to chap.vi.
become a matter of record, that I am convinced, upon
conversation with Messrs. Stephens and Hunter, that their
intentions are good and their desire sincere to restore
peace and union. I have not felt myself at liberty to ex-
press even views of my own, or to account for my reti-
cency. This has placed me in an awkward position,
which I could have avoided by not seeing them in the
first instance. I fear now their going back without any
expression from any one in authority will have a bad in-
fluence. At the same time I recognize the difficulties in
the way of receiving these informal commissioners at this
time, and do not know what to recommend. I am sorry,
however, that Mr. Lincoln cannot have an interview with
the two named in this dispatch, if not all three now
within our lines. Their letter to me was all that the
President's instructions contemplated to secure their safe
conduct, if they had used the same language to Major
Eckert.
U. S. Grant, Lieut.-General. ms.
On the morning of February 2, President Lin- i865.
coin went to the War Department, and, reading
Major Eckert's report, was about to recall Mr.
Seward by telegraph, when Grant's dispatch was
placed in his hands. The communication served
to change his purpose. Resolving not to neglect
the indications of sincerity here described, he
immediately telegraphed in reply, " Say to the
gentlemen I will meet them personally at Fortress
Monroe as soon as I can get there." The commis-
sioners by this time had decided to accept Mr. ms.
Lincoln's terms, which they did in writing to
both Major Eckert and General Grant, and there-
upon were at once conveyed from General Grant's
headquarters at City Point to Fort Monroe, where
Mr. Lincoln joined Secretary Seward on the same
night.
118 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. vi. On the morning of February 3, 1865, the rebel
commissioners were conducted on board the River
Queen, lying at anchor near Fort Monroe, where
President Lincoln and Secretary Seward awaited
i86& them ; and in the saloon of that steamer an infor-
mal conference of four hours' duration ensued. It
was agreed beforehand that no writing or memo-
randum should be made at the time, so that the
record of the interview remains only in the sepa-
rate accounts which each of the rebel commis-
sioners afterwards wrote out from memory, neither
Mr. Seward nor President Lincoln ever having
made any report in detail. Former personal
acquaintance made the beginning easy and cordial,
through pleasant reminiscences of the past and
mutual inquiries after friends. In a careful analy-
sis of these reports, thus furnished by the Confed-
erates themselves, the first striking feature is the
difference of intention between the parties. It is
apparent that Mr. Lincoln went, honestly and
frankly in all friendliness, to offer them the best
terms he could to secure peace and reunion, but to
abate no jot of official duty and personal dignity ;
while the main thought of the commissioners was
to evade the express condition on which they had
been admitted to conference ; to seek to postpone
the vital issue ; and to propose an armistice, by
debating a mere juggling expedient, against which
they had in a private agreement with one another
already committed themselves.
Mr. Stephens began the discussion by asking
whether there was no way of restoring the har-
mony and happiness of former days ; to which Mr.
Lincoln replied, " There was but one way that he
THE HAMPTON ROADS CONFERENCE 119
knew of, and that was, for those who were resist- chap. vi.
ing the laws of the Union to cease that resistance."
Mr. Stephens rejoined that they had been induced Feb. 3, lses.
to believe that both parties might for a while leave
their present strife in abeyance and occupy them-
selves with some continental question till their anger
should cool and accommodation become possible.
Here Mr. Lincoln interposed promptly and
frankly : " I suppose you refer to something that
Mr. Blair has said. Now it is proper to state at
the beginning that whatever he said was of his
own accord, and without the least authority from
me. When he applied for a passport to go to Rich-
mond, with certain ideas which he wished to make
known to me, I told him flatly that I did not want
to hear them. If he desired to go to Eichmond of
his own accord, I would give him a passport ; but
he had no authority to speak for me in any way
whatever. When he returned and brought me Mr.
Davis's letter, I gave him the one to which you
alluded in your application for leave to cross the
lines. I was always willing to hear propositions
for peace on the conditions of this letter, and on no
other. The restoration of the Union is a sine qua
non with me, and hence my instructions that no
conference was to be held except upon that basis."
Despite this express disavowal, Mr. Stephens
persisted in believing that Mr. Lincoln had come
with ulterior designs, and went on at considerable
length to elaborate his idea of a joint Mexican ex-
pedition, to be undertaken during an armistice and
without a prior pledge of ultimate reunion. Such
an expedition, he argued, would establish the
"right of self-government to all peoples on this
120
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
Chap. VI.
continent against the dominion or control of any
European power." Establishing this principle of the
right of peoples to self-government would neces-
Feb. 3, 1865. sarily also establish, by logical sequence, the right
of States to self-government ; and, present passions
being cooled, there would ensue " an Ocean-bound
Federal Republic, under the operation of this Con-
tinental Begulator — the ultimate absolute sov-
ereignty of each State." His idea was that "all
the States might reasonably be expected, very
soon, to return, of their own accord, to their
former relations to the Union, just as they came
together at first by their own consent, and for their
mutual interests. Others, too, would continue to
join it in the future, as they had in the past. This
great law of the system would effect the same
certain results in its organization as the law of
gravitation in the material world."
Mr. Stephens does not seem to have realized how
comically absurd was his effort to convert President
Lincoln to the doctrine of secession by this very
transparent bit of cunning, and the others listened
with considerate and patient gravity. Mr. Seward
at length punctured the bubble with a few well-
directed sentences, when Mr. Hunter also inter-
vened to express his entire dissent from Mr.
Stephens's proposal. " In this view," reports Mr.
Stephens naively, " he expressed the joint opinion
of the commissioners ; indeed, we had determined
not to enter into any agreement that would require
the Confederate arms to join in any invasion of
ibid., P. 608. Mexico." But the rebel Vice-President fails to
record why, under these circumstances, he had
opened this useless branch of the discussion.
Stephens,
"War
between
the States.'
Vol. II.,
pp. 600-604.
THE HAMPTON ROADS CONFERENCE 121
At this stage President Lincoln brought back chap.vi.
the conversation pointedly to the original object of
the conference: "He repeated that he could not Feb.3,1865.
entertain a proposition for an armistice on any
terms while the great and vital question of reunion
was undisposed of. That was the first question to
be settled. He could enter into no treaty, conven-
tion, or stipulation, or agreement with the Confed-
erate States, jointly or separately, upon that or any
other subject, but upon the basis first settled, that
the Union was to be restored. Any such agree-
ment, or stipulation, would be a quasi recognition st" wJ?8'
of the States then in arms against the National theesSS»
Government, as a separate power. That he never p- eos."
could do."
"This branch of the discussion," also reports
Judge Campbell, " was closed by Mr. Lincoln, who
answered that it could not be entertained; that
there could be no war without the consent of Con-
gress, and no treaty without the consent of the
Senate of the United States ; that he could make no
treaty with the Confederate States, because that
would be a recognition of those States, and that
this could not be done under any circumstances;
that unless a settlement were made there would be
danger that the quarrel would break out in the
midst of the joint operations ; that one party might
unite with the common enemy to destroy the
other; that he was determined to do nothing to
suspend the operations for bringing the existing
struggle to a close to attain any collateral end.
Mr. Lincoln in this part of the conversation ad-
mitted that he had power to make a military
convention, and that his arrangements under that
122 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. vi. might extend to settle several of the points men-
campbeii, tioned, but others it could not."
in 7
MagiriS™ ^ne theory of secession as a conservative prin-
Dpc.'i9r.74' ciple, and the bait of a joint expedition to steal
Mexico under guise of enforcing the Monroe Doc-
trine, being thus cleared away, the discussion turned
to the only reasonable inquiry which remained.
Judge Campbell asked how restoration could be
effected if the Confederate States would consent,
mentioning important questions, such as the dis-
bandment of the army, confiscation acts on both
sides, the effect of the Emancipation Proclamation,
representation in Congress, the division of Vir-
ginia, and so on, which would inevitably arise and
require immediate adjustment. On these various
topics much conversation ensued, which, even as
briefly reported, is too long to be quoted entire.
It will be more useful to condense, under specific
Feb. 3, 1865. headings, the substantial declarations and offers
which the commissioners report Mr. Lincoln to
have made.
I. Beconstrtjctton. — The shortest way the in-
surgents could effect this, he said, was " by dis-
banding their armies and permitting the National
authorities to resume their functions." Mr. Seward
called attention to that phrase of his annual mes-
sage where he had declared, "In stating a single
condition of peace, I mean simply to say that the
war will cease on the part of the Government
whenever it shall have ceased on the part of those
who began it." As to the rebel States being ad-
mitted to representation in Congress, " Mr. Lincoln
very promptly replied that his own individual
THE HAMPTON ROADS CONFERENCE 123
opinion was they ought to be. He also thought chap.vi.
they would be ; but he could not enter into any
stipulation upon the subject. His own opinion Feb.3,i865.
was that when the resistance ceased and the Na-
tional authority was recognized the States would
be immediately restored to their practical relations
to the Union."
II. Confiscation Acts. — " Mr. Lincoln said that
so far as the confiscation acts and other penal acts
were concerned, their enforcement was left entirely
with him, and on that point he was perfectly
willing to be full and explicit, and on his assurance Stephens,
perfect reliance might be placed. He should exer- between^
cise the power of the Executive with the utmost voi.ii./
r pp. 609, 612,
liberality." "As to all questions," says Judge and en.
Campbell's report, "involving rights of property,
the courts could determine them, and that Congress
would no doubt be liberal in making restitution of Can}gbdl»
confiscated property, or by indemnity, after the Magazine/*
passions that had been excited by the war had p-'W
been composed."
III. The Emancipation Proclamation. — "Mr.
Lincoln said that was a judicial question. How the
courts would decide it he did not know, and could
give no answer. His own opinion was that as the
proclamation was a war measure, and would have
effect only from its being an exercise of the war
power, as soon as the war ceased it would be in-
operative for the future. It would be held to apply
only to such slaves as had come under its opera-
tion while it was in active exercise. This was his
individual opinion, but the courts might decide the
other way, and hold that it effectually emancipated
all the slaves in the States to which it applied at
124
ABKAHAM LINCOLN
Stephens,
" War
between
the States.'
Vol. II.,
pp. 610, 611
chap. vi. the time. So far as he was concerned, he should
leave it to the courts to decide. He never would
change or modify the terms of the proclamation in
the slightest particular."
At another point in the conversation "he said
it was not his intention in the beginning to inter-
fere with slavery in the States; that he never
would have done it if he had not been compelled
by necessity to do it to maintain the Union ; that
the subject presented many difficult and perplexing
questions to him ; that he had hesitated for some
time, and had resorted to this measure only when
driven to it by public necessity ; that he had been
in favor of the General Government prohibiting the
extension of slavery into the Territories, but did not
think that that Government possessed power over
the subject in the States, except as a war measure ;
and that he had always himself been in favor of
emancipation, but not immediate emancipation,
even by the States. Many evils attending this
.op. sis,' 6u. appeared to him."
Recurring once more to the subject of emancipa-
tion, " he went on to say that he would be willing
to be taxed to remunerate the Southern people for
their slaves. He believed the people of the North
were as responsible for slavery as the people of the
South ; and if the war should then cease, with the
voluntary abolition of slavery by the States, he
should be in favor, individually, of the Govern-
ment paying a fair indemnity for the loss to the
owners. He said he believed this feeling had an
extensive existence at the North. He knew some
who were in favor of an appropriation as high as
four hundred millions of dollars for this purpose.
THE HAMPTON ROADS CONFERENCE 125
'I could mention persons,' said he, ' whose names chap.vi.
would astonish you, who are willing to do this if
the war shall now cease without further expense,
and with the abolition of slavery as stated.' But
on this subject, he said, he could give no assur-
ance— enter into no stipulation. He barely ex- st»v?a?8'
pressed his own feelings and views, and what he theestaS"
believed to be the views of others upon the subject." p- 617."
IV. The Division of Virginia. — "Mr. Lincoln
said he could only give an individual opinion,
which was, that Western Virginia would continue
to be recognized as a separate State in the Union."
V. The Thirteenth Amendment. — Mr. Seward
brought to the notice of the commissioners one
topic which to them was new; namely, that only
a few days before, on the 31st of January, Congress isgs.
had passed the Thirteenth Amendment to the Con-
stitution, which, when ratified by three-fourths of
the States, would effect an immediate abolition of
slavery throughout the entire Union. The reports
of the commissioners represent Mr. Seward as say-
ing that if the South would submit and agree to
immediate restoration, the restored States might
yet defeat the ratification of this amendment, inti-
mating that Congress had passed it "under the
predominance of revolutionary passion," which
would abate on the termination of the war. It may
well be doubted whether Mr. Seward stated the
case as strongly as the commissioners intimate,
since he himself, like Mr. Lincoln and his entire
cabinet, had favored the measure. It is probable
that the commissioners allowed their own feelings
and wishes to color too strongly the hypothesis
he stated, and to interpret as a probability what
126 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. vi. he mentioned as only among the possible events of
the future.
It will be seen that in what he said upon these
various propositions Mr. Lincoln was always ex-
Feb. 3, 1865. tremely careful to discriminate between what he was
authorized under the Constitution to do as Execu-
tive, and what would devolve upon coordinate
branches of the Government under their own
powers and limitations. With the utmost circum-
spection he pointed out the distinctions between
his personal opinions and wishes and his official
authority. More especially, however, did he repeat
and emphasize the declaration that he would do
none of the things mentioned or promised without
a previous pledge of reunion and cessation of resist-
ance. " Even in case the Confederate States should
entertain the proposition of a return to the Union,"
says Mr. Stephens's narrative, "he persisted in
asserting that he could not enter into any agree-
ment upon this subject [reconstruction], or upon
any other matters of that sort, with parties in arms
against the Government. Mr. Hunter interposed,
and in illustration of the propriety of the Execu-
tive entering into agreements with persons in arms
against the acknowledged rightful public authority
referred to repeated instances of this character
between Charles I. of England and the people in
arms against him. Mr. Lincoln in reply to this
said : ' I do not profess to be posted in history. On
all such matters I will turn you over to Seward.
All I distinctly recollect about the case of Charles
I. is that he lost his head.' "
The pertinent retort reduced Mr. Hunter to his
last rhetorical resource — a complaint that the
THE HAMPTON ROADS CONFERENCE 127
Confederate States and their people were by chap.vi.
these terms forced to unconditional surrender
and submission. To this Mr. Seward replied with
patience and dignity, " That no words like un-
conditional submission had been used, or any
importing or justly implying degradation, or hu-
miliation even, to the people of the Confederate
States. . . Nor did he think that in yielding to
the execution of the laws under the Constitution
of the United States, with all its guarantees and
securities for personal and political rights, as they
might be declared to be by the courts, could be
properly considered as unconditional submission
to conquerors, or as having anything humiliating
in it. The Southern people and the Southern
States would be under the Constitution of the
United States, with all their rights secured thereby, st^a?s'
in the same way, and through the same instrumen- theS&Si."
talities, as the similar rights of the people of the p^eVen.
other States were."
The reader will recall that in his last annual
message President Lincoln declared his belief,
based " on careful consideration of all the evidence
accessible," that it was useless to attempt to nego-
tiate with Jefferson Davis, but that the prospect
would be better with his followers. Mr. Lincoln
had evidently gone to Fort Monroe in hope of
making some direct impression upon Stephens and
Hunter, whom Grant represented as having such
good intentions "to restore peace and union."
Seizing the proper opportunity, he pressed upon
Stephens the suggestion of separate State action
to bring about a discontinuance of hostilities.
Addressing him, he said:
128
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
Chap. VI.
Stephens,
"War
between
the States."
Vol. II.,
p. 614.
" If I resided in Georgia, with my present senti-
ments, I '11 tell you what I would do if I were in
your place. I would go home and get the Governor
of the State to call the Legislature together, and get
them to recall all the State troops from the war;
elect Senators and Members to Congress, and ratify
this constitutional amendment prospectively, so as
to take effect — say in five years, Such a ratifica-
tion would be valid, in my opinion. I have looked
into the subject, and think such a prospective rati-
fication would be valid. Whatever may have been
the views of your people before the war, they must
be convinced now that slavery is doomed. It can-
not last long in any event, and the best course, it
seems to me, for your public men to pursue would
be to adopt such a policy as will avoid, as far as
possible, the evils of immediate emancipation.
This would be my course, if I were in your place."
The salutary advice was wasted. Mr. Stephens
was a very incarnation of political paradoxes. Per-
haps in all the South there was not another man
whose personal desires were so moderate and cor-
rect, and whose political theories were so radical
and wrong. At the beginning he had opposed
secession as premature and foolish, war as desper-
ate and ruinous ; yet, against his better judgment,
he had followed his " corner-stone " theory of slav-
ery and his " supremacy " theory of States rights
to the war and the ruin he foretold. Now, at the
end of four years' experiment, he still clung obsti-
nately to his new theory of secession as a " conti-
nental regulator," and the vain hope that Mr. Lin-
coln would yet adopt it. When at last the parties
were separating, with friendly handshakings, he
THE HAMPTON ROADS CONFERENCE 129
asked Mr. Lincoln to reconsider the plan of an chap.vi.
armistice on the basis of a Mexican expedition.
"Well, Stephens," replied Mr. Lincoln, "I will re- s^aern8'
consider it; but I do not think my mind will testates."
change." And so ended the Hampton Roads con- pp. eio-eis.
ference.
The commissioners returned to Richmond in great
disappointment, and communicated the failure of
their efforts to Jefferson Davis, whose chagrin was
as great as their own. They had all caught eagerly
at the hope that this negotiation would somehow
extricate them from the dilemmas and dangers
whose crushing portent they realized, but had no
power to avert except by surrender; and now,
when this last hope failed them, they were doubly
cast down. Campbell says he "favored negotia- "Recoiiec-
« , , , . , , . tions," etc.
tions for peace" — doubtless meaning by this Pamphlet,
language that he advocated the acceptance of the
proffered terms. Stephens yet believed that Mr.
Lincoln would be tempted by the Mexican scheme
and would reconsider his decision. He therefore
advised that the results of the meeting should be
kept secret; and when the other commissioners
and Davis refused to follow this advice, he gave up
the Confederate cause as hopeless, withdrew from st^J8-
Richmond, abandoned the rebellion, and went into theestaS"
retirement. His signature to the brief public report pj.^k-ek
of the commissioners stating the result of the Hamp-
ton Roads Conference was his last participation in
the ill-starred enterprise.
Davis took the only course open to him after re-
fusing the honorable peace which Mr. Lincoln had
tendered. He transmitted the commissioners' re-
port to the rebel Congress with a brief and dry
Vol. X.— 9
130 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. vi. message, stating that the enemy refused any terms
except those the conqueror may grant ; and then
arranged as vigorous an effort as the circumstances
permitted, once more to " fire the Southern heart."
A public meeting was called, and on the evening
1865. of February 6, Jefferson Davis and others made
speeches at the African Church,1 which, judging
from the meager reports that were printed, were as
denunciatory and bellicose as the bitterest Con-
federate could have wished. Davis, particularly,
is represented to have excelled himself in defiant
heroics. " Sooner than we should ever be united
again," he said, " he would be willing to yield up
everything he had on earth — if it were pos-
sible he would sacrifice a thousand lives"; and
further announced his confidence that they would
yet "compel the Yankees, in less than twelve
"Richmond months, to petition us for peace on our own
Dispatch "
Feb. 7, 1865. terms." He denounced President Lincoln as " His
1 This meeting at the African was an extraordinary day in
Church was supplemented, a few Richmond ; vast crowds huddled
days later, by a grand concerted around the stands of the speakers
effort at public speech-making at or lined the streets ; and the air
different places in Richmond, was vocal with the efforts of the
intended to electrify the South, orator and the responses of his
Pollard, the Southern historian, audience. It appeared indeed
thus describes it: "All business that the blood of the people had
was suspended in Richmond ; at again been kindled. But it was
high noon processions were only the sickly glare of an expir-
formed to the different places of ing flame ; there was no steadi-
meeting ; and no less than twenty ness in the excitement ; there
different orators, composed of was no virtue in huzzas ; the
the most effective speakers in inspiration ended with the voices
Congress and the cabinet, and and ceremonies that invoked it ;
the most eloquent divines of and it was found that the spirit
Richmond, took their stands in of the people of the Confederacy
the halls of legislation, in the was too weak, too much broken,
churches and the theaters, and to react with effect or assume
swelled the eloquence of this last the position of erect and des-
grand appeal to the people and perate defiance." — Pollard, " The
armies of the South. . . It Lost Cause," pp. 684, 685.
THE HAMPTON ROADS CONFERENCE 131
Majesty Abraham the First," and said "before the chap.vi.
campaign was over he and Seward might find „/££fb%
' they had been speaking to their masters.' " WDiar?!»'9
This extravagant rhetoric would seem merely Yp\il;'
grotesque were it not embittered by the reflec-
tion that it was the signal which carried many
additional thousands of brave soldiers to bloody
graves in continuing a palpably hopeless military
struggle.
CHAPTER Vn
THE SECOND INAUGURAL
chap, vii X/ITE have seen what effect the Hampton Roads
T T Conference produced upon Jefferson Davis,
and to what intemperate and wrathful utterance it
provoked him. Its effect upon President Lincoln
Feb., 1865. was almost directly the reverse. His interview
with the rebel commissioners doubtless strength-
ened his former convictions that the rebellion was
waning in enthusiasm and resources, and that the
Union cause must triumph at no distant day.
Secure in his renewal of four years' personal lead-
ership, and hopefully inspirited by every sign of
early victory in the war, his only thought was to
shorten, by generous conciliation, the period of the
dreadful conflict. His temper was not one of
exultation, but of broad, patriotic charity, and
of keen, sensitive personal sympathy for the whole
country and all its people, South as well as North.
His conversation with Stephens, Hunter, and Camp-
bell had probably revealed to him glimpses of the
undercurrent of their anxiety that fraternal blood-
shed and the destructive ravages of war might
somehow come to an end.
To every word or tone freighted with this feel-
ing, the magnanimous and tender heart of Presi-
132
THE SECOND INAUGURAL 133
dent Lincoln sincerely responded. As a ruler and chap. vn.
a statesman, he was clear in his judgment and
inflexible in his will to reestablish union and main-
tain freedom for all who had gained it by the
chances of war ; but also as a statesman and a
ruler, he was ready to lend his individual in-
fluence and his official discretion to any meas-
ure of mitigation and manifestation of good-will
that, without imperiling the union of the States,
or the liberty of the citizen, might promote ac-
quiescence in impending political changes, and
abatement and reconcilement of hostile sectional
feelings. Filled with such thoughts and purposes,
he spent the day after his return from Hampton
Roads in considering and perfecting a new proposal,
designed as a peace-offering to the States in rebel-
lion. On the evening of February 5, 1865, he called
his Cabinet together and read to them the following
draft of a message and proclamation, which he had
written during the day, and upon which he invited
their opinion and advice :
Fellow-citizens of the Senate and House of Represent-
atives : I respectfully recommend that a joint resolution,
substantially as follows, be adopted, so soon as practi- Feb. 5, 1865
cable, by your honorable bodies : " Resolved by the Senate
and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That the President of
the United States is hereby empowered, in his discretion,
to pay four hundred millions of dollars to the States of
Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Ken-
tucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and
West Virginia, in the manner and on the conditions fol-
lowing, to wit : The payment to be made in six per cent.
Government bonds, and to be distributed among said
States pro rata on their respective slave populations as
134 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. vii. shown by the census of 1860, and no part of said sum to
be paid unless all resistance to the National authority
shall be abandoned and cease, on or before the first day
of April next ; and upon such abandonment and ceasing
of resistance one-half of said sum to be paid, in manner
aforesaid, and the remaining half to be paid only upon
the amendment of the National Constitution recently
proposed by Congress becoming valid law, on or before
the first day of July next, by the action thereon of the
requisite number of States."
The adoption of such resolution is sought with a view
to embody it, with other propositions, in a proclamation
looking to peace and reunion.
Whereas, a joint resolution has been adopted by Con-
gress, in the words following, to wit:
Now therefore I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the
United States, do proclaim, declare, and make known,
that on the conditions therein stated, the power conferred
on the Executive in and by said joint resolution will be
fully exercised; that war will cease and armies be re-
duced to a basis of peace ; that all political offenses will
be pardoned j that all property, except slaves, liable to
confiscation or forfeiture, will be released therefrom, ex-
cept in cases of intervening interests of third parties;
and that liberality will be recommended to Congress upon
ms. all points not lying within Executive control.
It may be said with truth that this was going to
Feb., 1864. the extreme of magnanimity toward a foe already
in the throes and helplessness of overwhelming de-
feat— a foe that had rebelled without adequate
cause and was maintaining the contest without
reasonable hope. But Mr. Lincoln remembered
that the rebels, notwithstanding all their offenses
and errors, were yet American citizens, members of
the same nation, brothers of the same blood. He re-
membered, too, that the object of the war, equally
with peace and freedom, was the maintenance of
one government and the perpetuation of one
THE SECOND INAUGURAL 135
Union. Not only must hostilities cease, but dis- chap.vh.
sension, suspicion, and estrangement be eradicated.
As it had been in the past, so it must again become
in the future ■ — not merely a nation with the same lses.
Constitution and laws, but a people united in feel-
ing, in hope, in aspiration. In his judgment, the
liberality that would work reconciliation would be
well employed. Whether their complaints for the
past were well or ill founded, he would remove
even the temptation to complain in the future.
He would give them peace, reunion, political par-
don, remission of confiscation wherever it was in
his power, and securing unquestioned and universal
freedom through the constitutional amendment, he
would at the same time compensate their loss of
slavery by a direct money equivalent.
It turned out that he was more humane and
liberal than his constitutional advisers. The in-
dorsement of his own handwriting on the manu-
script draft of his proposed message records the
result of his appeal and suggestion :
" February 5, 1865. To-day these papers, which
explain themselves, were drawn up and submitted
to the Cabinet and unanimously disapproved by
them. A. Lincoln." ms.
It would appear that there was but little discus-
sion of the proposition. The President's evident
earnestness on the one side, and the unanimous dis-
sent of the Cabinet on the other, probably created
an awkward situation which could be best relieved
by silence on each hand. The diary of Secretary
Welles gives only a brief mention of the important
incident, but it reflects the feeling which pervaded
the Cabinet chamber :
136 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
<3hap.vil Monday, February 6, 1865.
There was a Cabinet meeting last evening. The Presi-
dent had matured a scheme which he hoped would be
successful in promoting peace. It was a proposition
for paying the expense of the war for two hundred
days, or four hundred millions, to the rebel States, to
be for the extinguishment of slavery or for such purpose
as the States were disposed. This, in few words, was the
scheme. It did not meet with favor, but was dropped.
The earnest desire of the President to conciliate and
effect peace was manifest, but there may be such a thing
as so overdoing as to cause a distrust or adverse feeling.
In the present temper of Congress the proposed measure,
if a wise one, could not be carried through successfully ;
I do not think the scheme could accomplish any good
results. The rebels would misconstrue it if the offer were
ms. made. If attempted and defeated it would do harm.
The statement of Secretary Usher, written many
years afterward from memory, also records the
deep feeling with which the President received
the non-concnrrence of his Executive Council :
"The members of the Cabinet were all opposed.
He seemed somewhat surprised at that and asked,
i How long will the war last ? ' No one answered,
but he soon said: 'A hundred days. We are
spending now in carrying on the war three millions
a day, which will amount to all this money, be-
sides all the lives.' With a deep sigh he added,
'Trlbul?? 'But you are all opposed to me, and I will not
Sei885?3' send the message.'"
The entry made by Secretary Welles in his diary
on the morning after the Cabinet meeting, as to
the amount and time, is undoubtedly the correct
one, coinciding as it does with the President's
manuscript. But the discrepancy in the figures of
the two witnesses is of little moment. Both ac-
THE SECOND INAUGUKAL 137
counts show us that the proposal was not based chap.vil
on sentiment alone, but upon a practical arith-
metical calculation. An expenditure of three or ises.
four hundred millions was inevitable ; but his plan
would save many precious lives, would shield
homes and hearths from further sorrow and desola-
tion, would dissolve sectional hatred, and plant fra-
ternal good-will. Though overborne in opinion,
clearly he was not convinced. With the words, " You
are all opposed to me," sadly uttered, Mr. Lincoln
folded up the paper and ceased the discussion of
what was doubtless the project then nearest his
heart. We may surmise, however, that, as he wrote
upon it the indorsement we have quoted and laid it
away, he looked forward to a not distant day when,
in the new term of the Presidency to which he was
already elected, the Cabinet would respond more
charitably to his own generous impulses.
Few Cabinet secrets were better kept than this
proposal of the President and its discussion. Since
the subject was indefinitely postponed, it was, of
course, desirable that it should not come to the
knowledge of the public. Silence was rendered
easier by the fact that popular attention in the
North busied itself with rumors concerning the
Hampton Roads Conference. To satisfy this curi-
osity a resolution of the House of Representatives, "Globe,"
passed on February 8, requested the President to p. ees.
communicate such information respecting it as he
might deem not incompatible with the public in-
terest. With this request Mr. Lincoln complied on
the 10th, by a message containing all the corre-
spondence, followed by a brief report touching the
points of conference :
138 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. vii. On the morning of the 3d the three gentlemen, Messrs.
Stephens, Hnnter, and Campbell, came aboard of our
steamer, and had an interview with the Secretary of
State and myself of several hours' duration. No ques-
tion of preliminaries to the meeting was then and there
made or mentioned. No other person was present; no
papers were exchanged or produced; and it was, in ad-
vance, agreed that the conversation was to be informal
and verbal merely. On our part, the whole substance of
the instructions to the Secretary of State, hereinbefore re-
cited, was stated and insisted upon, and nothing was said
inconsistent therewith ; while, by the other party, it was not
said that in any event or on any condition they ever would
consent to reunion ; and yet they equally omitted to declare
that they never would so consent. They seemed to desire a
postponement of that question, and the adoption of some
other course first, which, as some of them seemed to argue,
might or might not lead to reunion ; but which course,
we thought, would amount to an indefinite postponement.
ms. The conference ended without result.
"Globe," A short discussion occurred in the House on the
pp. 730-735.' motion to print this message, but it did not rise
above the level of an ordinary party wrangle. The
few Democrats who took part in it complained of
the President for refusing an armistice, while the
Republicans retorted with Jefferson Davis's condi-
tion about the " two countries " and the more recent
declarations of his Richmond harangue, announcing
his readiness to perish for independence. On the
whole, both Congress and the country were grati-
fied that the incident had called out Mr. Lincoln's
renewed declaration of an unalterable resolve to
maintain the Union. Patriotic hope was quickened
and public confidence strengthened by noting once
more his singleness of purpose and steadfastness of
faith. No act of his could have formed a more
fitting prelude to his second inauguration, which
THE SECOND INAUGURAL 139
was now rapidly approaching, and the preliminary chap.vil
steps of which were at this time being consum-
mated.
A new phase of the reconstruction question was
developed in the usual Congressional routine of
counting the electoral votes of the late Presi- i86&
dential election. Former chapters hava set forth
the President's general views on reconstruction,
and shown that though the executive and legisla-
tive branches of the Government differed as to the
theory and policy of restoring insurrectionary
States to their normal Federal functions, such dif-
ference had not reached the point of troublesome
or dangerous antagonism. Over the new question
also dissension and conflict were happily avoided.
By instruction to his military commanders and in
private letters to prominent citizens Mr. Lincoln
had strongly advised and actively promoted the
formation of loyal State governments in Louisiana,
Tennessee, and Arkansas, and had maintained the
restored Government of Virginia after the division
of that State and the admission of West Virginia
into the Union, and had officially given them the
recognition of the Executive Department of the
Government. The Legislative Department, how-
ever, had latterly withheld its recognition, and
refused them representation in Congress. The
query now arose whether the popular and electoral
votes of some of those States for President should
be allowed and counted.
The subject was taken up by the House, which,
on January 30, passed a joint resolution naming the
insurrectionary States, declaring them to have been
" in armed rebellion " on the 8th of November,
140 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. vii. 1864, and not entitled to representation in the elec-
j?iob3ed" ^oral college. A searching debate on this resolu-
1865, p. 505. tion arose in the Senate, which called out the best
legal talent of that body. It could not very con-
sistently be affirmed that Louisiana, Tennessee,
and Arkansas, held by Federal troops and controlled
by Federal commanders in part at least, were " in
armed rebellion " on election day, under whatever
constitutional theory of reconstruction. The phras-
eology was finally amended to read that the rebel
States " were in such condition on the 8th day of
November, 1864, that no valid election for electors
of President and Vice-President of the United
States, according to the Constitution and laws
thereof, was held therein on said day," and in this
"Globe," form the joint resolution was passed by both
pp. '595, 602! Houses. Joint resolutions of Congress have all the
force and effect of laws, and custom requires the
President to approve them in the same manner as
regular acts. His signature in this case might
therefore be alleged to imply that he consented to
or adopted a theory of reconstruction at variance
with his former recommendation and action. To
avoid the possibility of such misconstruction, Mr.
Lincoln sent Congress a short message, in which
he said:
The joint resolution, entitled " Joint resolution declar-
ing certain States not entitled to representation in the
electoral college," has been signed by the Executive, in
deference to the view of Congress implied in its passage
and presentation to him. In his own view, however, the
two Houses of Congress, convened under the twelfth
article of the Constitution, have complete power to exclude
from counting all electoral votes deemed by them to be
illegal; and it is not competent for the Executive to
THE SECOND INAUGUKAL 141
defeat or obstruct that power by a veto, as would be chap.vil
the case if his action were at all essential in the matter.
He disclaims all right of the Executive to interfere in any-
way in the matter of canvassing or counting electoral Message,
votes ; and he also disclaims that, by signing said resolu- Feb ms!865'
tion, he has expressed any opinion on the recitals of the ^eS^iks
preamble, or any judgment of his own upon the subject p- fii.
of the resolution.
In anticipation of possible debate and contention
on the subject of counting the electoral votes of
reconstructed States, Congress had, on February 6,
adopted what afterwards became famous as the
Twenty-second Joint Eule, which directed in sub-
stance that all such questions should be decided,
not by the joint convention of the two Houses, but
by each House for itself without debate, the two
Houses having temporarily separated for that pur- «Giot>e,»
, . . , , ' • v ,/, Feb. 6, 1865,
pose ; and requiring the concurrence ot both tor pp. eos, 628.
any affirmative action, or to count a vote objected
to. When the two Houses met in joint convention
on the eighth day of February, mention was made
by the Vice-President, presiding, that " The Chair
has in his possession returns from the States of
Louisiana and Tennessee ; but in obedience to the
law of the land, the Chair holds it to be his duty «Giot>e,"
not to present them to the Convention." No e$.m. '
member insisted on having these returns opened,
since they could not possibly change the result.
Only the returns therefore from the loyal States,
including "West Virginia, were counted, showing
212 electoral votes for Lincoln, and 21 for Mc-
Clellan.1 The Vice-President thereupon announced
1 Since the Presidential elee- uary, 29, 1861, casting three
tion of 1860 three additional electoral votes ; West Virginia,
States had been admitted into June 19, 1863, casting five elec-
the Union, namely, Kansas, Jan- toral votes ; and Nevada, October
142 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. vii. "that Abraham Lincoln of the State of Illinois,
having received a majority of the whole number
of electoral votes, is duly elected President of the
"Globe," United States for four years, commencing on the
ep.669865' fourth day of March, 1865."
The usual committee was appointed to wait upon
Mr. Lincoln and notify him of his second election ;
and in response to their announcement he read the
following brief address :
" With deep gratitude to my countrymen for this
mark of their confidence ; with a distrust of my
own ability to perform the duty required, under
the most favorable circumstances, and now ren-
dered doubly difficult by existing National perils ;
yet with a firm reliance on the strength of our free
Government and the eventual loyalty of the people
to the just principles upon which it is founded, and,
above all, with an unshaken faith in the Supreme
Euler of Nations, I accept this trust. Be pleased to
signify this to the respective Houses of Congress." x
In the informal friendly conversation which fol-
lowed, the President said to the committee, in sub-
stance: "Having served four years in the depths
of a great and yet unended National peril, I can
view this call to a second term in nowise more
31, 1864, entitled to three elec- The States which voted for Mc-
toral votes, but easting only two Clellan, were : Delaware, Ken-
because of a vacancy. tucky, and New Jersey.
The States which voted for i MS. The reply reported by
Lincoln were : California, Con- the notification committee, and
necticut, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, printed in the "Congressional
Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massa- Globe," is incorrect, having ap-
chusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, parently been written out from
Missouri, Nevada, New Hamp- memory, intermingling an ab-
shire, New York, Ohio, Oregon, stract of the formal paper which
Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Ver- the President read, with the in-
mont, West Virginia, and Wis- formal conversation that suc-
consin. ceeded.
THE SECOND INAUGURAL 143
flattering to myself than as an expression of the chap.vil
public judgment that I may better finish a difficult
work in which I have labored from the first than "Globe,"
could any one less severely schooled to the task." i865?pc. 12k
The formal inauguration of Mr. Lincoln for his
second Presidential term took place at the appointed
time, March 4, 1865. There is little variation in
the simple but impressive pageantry with which
this official ceremony is celebrated. The principal
novelty commented upon by the newspapers was
the share which the hitherto enslaved race had for
the first time in this public and political drama.
Civic associations of negro citizens joined in the
procession, and a battalion of negro soldiers formed
part of the military escort. The weather was suf-
ficiently favorable to allow the ceremonies to take
place on the eastern portico, in view of a vast
throng of spectators. Imaginative beholders, who
were prone to draw augury and comfort from
symbols, could rejoice that the great bronze Statue
of Freedom now crowned the dome of the Capitol,
and that her guardianship was justified by the fact
that the Thirteenth Amendment virtually blotted
slavery from the Constitution. The central act of
the occasion was President Lincoln's second
inaugural address, which enriched the political
literature of the Union with another master-
piece, and which deserves to be quoted in full.
He said:
Fellow-Countrymen : At this second appearing to Mar. 4,1865
take the oath of the Presidential office, there is less
occasion for an extended address than there was at the
first. Then, a statement, somewhat in detail, of a course
to be pursued, seemed fitting and proper. Now, at the
expiration of four years, during which public declara-
144 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. vii. tions have been constantly called forth on every point
and phase of the great contest which still absorbs the
Mar. i, 1865. attention and engrosses the energies of the nation, little
that is new conld be presented. The progress of our
arms, upon which all else chiefly depends, is as well known
to the public as to myself ; and it is, I trust, reasonably
satisfactory and encouraging to all. With high hope for
the future, no prediction in regard to it is ventured.
On the occasion corresponding to this four years ago,
all thoughts were anxiously directed to an impending
civil war. All dreaded it — all sought to avert it. While
the inaugural address was being delivered from this place,
devoted altogether to saving the Union without war,
insurgent agents were in the city seeking to destroy it
without war — seeking to dissolve the Union, and divide
effects, by negotiation. Both parties deprecated war;
but one of them would make war rather than let the
nation survive ; and the other would accept war rather
than let it perish. And the war came.
One-eighth of the whole population were colored slaves,
not distributed generally over the Union, but localized in
the Southern part of it. These slaves constituted a peculiar
and powerful interest. All knew that this interest was,
somehow, the cause of the war. To strengthen, perpetu-
ate, and extend this interest was the object for which the
insurgents would rend the Union, even by war ; while the
Government claimed no right to do more than to restrict
the territorial enlargement of it. Neither party expected
for the war the magnitude or the duration which it has
already attained. Neither anticipated that the cause of
the conflict might cease with, or even before, the conflict
itself should cease. Each looked for an easier triumph,
and a result less fundamental and astounding. Both read
the same Bible, and pray to the same God ; and each in-
vokes his aid against the other. It may seem strange that
any men should dare to ask a just God's assistance in
wringing their bread from the sweat of other men's faces ;
but let us judge not, that we be not judged. The prayers
of both could not be answered — that of neither has been
answered fully. The Almighty has his own purposes.
"Woe unto the world because of offenses! for it must
needs be that offenses come; but woe to that man by whom
THE SECOND INAUGURAL 145
the offense cometh." If we shall suppose that American chap. vii.
slavery is one of those offenses which, in the providence of
God, must needs come, but which, having continued
through his appointed time, he now wills to remove,
and that he gives to both North and South this terrible
war, as the woe due to those by whom the offense came,
shall we discern therein any departure from those divine
attributes which the believers in a living God always
ascribe to him? Fondly do we hope — fervently do we
pray — that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass
away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the
wealth piled by the bondman's two hundred and fifty
years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every
drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by an-
other drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand
years ago, so still it must be said, " The judgments of the
Lord are true and righteous altogether."
With malice toward none ; with charity for all ; with
firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let
us strive on to finish the work we are in ; to bind up the
nation's wounds ; to care for him who shall have borne
the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan — to do all
which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace
among ourselves, and with all nations.
The address being concluded, Chief-Justice Chase
administered the oath of office ; and listeners who
heard Abraham Lincoln for the second time repeat,
" I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute
the office of President of the United States, and
will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect,
and defend the Constitution of the United States,"
went from the impressive scene to their several
homes with thankfulness and with confidence that
the destiny of the country and the liberty of the
citizen were in safe keeping. "The fiery trial"
through which he had hitherto walked showed him
possessed of the capacity, the courage, and the will
to keep the promise of his oath.
Vol. X.— 10
146 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. vii. Among the many criticisms passed by writers
and thinkers upon the language of the second in-
augural, none will so interest the reader as that of
Mr. Lincoln himself, written about ten days after
its delivery, in the following letter to a friend :
Dear Mr. Weed: Every one likes a compliment.
Thank you for yours on my little notification speech and
on the recent inaugural address. I expect the latter to
wear as well as, perhaps better than, anything I have
produced; but I believe it is not immediately popular.
Men are not nattered by being shown that there has been
a difference of purpose between the Almighty and them.
Lincoln to To deny it, however, in this case, is to deny that there is
Marf^5, a Grod governing the world. It is a truth which I thought
weed, needed to be told, and, as whatever of humiliation there
"vofrf8*" *s *n ^ ^a^s mos^ directly on myself, I thought others
pp. 449, 450. might afford for me to tell it.
A careful student of Mr. Lincoln's character will
also find this inaugural address instinct with another
meaning, which, very naturally, the President's own
comment did not touch. The eternal law of com-
pensation, which it declares and applies to the sin
and fall of American slavery, in a diction rivaling
the fire and the dignity of the old Hebrew prophe-
cies,1 may, without violent inference, be interpreted
!Mgr. Dupanloup, Bishop of Or- fera la, dans la vraie et parfaite
leans, in a letter, dated 2d April, lurniere de l'Evangile. Mais quel
1865, to M. Auguste Cochin, beau jour d6ja lorsque le chef
acknowledging the receipt of deux fois elu d'un grand peuple
Lincoln's second inaugural, said : tient un langage chretien, trop
" J'ai lu ce document avec la absent, dans notre Europe, du lan-
plus religieuse emotion, avec gage ofliciel des grandes affaires,
l'admiration la plus sympathique. annonce la fin de l'esclavage, et
. . . M. Lincoln exprime, avec une prepare les embrassements de la
solennelle et touchante gravity, justice et de la misericorde dont
les sentiments qui, j'en suis sur, 1'Ecriture Sainte a parle. Je
envahissent les ames d'61ite, au vous remercie de m'avoir fait lire
Nord comme au Sud. Quel beau cette belle page de l'histoire des
jour lorsque l'union des ames se grands hommes."
THE SECOND INAUGURAL 147
to foreshadow an intention to renew at a fitting chap.vii.
moment the brotherly good- will gift to the South
which has been treated of in the first part of
this chapter. Such an inference finds strong cor-
roboration in the phrases which closed the last
public address he ever made, and which we have Ante,
elsewhere quoted in full. On Tuesday evening, Pp°457-463.
April 11, a considerable assemblage of citizens of i865.
Washington gathered at the Executive Mansion to
celebrate the victory of Grant over Lee. The rather
long and careful speech which Mr. Lincoln made on
that occasion was, however, less about the past than
the future. It discussed the subject of reconstruc-
tion, as illustrated in the case of Louisiana, showing
also how that issue was related to the questions of
emancipation, the condition of the freedmen, the
welfare of the South, and the ratification of the
constitutional amendment. " So new and unprece-
dented is the whole case," he concluded, " that no
exclusive and inflexible plan can safely be pre-
scribed as to details and collaterals. Such exclu-
sive and inflexible plan would surely become a new
entanglement. Important principles may and must
be inflexible. In the present situation, as the
phrase goes, it may be my duty to make some new
announcement to the people of the South. I am
considering, and shall not fail to act when satisfied
that action will be proper." Can any one doubt
that this " new announcement " which was taking
shape in his mind would again have embraced and
combined justice to the blacks and generosity to
the whites of the South, with union and liberty
for the whole country I
CHAPTER Vin
FIVE FORKS
CHAP.viiL "j T^ROM the hour of Mr. Lincoln's reelection the
1864 Sj Confederate cause was doomed. The cheer-
ing of the troops which greeted the news from
the North was heard within the lines at Richmond
and at Petersburg, and although the leaders main-
tained to the end their attitude of defiance, the
impression rapidly gained ground among the people
that the end was not far off. The stimulus of
hope being gone, they began to feel the pinch of
increasing want. Their currency had become
almost worthless. In October a dollar in gold was
worth thirty-five dollars in Confederate money ; a
month later it brought fifty dollars ; with the open-
ing of the new year the price rose to sixty dollars,
and soon after to seventy ; and despite the efforts
of the Confederate treasury, which would occasion-
ally rush into the market and beat down the price
of gold ten or twenty per cent, in a day, the cur-
rency gradually depreciated until a hundred for
one was offered and not taken.
As a result of this vanishing value of their
money a portentous rise took place in the prices of
all the necessaries of life. It is hard for a people
FIVE FOKKS 149
to recognize that their money is good for nothing ; ch. viil
to do this is to confess that their Government has
failed : it was natural, therefore, for the unhappy-
citizens of Richmond to think that monstrous
prices were being extorted for food, clothing, and
fuel, when, in fact, they were paying no more than
was reasonable. The journals and diaries of the
time are filled with bitter execrations against the
extortioners and forestallers ; but when we trans-
late their prices into the gold standard, we wonder
how the grocers and clothiers lived. To pay a
thousand dollars for a barrel of flour was enough
to strike a householder with horror ; but ten dol-
lars is not a famine price. A suit of clothes cost
from one thousand to fifteen hundred dollars ; but
if you divide this sum by seventy-five, there is
very little profit left for the tailor. High prices,
however, even if paid in dry leaves, are a hardship
when dry leaves are not plentiful ; and there was
scarcity, even of Confederate money, in the South.
In Richmond, which lived upon the war, the dearth
was especially evident. The clerks in the depart-
ments received say four thousand dollars a year,
hardly enough for a month's provisions. Skilled
mechanics fared somewhat better. They could
earn, so long as they kept out of the army, some-
thing like six thousand dollars a year. States-
manship was cheap. A congressman's pay was five
thousand five hundred dollars ; but most of the
civil officers of the Government managed to get
their supplies at cost prices from the military
stores. It was illegal; but they could not have
lived otherwise, and they doubtless considered
their lives necessary to their country.
150
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
Oh. VIIL
Jones,
" A Rebel
War Clerk's
Diary."
Vol. II.,
p. 361.
Jan., 1865.
Jones,
" A Rebel
War Clerk's
Diary."
Vol. II.,
p. 384.
The depreciation of the Confederate currency was
an unmistakable symptom of a lack of confidence
in the course of affairs, since it did not arise from
inflation. On the contrary, George A. Trenholm,
the Secretary of the Treasury, did all he could to
check this dangerous tendency, going so far as to
incur the reproaches of many who imagined his
action enhanced prices. All dealers instinctively
felt the money was worthless, and their only object
was to get it out of their hands as soon as possible,
at whatever prices, in exchange for objects of real
value. One Confederate diarist records with indig-
nation that he saw a Jew buy at auction an old set
of tablespoons for $575, and makes this a cause of
complaint against the Government, which permits
men to acquire in this way the means of running
away. Anybody who was able to leave the country
became the object of the envy and hatred of those
who remained behind. They began to treat their
own financial system with contempt. When the
officer in charge of the Treasury Note Bureau at
Columbia, alarmed at the approach of Sherman,
asked where he was to go, he could get no atten-
tion to his inquiries ; one high functionary advising
that he go to the devil.
At every advance of General Grant's lines a new
disturbance and alarm was manifested in Rich-
mond, the first proof of which was always a fresh
rigor in the enforcement, not only of existing con-
scription laws, but of the arbitrary orders of the
frightened authorities. After the capture of Fort
Harrison, on the north side of the James, squads of
guards were sent into the streets with directions to
arrest every able-bodied man they met. They paid
FIVE FORKb 1D1
no regard to passes or to certificates of exemption chap.viil
or detail, but hurried the unhappy civilians off to
the field, or herded them, pending their assignment
to companies, within the railings of the public
square. Two members of the Cabinet, John H,
Reagan and George Davis, were thus arrested on
the streets by the zealous guards in spite of their
protestations, though they were, of course, soon
recognized and released. The pavements were
swept of every class of loiterers ; the clerks in the
departments with their exemptions in their pockets
were carried off, whether able to do duty or not.
It is said by one Confederate writer that the
medical boards were ordered to exempt no one
who seemed capable of bearing arms for ten days,
and he mentions an instance where a man died, "arI&i
on the eleventh day of his service, of consump- w!mS^
tion. Human nature will not endure such a p°k>5."
strain as this: a week after this sweeping of
Richmond for recruits, General William M. Gard-
ner reported that more than half the men thus
dragged to the trenches had deserted. Of those
who remained, the members of influential families
came, one by one, back to the town on various
pretexts, increasing the bitterness of feeling among
those too poor or too obscure to rescue their sons
and brothers.
Desertion grew too common to punish. Almost
every man in the Confederacy was, by statute or
decree, liable to military service, and yet hundreds
of thousands of them were not in the army. If
men were to be shot for deserting it would have
been a question whether there were soldiers enough
to shoot them. Mr. Davis acted prudently in remit-
152 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
CHAP.vin„ ting the death sentences laid before him, although
this occasioned great dissatisfaction in the army.
Near the end of the year 1864 Longstreet reported
one hundred men of Pickett's division as in the
guard-house for desertion, attributing the blame
for it to the numerous reprieves which had been
granted, no one having been executed for two
months. General Lee sent this report to Richmond
Nov.29,i864. with his approval, which gave great offense to the
Confederate President. He returned the paper
jones, with an indorsement to the effect that the remis-
WOTcfeSc's sion of sentences was not a proper subject for the
pp. telj'tei. criticism of a military commander.
As disaster increased, as each day brought its
catastrophe, the Confederate Government steadily
lost ground in the confidence and respect of the
Southern people. It is characteristic of every fail-
ing revolt that in the hour of ruin the participators
turn upon one another with reproaches, often as
causeless and unjust as those they cast upon their
legitimate government. Mr. Davis and his coun-
cilors now underwent this natural retribution.
They were doing their best, but they no longer got
any credit for it. From every part of the Confed-
eracy came complaints of what was done, demands
for what it was impossible to do. Some of the States
were in a condition near to counter-revolution.
Governor Brown of Georgia made no pretense of
concealing his contumacy. The march of Sherman
across his State seemed to have emancipated him
from any feeling of obligation to the Confederacy.
His letters to Eichmond from that moment lost all
color of allegiance. The feeling in North Carolina
was little better. A slow paralysis was benumbing
FIVE FORKS 153
the limbs of the insurrection, and even at the heart chap. vni.
its vitality was plainly declining.
The Confederate Congress, which had hitherto
been the mere register of the President's will, now
turned upon him and gave him wormwood to
drink. On the 19th of January they passed a reso- 1865.
lution making Lee general-in-chief of the army.
This Mr. Davis might have borne with patience,
although it was intended as a notification to him
that his meddling with military affairs must come
to an end. But far worse was the necessity put
upon him, as a sequel to this act, — and in con-
formity with a resolution of Congress and of the Vir-
ginia Legislature, — of reappointing General Joseph
E. Johnston to the command of the army which was
to resist Sherman's victorious march to the North.
After this he might say that the bitterness of
death was past. The Virginia delegation in Con-
gress passed a vote of want of confidence in the
Government's conduct of the war. Mr. Seddon,
considering his honor impugned, and being not un-
willing to lay down a thankless task, resigned his «KeLost
post of Secretary of War. Mr. Davis at first wished &m.
him to reconsider his action, claiming that such a
declaration from Congressmen was beyond their
functions and subversive of the President's consti-
tutional jurisdiction ; but Mr. Seddon insisted, and
General John C. Breckinridge was appointed in his
place in February, for the few weeks that remained
before the final crash. Warnings of serious de-
moralization came daily from the army ; even that
firm support to the revolt seemed crumbling. Dis-
affection was so rife in official circles in Richmond
that it was not thought politic to call public atten-
154 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap.vhi. tion to it by repression. A detective reported a
Member of Congress as uttering treasonable lan-
"AR^ei guage, and for his pains was told at the War De-
War Clerk's
Diary." partment that matters of that sort were none of
Vol. II., *
p. 390. his business.
It is a curious and instructive thing to note how
the act of emancipation had by this time virtually
lacs. enforced itself in Eichmond. The value of slave
property was gone. It is true that a slave was
still occasionally sold, at a price less than one-tenth
of what he would have brought before the war.
But servants could be hired of their nominal
owners at a barley-corn rate; six dollars in gold
would pay the hire of a good cook for a year —
merely enough to keep up the show of vassalage.
In effect any one could hire a negro for his keeping,
which was all that anybody in Eichmond got for
his work. Even Mr. Davis had at last become
docile to the stern teachings of events. In his
message of November he had recommended the
employment of 40,000 slaves in the army, — not as
soldiers it is true, save in the last extremity, —
with emancipation to come later.
The determined buoyancy and fanfaronade of
the rebel department of State had finally given way.
1864. On the 27th of December Mr. Benjamin wrote his
last important instruction to John Slidell. It is
nothing less than a cry of despair. He recounts
the courage and fortitude with which the South
has withstood for four years the attack of " an
arrogant and domineering race, vengeful, grasping,
and ambitious"; the very adjectives show a vast
change from the Southern tone of former years.
He complains bitterly of the attitude of foreign
FIVE FORKS 155
nations while the South is fighting the battles of chap.viii.
England and France against the North; he asks
with agonized earnestness what it is they want.
"Are they determined never to recognize the
Southern Confederacy until the United States
assent to such action on their part? Do they
propose under any circumstances to give other and
more direct aid to the Northern people in attempt-
ing to enforce our submission to a hateful Union ?
If so, it is but just that we be apprized of their
purposes, to the end that we may then deliberately
consider the terms, if any, upon which we can secure
peace from the foes to whom the question is thus
surrendered, and who have the countenance and
encouragement of all mankind in the invasion of f0esifS£
our country, the destruction of our homes, the DMCs.!con6-4
extermination of our people." ircSvea.
If, on the other hand, he continues, there be
any conditions under which England and France
will be willing to grant recognition, a frank expo-
sition of such conditions "is due to humanity.
It is due now, for it may enable us to save many
lives most precious to our country, by consent-
ing to such terms in advance of another year's
campaign." With this alternative, — with the fran- ibid,
tic offer to submit to any terms which Europe
may impose as the price of recognition, and with
the scarcely veiled threat of making peace with the
North unless Europe should speedily act — the Con-
federate Department of State closed its four years
of fruitless activity.
Lee assumed command of all the Confederate Long,
. " Memoirs
forces on the 9th day of February. His situation L£*,%^ft
was one of unprecedented gloom. The day before,
156
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
Chap. VIII.
Feb. 8, 1865.
Long,
" Memoirs
of R. E.
pp. 678', 679.
Breckin-
ridge to
Lee, Feb. 21,
1865.
he had reported to Richmond that his troops, who
had been in line of battle for two days at Hatcher's
Run, exposed to the bitter winter weather, had
been without meat for three days. " If some change
is not made," he said, " and the commissary depart-
ment reorganized, I apprehend dire results ; . . . you
must not be surprised if calamity befalls us." Mr.
Davis indorsed this discouraging dispatch with
words of anger and command easy to write : " This
is too sad to be patiently considered ; . . . criminal
neglect or gross incapacity. . . Let supplies be had
by purchase or borrowing." A prodigious effort
was made, and the danger of starvation for the
moment averted, but no permanent improvement
resulted in the situation of affairs. The armies of
the Union were closing in from every point of the
compass. Grant was every day pushing his formid-
able left wing nearer the only roads by which Lee
could escape ; Thomas was threatening the Confed-
erate communications from Tennessee; Sheridan
was moving for the last time up the Valley of the
Shenandoah to abolish Early ; while from the South
the redoubtable columns of Sherman — the men
who had taken Vicksburg, who had scaled the
heights of Chattanooga, and, having marched
through Georgia, had left Savannah loyal and
Charleston evacuated — were moving northward
with the steady pace and irresistible progress of
a tragic fate. It was the approach of this por-
tent which affected the nerves of the Confederate
leaders more than the familiar proximity of Grant.
Beauregard, and afterwards Johnston, were ordered
to " destroy Sherman." Beauregard, after his kind,
showed 2tis Government its duty in loud and valiant
FIVE FORKS 157
words. He advised Mr. Davis to send him at once chap.viii.
heavy reinforcements " to give the enemy battle
and crush him"; "then to concentrate all forces
against Grant, march to Washington and dictate lses.
a peace " — a plan of limpid simplicity, which was
not adopted. Johnston superseded the brilliant
Louisianian the next day, and thereafter did what
he could — with the scraps and remnants of an
army allowed him — to resist the irresistible.
A singular and significant attempt at negotiations
was made at this time by General Lee. He was now
so strong in the confidence of the people of the
South, and the Government at Richmond was so
rapidly becoming discredited, that he could doubt-
less have obtained the popular support, and com-
pelled the assent of the Executive to any measures
he thought proper for the attainment of peace.
From this it was easy for him and for others to
come to the wholly erroneous conclusion that Gen-
eral Grant held a similar relation to the Govern-
ment and people of the United States. General Lee
seized upon the pretext of a conversation reported
to him by General Longstreet, as having been held
with General E. O. C. Ord under an ordinary flag
of truce for exchange of prisoners, to address a letter
to Grant, sanctioned by Mr. Davis, saying he had
been informed that General Ord had said that Gen-
eral Grant would not decline an interview with a
view to " a satisfactory adjustment of the present
unhappy difficulties by means of a military conven-
tion,'' providing Lee had authority to act. He there-
fore proposed to meet General Grant, "with the
hope that upon an interchange of views it may Leeto
be found practicable to submit the subjects of con- MarXiW
158
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
Chap. VIII.
Badeau,
"Military
History of
U. S.
Grant."
Vol. III.,
pp. 400, 401.
Mar. 3, 1865.
Badeau,
"Military
History of
U. S.
Grant."
Vol. III.,
pp. 401, 402.
troversy between the belligerents to a convention
of the kind mentioned." In such event he said
he was "authorized to do whatever the result of
the proposed interview may render necessary or
advisable."
Grant at once telegraphed these overtures to
Washington. Stanton received his dispatch at the
Capitol, where the President was, according to his
custom, passing the last night of the session for
the convenience of signing bills. The Secretary
handed the telegram to Mr. Lincoln, who read it in
silence. He asked no advice or suggestion from
any one about him, but taking a pen, wrote with
his usual slowness and precision a dispatch in
Stanton's name, which he showed to Seward and
then handed to Stanton to be signed, dated, and
sent. The language is that of an experienced ruler,
perfectly sure of himself and of his duty :
The President directs me to say that he wishes you to
have no conference with General Lee unless it he for
capitulation of General Lee's army, or on some minor or
purely military matter. He instructs me to say that you
are not to decide, discuss, or confer upon any political
questions. Such questions the President holds in his own
hands, and will submit them to no military conferences
or conventions. Meanwhile you are to press to the utmost
your military advantages.
General Grant, on the receipt of this instruction,
wrote, in answer to General Lee, that he had no
authority to accede to his proposition — such au-
thority being vested in the President of the United
States alone; he further explained that General
Ord's language must have been misuuderstood.
Grant reported to Washingtor what he had done,
adding that he would in no case exceed his author-
FIVE FOBKS 159
ity, or omit to press all advantages to the utmost of chap. viii.
his ability. This closed the last avenue of hope to
the Confederate authorities of any compromise by
which the dread alternative of utter defeat or un-
conditional surrender might be avoided.1
Early in March General Lee came to Eichmond i865.
and had a conference with Mr. Davis on the
measures to be adopted in the crisis which he saw
was imminent. The General-in-Chief had not
taken his advancement seriously. He had not
sympathized in the slight which it involved to-
wards the civil government; he had positively
refused to assume the dictatorial powers with
which the Richmond Congress had clearly intended
to invest him ; he had ostentatiously thanked " the
President alone " for a promotion which in reality
came from the President's enemies and critics. He
continued to the end, in accordance with the con-
stitution of the Confederate States, to treat Mr.
Davis as the Commander-in-Chief of the forces.
He now laid before him the terrible facts by which
the army was environed: Eichmond and Peters-
burg must be evacuated before many days ; a new
seat for the Confederate Government, a new base
of defense for the armies must be taken up farther
south and west.
There is a direct contradiction between Mr.
Davis and the friends of General Lee as to the
i Jefferson Davis refers to this Government of the United States
incident in his message of March treat or make any terms or agree-
13 to the Confederate Congress, ment whatever for the cessation
and says: " It thus appears, that of hostilities. There remains
neither with the Confederate then for us no choice but to
authorities, nor the authorities continue this contest to a final
of any State, nor through the issue"; etc. — "Annual Cyclo-
commanding generals, will the peBdia, 1865," p. 719.
160
ABKAHAM LINCOLN
Chap. VIII.
Davis,
" Rise and
Fall of the
Confed-
erate Gov-
ernment."
Vol. II.,
p. 648.
Long,
" Memoirs
of R. E.
Lee," p. 403.
" Rise
and Fall
of the
Confed-
erate Gov-
ernment."
Vol. II.,
pp. 648, 649.
manner in which the former received this com-
munication. Mr. Davis says he suggested an im-
mediate withdrawal, but that General Lee said his
horses were too weak for the roads in their present
state, and that he must wait till the ground became
firmer. But General Long, who gives General Lee as
his authority, says that the President overruled the
general; that Lee wanted then to withdraw his
forces and take up a line behind the Staunton
River, from which point he might have indef-
initely protracted the war. However this may be,
they were both agreed that sooner or later the
Richmond lines must be abandoned ; that the next
move should be to Danville ; that a junction was
to be formed with Johnston; Sherman was to be
destroyed; a swarm of recruits would come in after
this victory ; and Grant, being caught away from
his base, was to be defeated and Virginia delivered
from the invader. Mr. Davis gravely set forth this
programme as his own, in his book written sixteen
years after the war.
But before he turned his back forever upon those
lines he had so stoutly defended, before he gave up
to the nation the capital of the State for whose
sake he had deserted his flag, Lee resolved to dash
once more at the toils by which he was surrounded.
He placed half his army under the command of
General John B. Gordon, with orders to break
through the Union lines at Fort Stedman, and to
take possession of the high ground behind them.
The reticence in which General Lee enveloped
himself in his last years has left his closest friends
in doubt as to his real object in this apparently
desperate enterprise. General Gordon, who takes
GENERAL JOHN B. GORDON.
FIVE FORKS 161
to himself the greater share of responsibility for chap.viil
the plan, says: "I decided that Fort Stedman
could be taken by a night assault, and that it
might be possible to throw into the breach thus G<gj[;?8tto
made in Grant's lines a sufficient force to disorgan- f?ii o?the
ize and destroy the left wing of his army before he erate Gor;
could recover and concentrate his forces." pp. ew, ek
It is certainly true that any fort can be taken,
by day or night, if the assaulting party has men
enough and is willing to pay the price; but to
take a place which cannot be held is not what we
expect from a wise and experienced general. Grant
had, with singular prescience, looked for some such
movement from Lee a month before. He had
ordered Parke, then in command of the Ninth Fet>.22,i865,
Corps, to be ready to meet an assault on his center
and to let his commanders understand they were
to lose no time in bringing all their resources to
bear on the point of danger. " With proper alacrity
in this respect," he adds, " I would have no objec-
tion to seeing the enemy get through." This is one
of the most characteristic phrases we have met with
in Grant's orders. It throws the strongest light both
on his temperament and on the mastery of his
business at which he had arrived. A month before-
hand he foresaw Gordon's attack, prepared for it,
and welcomed the momentary success which at-
tended it. Under such generalship an army's lines
are a trap into which entrance is suicide.
The assault was made with great spirit at half-
past four on the morning of the 25th of March. Its
initial success was due to a singular cause. The
opposing lines at the point chosen were only 150
yards apart ; the pickets were only fifty yards from
Vol. X.— 11
162 ABBAHAM LINCOLN
chap. viii. each other; it was therefore a favorite point of
departure for those Confederates who were tired
of the war. Desertions had of late become very
numerous and had naturally been encouraged in
every way; orders had been issued allowing
deserters to bring their arms with them. When
Mar.25,i865. Gordon's skirmishers came stealing through the
darkness they were at first mistaken for an unusually
large batch of deserters, and they overpowered sev-
eral picket posts without a shot being fired. The
storming party at once followed, took the trenches
with a rush, and in a few minutes had possession
of the main line on the right of Stedman. Turning
on the fort, they soon drove out the garrison or
made them prisoners. It was the dark hour before
dawn, and the defense could not distinguish friends
from foes ; for a little while General Parke, who
acted with his usual vigor and intelligence, was
unable to make headway against the invisible
enemy who swarmed on both sides of the breach
in the lines. General N. B. McLaughlen, who was
posted to the left of Fort Stedman, at once got to
work and recaptured an outlying battery with the
bayonet, and then hurrying into the fort in igno-
rance of its capture was made prisoner.
As soon as it was light, Parke's troops advanced
from every direction to mend the breach; R. B.
Potter on the left, Willcox on the right, and John F.
Hartranft, who had been held in reserve, attacking
directly from the high ground in the rear. The last
two, between them, first made short work of the
Confederate detachments that were moving on the
City Point road and telegraph and searching in vain
for three forts in the rear of Stedman which they
FIVE FOKKS 163
had been ordered to take ; there were no such forts chap. vm.
Humphreys says, where Gordon thought they were; Hum-g
the forts commanding Stedman were part of the vlSnil
main line. By half-past seven Parke had his task ©? ™S aSS
well in hand. He had repulsed the Confederate '65'" p" al7
attack to the right and left of Fort Stedman, re-
captured two of the detached batteries, forced the Mar.25,1865.
enemy with heavy loss back into the fort, and con-
centrated upon them a heavy artillery fire from
three sides. The artillery under the direction of
General J. C. Tidball worked with splendid energy
and precision. Hartranft's division carried Fort
Stedman by assault, and Gordon withdrew to the
Confederate lines what he was able to save of his
attacking force. The cross fire of artillery was
now so withering that few of the Confederates
could get back, and none could come to their as-
sistance. General Parke captured 1949 prisoners,
including seventy-one officers and nine stands of
colors; his own total loss was about 1000.
But this heavy loss was not the only damage the
Confederates suffered. Humphreys and Wright, in
command of the troops on the Union left, who were
to be routed and dispersed according to General
Lee's plan, on being informed of the racket in the
center, correctly assuming that Parke could take
care of himself, instantly searched the lines in their
front to see if they had been essentially weak-
ened to support Gordon's attack. They found
they had not ; but in the process of gaining this
information they captured the enemy's intrenched
picket lines in front of them, which, in spite of re-
peated attempts to regain them, were firmly held,
and gave inestimable advantage to the Union army
164 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
chap viii. in the struggle of the next week. The net results
therefore to General Lee of the day's work were a
bitter disappointment, a squandering of four thou-
sand of his best troops against half that number
on the other side, and the loss of his intrenched
picket line, which brought such dangerous neigh-
bors as Wright and Humphreys within arm's-
length of him.
For several weeks General Grant's chief anxiety
had been lest Lee should abandon his lines. At
first he feared a concentration of Lee and John-
ston against Sherman ; but when the victorious
Army of the West had arrived at Goldsboro' and
formed connection with Schofield his anxiety on
that score was at rest, and there only remained a
keen eagerness to make an end of the Army of
Northern Virginia. " I was afraid," he says, " every
Grant, morning that I would awake from my sleep to hear
MemoS" that Lee had gone, and that nothing was left but a
p.W picket line." Still — just as Lee, though feeling
every hour of waiting was fraught with danger,
was prevented from moving by the bad roads and
the Richmond complications — Grant, although
burning to attack, was delayed by the same cause
of bad roads, and by another. He did not wish to
move until Sheridan had completed the work as-
signed him in the Valley and joined either Sher-
man or the army at Petersburg.
But at last, satisfied with Sheridan's progress
and with Sherman's condition, he resolved to wait
1865. no longer, and on the 24th of March, at the very
moment when Gordon was making his arrange-
ments for the next day's sortie, Grant issued his
order for the great movement to the left which was
FIVE FORKS 165
to finish the war. He intended to begin on the chap.viii
29th, but Lee's desperate dash of the 25th appeared
to the Union commander to indicate an intention
to secure a wider opening to the Danville road to
facilitate an immediate move of the Confederates
westward, and he felt more than ever that not a
moment was to be lost. Sheridan reached City
Point on the 26th, and Sherman came up from March, isoe.
North Carolina for a brief visit the next day. He
said he would be ready to move on the 10th of
April, and laid before Grant a plan for a coopera-
tive campaign, which was of course satisfactory, as
was usually everything that Sherman proposed, but
which the swift rush of events soon rendered super-
fluous. The President was also there, and an in-
teresting conversation took place between these
famous brothers-in-arms and Mr. Lincoln, after
which Sherman went back to Goldsboro' and Grant
began pushing his army to the left with even more
than his usual iron energy.
It was a great army ; it was the result of all the
power and wisdom of the Government, all the de-
votion of the people, all the intelligence and teach-
ableness of the soldiers themselves, and all the
ability and character which the experience of a
mighty war had developed in the officers. Few
nations have produced better corps commanders
than Sheridan, Warren, Humphreys, Ord, Wright,
and Parke, taking their names as they come in the
vast sweep of the Union lines from Dinwiddie
Court House to the James in the last days of March ; lses.
north of the James was Weitzel, vigilant and
capable. Between Grant and the Army of the
Potomac was Meade, the incarnation of industry,
166 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
chap. viii. zeal, and talent; and in command of all was Grant,
then in his best days, the most extraordinary mili-
tary temperament this country has ever seen.
When unfriendly criticism has exhausted itself,
the fact remains, not to be explained away by any
reasoning, subtle or gross, that in this tremendous
war he accomplished more with the means given
him than any other two on either side. The means
given him were enormous, the support of the Gov-
ernment was intelligent and untiring ; but others
had received the same means and the same support
. — and he alone captured three armies. The popular
instinct which hails him as our greatest general is
correct ; and the dilettante critics who write ingeni-
ous arguments to prove that one or another of his
subordinates or his adversaries was his superior
will please for a time their diminishing coteries, and
then pass into silence without damaging his robust
fame.
The numbers of the respective armies in this last
grapple have been the occasion of endless contro-
versy. We take the figures given by General
Humphreys — not merely on account of his pro-
found study of the subject and personal acquaint-
ance with it, but because we consider him the most
thoroughly candid and impartial man who has
written the history of this army. The effective
force of infantry of the Army of the Potomac was
69,000; of field artillery, 6000, with 243 guns. The
effective force of infantry of the Army of the James
was 32,000; of field artillery, 3000, with 126 guns,
and 1700 cavalry, though General Ord took with him
only about one-half his infantry; Sheridan's cav-
alrymen, present for duty, 13,000 ; the grand total
FIVE FORKS
167
of all arms was 124,700. Lee's infantry numbered
46,000; his field artillery, 5000 ; his cavalry, 6000;
in all, 57,000.
Grant's plan, as announced in his instructions
of March 24, was at first to dispatch Sheridan to
reach and destroy the South Side and Danville
railroads, at the same time moving a heavy force
to the left, primarily to insure the success of Sheri-
dan's raid,1 and then to turn Lee's position. But
his purpose grew and developed every hour, and
before he had been a day away from his winter
headquarters he had given up the comparatively
narrow scheme with which he started and had
adopted the far bolder and more comprehensive
plan, which he carried out to his immortal honor.
It is probable that to General Sheridan belongs
a part of the credit of this change of plan. He
often said, in conversation with his friends, that
he was delighted after his victory over Early at
Waynesboro' to find such difficulties in crossing
the James as prevented his going south to Sher-
man, and justified him — neglecting his alternative
orders to return to Winchester — in turning east
and uniting with the Army of the Potomac. He
felt that the war was nearing its end and desired
his cavalry to be in at the death. He thought it
best that the Eastern army, which had thus far won
scanty laurels when compared with the Western,
should have the glory of this final victory; and
when he arrived at City Point and found General
Grant's plans once more contemplated the possi-
1 Grant wrote to Sherman on lowing Sheridan. But I shall be
March 22 : "I shall start with along myself, and will take ad-
no distinct view further than vantage of anything that turns
holding Lee's forces from fol- up."
Chap. VIII.
1865.
Grant,
Report.
" Personal
Memoirs."
Vol. II.,
p. 616.
Sheridan,
'Memoirs.*
Vol. II.,
p. 119.
Sherman,
'Memoirs.
Vol. II.,
p. 323.
168
ABEAHAM LINCOLN
Chap. VIII.
Sheridan,
"Memoirs."
Vol. II.,
p. 128.
Grant,
" Personal
Memoirs."
Vol. II.,
p. 437.
Grant,
Report,
u Personal
Memoirs."
Vol. II.,
p. 621.
bility of sending his cavalry to Sherman and bring-
ing that commander, after disposing of Johnston,
to share in the destruction of Lee, Sheridan urged
the General-in-Chief to finish the work immediately
with the Army of the Potomac, that had so richly
merited the glory which would come of the fruition
of their long years of blood and toil. Grant seems
to have assured Sheridan that his orders would
not require him to go to Sherman except in a
remote contingency, and that they had been pre-
pared as a " blind " in case of failure. Both com-
manders were full of the spirit of victory. On the
evening of the 29th of March, Sheridan's cavalry
was at Dinwiddie Court House, and the left of the
moving force of infantry extended to the Quaker
road — almost to Lee's right flank on the White
Oak Ridge. Grant's purpose had now taken com-
plete shape in his mind. From his tent on Gravelly
Creek he wrote to Sheridan, telling him the posi-
tion of all his corps, and adding in simple words,
which will stir the blood of every reader for ages
to come, "I now feel like ending the matter . . .
before going back." He ordered Sheridan not to
cut loose and go after the railroads, but to push for
the enemy's right rear. "We will act all together
as one army here, until it is seen what can be done
with the enemy."
The next day Sheridan advanced to Five Forks,
where he found a heavy force of the enemy. Lee,
justly alarmed by Grant's movements, had drawn
all his available troops out of the trenches, dis-
patched a sufficient force under Fitzhugh Lee to
Five Forks to hold that important cross-roads, and
had taken personal command of the rest on the
GENERAL A. A. HUMPHREYS.
FIVE FORKS 169
White Oak Ridge. A heavy storm of rain began chap.viii.
the night of the 29th, continuing more than twenty- March, im.
four hours, and greatly impeded the march of the
troops. Warren, on the morning of the 31st, worked
his way towards the White Oak road ; but before
he reached it Lee came out of his lines and attacked
Warren's advanced division (Ayres's) with such im-
petus that it was driven back on the main line
at Gravelly Sun. There, gallantly supported by
General Miles of Humphreys's corps, who made a
spirited attack on Lee's left flank, Warren held his
own, and in the afternoon moved forward and
drove the enemy into his works.
Lee, not satisfied with opposing Sheridan at Five
Forks with cavalry, had, on the 30th, sent Pickett
there with some 7000 infantry, which, with nearly
an equal force of cavalry, was too much for the
Union horse to handle. Sheridan was, therefore,
on the 31st, forced back to Dinwiddie Court House. Report,
" Here," says Grant, " Sheridan displayed great MelTs:-
generalship." He fought with obstinate tenacity, Vp!e2i:'
disputing every inch of ground, deploying his cav-
alry on foot, leaving only men enough with his
horses to guard them. He gave Pickett and Lee a
hard day's work on the way to Dinwiddie, and at
night reported his situation to Grant in his usual
tone of valorous confidence. Grant, indeed, was far
more disturbed than Sheridan. He rained orders
and suggestions all night upon Meade, Warren, and
Sheridan, the purpose of which was to effect a con-
centration at daylight on that portion of the enemy
in front of Sheridan. Warren, giving his troops,
who had been marching and fighting for three days,
a few hours' needed rest, came in on Sheridan's
170
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
ffSSS?
FIVE F0KKS 171
right about dawn. But Pickett, seeing that he was chap.viii.
out of position, did not wait to be caught between
the two Union columns ; he withdrew noiselessly
during the night1 and resumed his strongly in- Mar.3i,i865.
trenched post at Five Forks. Grant, in ignorance
of this timely flight of Pickett, was greatly incensed
at Warren for not having done what is now seen
to have been impossible to do, since Pickett was
gone before the hour when Grant wished Warren
to attack him. The long-smoldering dislike of
Warren, which had been for months increasing in
Grant's mind, now blazed out into active hostility,
and he sent an aide-de-camp to Sheridan, suggest-
ing that Warren be relieved from his command.2
Sheridan hurried up to Five Forks with his cav-
alry, leaving Warren to bring up the Fifth Corps.
Filled, as Sheridan was all this day, with the most
intense martial ardor, his judgment and control of
his troops were never more powerful and compre-
hensive. He pressed with his cavalry the retreat-
ing Confederates until they came to Five Forks,
and then assigned to Merritt the duty of demon-
l The testimony of the Conf ed- 2 Thorough inquiry among the
erate generals in the Warren friends of both generals seems to
court of inquiry shows that Pick- establish the fact that Grant's
ett and Fitzhugh Lee, anticipat- animosity towards Warren arose
ing Warren's arrival at daybreak, from the habit Warren had of dis-
resolved to retire at ten o'clock cussing his orders, suggesting
on the night of the 31st of March, changes in plans of battle, and
and that the movement began at movements in support of his own.
once. "Nearly everything on Grant regarded this habit as lack-
wheels," Fitzhugh Lee said, ing in respect to himself, and
"was away by midnight." At although Warren was looked upon
daylight the cavalry moved, cov- as one of the ablest and most
eringthe rear of the infantry. — devoted officers in the army, it
Warren Court of Inquiry, p. was evident that sooner or later
469. General W. H. F. Lee's Grant's irritation would come to
testimony is to the same effect, a point which would prove ruin-
p. 536. ous to Warren.
172
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. viii. strating strongly on Pickett's right, while with the
infantry of the Fifth Corps he was to strike the left
flank, which ran along the White Oak road abont
three-quarters of a mile east from Five Forks and
then made a return of a hundred yards to the
north, perpendicular to the road. It was the old
tactics of the Valley repeated, with the additional
advantage in this case that, if successful, he would
drive Pickett westward and cut him off from Lee.
To guard against any interruption from the east
R. S. Mackenzie had been sent to take possession
of the White Oak road, some three miles east of the
Forks, a task which he promptly performed, and
then came back to take his position on the right of
the Fifth Corps.
Apru 1,1865. The battle was fought almost as it was planned :
the only difference between conception and execu-
tion arose from the fact that it had not been prac-
ticable to ascertain the precise position of the
enemy's left flank, lest the attempt might put them
on their guard. Ayres's division was on the left,
Crawford on the right, Griffin behind Crawford,
and in this way they moved to the attack about four
o'clock. Warren, understanding that the enemy's
lines reached farther down the road than was the
case, sent Ayres, his smallest division, in a direc-
tion which brought it against the angle, and Craw-
ford and Griffin were moving across the road and
altogether past the left of the enemy into the
woods, when the heavy firing in front of Ayres
warned Warren of his error, and he immediately
bestirred himself to rectify it, sending his aides in
every direction, and finally riding off into the woods
to bring back Crawford and Griffin to the point
FIVE FOEKS 173
where they were so greatly needed. All this occu- chap.viii.
pied considerable time, and in the mean while the
brunt of the battle fell upon Ayres's division. They
were hardly strong enough for the work thus acci-
dentally assigned them, and there might have been
a serious check at that moment but for the provi-
dential presence of Sheridan himself, who, with a
fury and vehemence founded on the soundest judg-
ment, personally led the troops in their attack on
the intrenchments. Those who saw him that day Api. 1, ms.
will tell the story to their latest breath, how, hold-
ing the colors in his hand, with a face darkened
with smoke and anger, and with sharp exhortations
that rang like pistol-shots, he gathered up the fal-
tering battalions of Ayres and swept like a spring
gust over Pickett's breastworks.
Meanwhile Warren was doing similar work on
the right. He had at last succeeded in giving his
other two divisions the right direction, and came in
on the reverse of the enemy's lines. At one mo-
ment, finding some hesitation in a part of Craw-
ford's force, "Warren, riding forward," says
Humphreys, " with the corps flag in his hand, led
his troops across the field." His horse was shot
dead in the final charge. The dusk of evening
came down on one of the most complete and mo-
mentous victories of the war. Pickett was abso-
lutely routed ; every man was driven from the field
except the killed and wounded, and the prisoners,
who were gathered in to the number of some five
thousand, with a great quantity of guns and colors.
As the battle was ending, Sheridan sent an order
to Warren relieving him of his command and di-
recting him to report to General Grant for orders.
174 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. viii. It does not come within the compass of this work
to review all the circumstances which led General
Grant to entertain so rooted a dislike to "Warren,
and General Sheridan, who had but a slight ac-
quaintance with him,1 to adopt his chiefs opinions.
In removing him from command they were per-
fectly justified. Honestly holding the opinion they
held of him, it was their duty to prevent the evils
they thought might result from his retention in so
important a trust. But it is not improper here to
say that a court of inquiry, which General Warren
succeeded in obtaining after General Grant had for
twelve years denied it to him, decided that the
impressions under which Grant and Sheridan acted
were erroneous, and that Warren did his whole
duty at Five Forks. Grant never changed his
opinion of him. It is true he offered him another
command the next day, and soon afterwards he
was given an important department to administer ;
but the General-in-Chief was always implacable
towards him. Even in his "Memoirs," in the
midst of the compliments he pays to the memory
of Warren, he shows his increasing prejudice in
one phrase. In his report of 1865 he said Warren
was relieved " about the close of this battle " ; in
p. 444. his " Memoirs " he says " the troops were then
brought up and the assault successfully made" —
after Warren was relieved.
1 " As we had never been thrown much together, I knew but little
of him."— Sheridan, ".Memoirs." Vol. II., p. 168.
CHAPTER IX
APPOMATTOX
THE battle of Five Forks ought to have ended
the wai^ : Lee's right had been shattered and
routed; his line, as he had long predicted, had been
stretched westward until it broke; there was no
longer any hope of saving Eichmond, or even of
materially delaying its fall. But General Lee appar-
ently thought that even the gain of a day was of
value to the Eichmond Government, and what was
left of the Army of Northern Virginia was still so
perfect in discipline and obedience that it answered
with unabated spirit and courage every demand
made upon it. It is painful to record or to read
the story of the hard fighting of the 2d of April;
every drop of blood spent on the lines of Peters-
burg that day seems to have been shed in vain.
Parke and Wright had been ordered on the 30th
of March to examine the enemy's works in their
respective fronts with a view to determine whether
it was practicable to carry them by assault ; they
had both reported favorably. After the great
victory of Five Forks, Grant, whose anxiety for
Sheridan seems excessive, thought that Lee would
reenforce against him heavily,1 when, in fact Lee
1 Grant to Ord : " I have just heard from Sheridan. . . Everything
the enemy has will probably be pushed against him."
175
CHAP. IX
1865.
Badeau,
"Military
History of
U. S.
Grant."
Vol. III.,
p. 503.
176
ABEAHAM LINCOIiN
GENERAL CHARLES GRIFFIN.
APPOMATTOX 177
had already sent to his right all the troops that chap. ix.
could be spared, and Sheridan had routed them.
To relieve Sheridan and to take advantage of any
weakness in Lee's extended front, Grant now-
ordered an assault all along the lines. The answers
came in with electric swiftness and confidence:
Wright said he would " make the fur fly " ; Ord
promised to go into the Confederate lines "like a
hot knife into butter." The ground, however, in
front of Ord was so difficult that Grant gave him
no positive orders to assault, but, on the contrary,
enjoined upon him great vigilance and caution.
Similar instructions were given to Humphreys ;
Miles, of his corps, was ordered westward on the
White Oak road to help Sheridan, and Wright and
Parke were directed to attack at four o'clock on the
morning of the 2d. Grant's principal anxiety was April, lsea
lest Lee should get away from Petersburg and
overwhelm Sheridan on the White Oak road. Lee
was thinking of nothing of the kind. The terrible
blow his right had received seemed to have stunned
him. He waited, with a fortitude not far from
despair, for the attack which the morning was sure
to bring, making what hasty preparations were in
his power for the coming storm.
It came with the first glimmer of dawn. Wright,
who had carefully studied the ground in his front,
from the safe point of vantage he had gained the
day of Gordon's ill-fated sortie, had selected the
open space in front of Forts Fisher and Walsh as
the weak point in the Confederate harness. Not
that it was really weak, except in comparison with
the almost impregnable works to right and left : the
enemy's front was intersected by marshy rivulets ;
Vol. X.— 12
178 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. ix. a heavy abatis had to be cut away under musketry
fire from the parapets and a rain of artillery from
the batteries. It was a quarter to five before there
APi. 2, i8«j. was light enough to guide the storming columns ;
but at that instant they swarmed forward, rush-
ing over the Confederate pickets with too much
momentum to be delayed a minute, and, gaining
the main works, made them their own after a brief
but murderous conflict. In fifteen minutes Wright
lost eleven hundred men. They wasted not an
instant after this immense success. Some pushed
on in the ardor of the assault across the Boydton
Hum- roa(* as ^ar ^ne South Side Railroad; the gallant
#The8' Confederate general A. P. Hill rode unawares upon
clmpSpi a squad of these skirmishers, and, refusing to sur-
»6°5," p.^es. render, lost his life at their hands. But the main
body of the troops wisely improved their victory.
A portion of them worked resolutely to the right,
meeting strong resistance from the Confederates
under Wilcox ; the larger part re-formed with the
celerity that comes from discipline and experience,
and moved down the reverse of the captured lines
to Hatcher's Eun, where, about seven o'clock,
having swept everything before them and made
large captures of men and guns, they met their
comrades of the Twenty-fourth Corps, whom they
joined, facing about and marching over ground
cleared of the enemy till the left closed in on the
Appomattox River.
Parke also assaulted at the earliest light, meeting
with a success on the outer line equally brilliant
and important, capturing four hundred yards of
intrenchments with many guns, colors, and prison-
ers. But there was in front of him an interior line,
APPOMATTOX 179
heavily fortified, and here the enemy, under Gen- chap. ix.
eral Gordon, not only made a stand, but resumed
the offensive and assaulted several times during
the day, without success, the lines which Parke had
seized in the morning and hastily reversed. On the
left Humphreys displayed his usual intelligent
energy; as soon as he heard of the success of
Wright and Parke, on his right, he attacked with api. 2, 186&
Hays's division the Confederate redoubt at Crow's
house, capturing the works, the guns, and most of
the garrison, while upon his left Mott's division
drove the enemy out of their works at Burgess's
Mill. Humphreys wanted to concentrate his whole
corps against the scattered enemy by the Clai-
borne road; but General Meade countermanded
the movement. Mott and Hays were ordered to-
wards Petersburg, and Miles, who had been holding
the White Oak road for Sheridan, was therefore left
alone to deal with Heth's division, which had hastily
intrenched itself near Sutherland's Station, and here
a sharp fight took place. Miles, twice repulsed,
stuck obstioately to his task, and about three o'clock
whipped and dislodged the enemy, making large
captures, and driving him off towards the Appo-
mattox and Amelia Court House.
Two forts — Gregg andWhitworth — on the main
line of the Confederate intrenchments west of
Petersburg made a stout resistance to the National
troops. The former was a very strong work, sur-
rounded by a deep and wide wet ditch, flanked by
fire to the right and left. It was an ugly thing to
handle, but Eobert S. Foster's and J. W. Turner's
divisions of Gibbon's corps assaulted with unflinch-
ing valor, meeting a desperate resistance. Every
180 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. ix. advantage, except that of numbers, was on the side
of its brave defenders, and they pnt twice their
own numbers hors du combat before they surren-
dered. Gibbon reports a loss of 714 killed and
Api. 2, 1865. wounded ; 55 Confederate dead were found in the
work. After Gregg had fallen, Turner's men made
short work of Fort Whitworth, and the Confeder-
ates, from the Appomattox to the Weldon road,
fell slowly back to their inner line of works near
Petersburg, now garrisoned by Longstreet's troops,
who had come in from the north side of the James.
The attack of Wright, though it must have been
anticipated, came upon General Lee with the stun-
ning effect of lightning. Before the advance of the
National army had been reported to Lee or A. P.
w H Hill, they saw squads of men in blue scattered about
^Four' the Boydton road, and it was in riding forward to
^GeneS*11 ascertain what the strange apparition meant that
P.H9. General Hill lost his life. General Lee, in full uni-
form, with his dress sword, which he seldom wore,
but which he had put on that morning in honor of
the momentous day he saw coming, — being deter-
mined with that chivalrous spirit of his to receive
adversity splendidly, — watched from the lawn in
front of his headquarters the formidable advance
of the National troops before whom his weakened
j, E# lines were breaking into spray, and then, mounting
"L$e of his iron-gray charger, slowly rode back to his inner
V447ee' line. There his ragged troops received him with
shouts and cheers, which showed there was plenty
of fight left in them ; and there he spent the day in
making preparations for the evacuation which was
now the only resort left him. He sent a dispatch
to Richmond, carrying in brief and simple words
APPOMATTOX 181
the message of despair to the Confederate authori- chap. ix.
ties : " I see no prospect of doing more than holding Long,
our position here till night. I am not certain I can Me2Jolr8
do that." He succinctly stated the disaster that Vegi!6'
had befallen him, announced his purpose of concen-
trating on the Danville road, and advised that all
preparations be made for leaving Eichmond that api. 2, 1865
night.
Some Confederate writers express surprise that
General Grant did not attack and destroy Lee's
army on the afternoon of the 2d of April ; but this
is a view, after the fact, easy to express. Wright's
and Humphreys's troops on the Union left had been
on foot for eighteen hours ; they had fought an im-
portant battle, marched and countermarched many
miles, and were now confronted by Longstreet's
fresh corps, behind formidable works, led by the
best of Lee's generals; while the attitude of the
force under Gordon, on the south side of the town,
was such as to require the close attention of Parke.
Grant, anticipating an early retirement of Lee from
his citadel, wisely resolved to avoid the waste and
bloodshed of an immediate assault on the inner
lines at Petersburg. He ordered Sheridan to get
upon Lee's line of retreat, sent Humphreys to
strengthen him; then, directing a general bom-
bardment for five o'clock the next morning, and an
assault at six, he gave himself and his soldiers
a little of the rest they had so richly earned, and
which they so seriously needed, as a restorative
after the labors past and a preparation for the
labors to come.
He had telegraphed during the day to President
Lincoln, who was at City Point, the great day's
182
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
Chap. IX.
Badeau,
"Military
History of
U. S.
Grant."
Vol. III.,
p. 526.
1866.
news as it developed hour by hour. He was partic-
ularly happy at the large captures. " How many
prisoners?" was always the first question as an
aide-de-camp came galloping in with news of suc-
cess. Prisoners he regarded as so much net gain :
he was weary of slaughter; he wanted the war
ended with the least bloodshed possible. It was
with the greatest delight that he was able to tele-
graph on this Sunday afternoon, " The whole cap-
tures since the army started out gunning will
not amount to less than twelve thousand men and
probably fifty pieces of artillery."
G-eneral Lee, after the first shock of the breaking
of his lines, soon recovered his usual sangfroid, and
bent all his energies to saving his army and leading
it out of its untenable position on the James to a
point from which he could effect a junction with
Johnston in North Carolina. The place selected
for this purpose was Burke ville, at the crossing of
the South Side and Danville roads, fifty miles from
Richmond, whence a short distance would bring
him to Danville, where the desired junction might
be made. Even in this ruin of the Confederacy,
when the organized revolt which he had sustained
so long with the bayonets of his soldiers was crash-
ing about his ears, he was able still to cradle him-
self in the illusion that it was only a campaign
that had failed ; that he might withdraw his troops,
form a junction with Johnston, and continue the
war indefinitely in another field. Whatever we
may think of his judgment, it is impossible not to
admire the coolness of a general who, in the midst
of irremediable disaster such as encompassed Lee
on the afternoon of the 2d of April, could write
APPOMATTOX
183
Davis,
" Rise and
Fall of the
Confed-
erate Gov-
ernment."
Vol. II.,
pp. 660, 661.
such a letter as he wrote to Jefferson Davis under chap. ix.
date of three o'clock. He began it by a quiet and api. % 1865.
calm discussion of the question of negro recruit-
ment ; promised to give his attention to the business
of finding suitable officers for the black regiments ;
hoped the appeal Mr. Davis had made to the gov-
ernors would have a good effect; and, altogether,
wrote as if years of struggle and effort were before
him and his chief. He then went on to narrate the
story of the day's catastrophe and to give his plans
for the future. He closed by apologizing for writ-
ing " such a hurried letter to your Excellency," on
the ground that he was "in the presence of the
enemy, endeavoring to resist his advance.''
At nightfall all his preparations were completed.
He mounted his horse, and riding out of the town
dismounted at the mouth of the road leading to
Amelia Court House, the first point of rendezvous,
where he had directed supplies to be sent, and
standing beside his horse, the bridle reins in his
hand, he watched his troops file noiselessly by in
the darkness. At three o'clock the town, which api. 3, 186&
had been so long and so stoutly defended, was
abandoned ; only a thin line of skirmishers was left
in front of Parke, and before daybreak he pierced
the line in several places, gathering in the few
pickets that were left. The town was formally sur-
rendered to Colonel Ralph Ely at half-past four,
anticipating the capitulation which some one else
offered to General Wright a few minutes later.
Meade reported the news to Grant, and re-
ceived the order to march his army immediately
up the Appomattox by the river road; Grant,
divining the intentions of Lee, dispatched an of-
184 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. ix. ficer to Sheridan, directing him to push with all
speed to the Danville road with Humphreys and
Griffin and all the cavalry.
Thus the flight and the pursuit began almost
at the same moment. The swift-footed Army of
Northern Virginia was now racing for its life ; and
Grant, inspired with more than his habitual tenacity
and energy, and thoroughly aroused to the tre-
mendous task of ending the war at once, not only
pressed his enemy in the rear, but hung upon his
flank, and strained every nerve to get in his front. It
is characteristic of him that he did not even allow
himself the pleasure of entering Richmond, which,
deserted by those who had so often promised to
protect it, and wrapped in flames lighted by the
reckless hands of Confederate officials, surrendered
April, 1865. to Weitzel early on the morning of the 3d.
All that day Lee pushed forward towards Amelia
Court House. He seemed in higher spirits than
usual. As one who has long been dreading bank-
ruptcy feels a great load taken from his mind when
his assignment is made, so the Virginian chief,
when he drew out from the ruin and conflagration
in which the Confederate dream of independent
power was passing away, and marched with his
men into the vernal fields and woods of his native
State, was filled with a new sense of encourage-
ment and cheer. " I have got my army safe out of
its breastworks," he said, " and in order to follow
me the enemy must abandon his lines, and can
J''<Li£°o?e' derive no further benefit from his railroads or
'p.'45ie ' James River." But he was now dealing with the
man who, in Mississippi, had boldly swung loose
from his base of supplies in an enemy's country, in
UJSWEKAL A. V. HILL.
'osite page 184.
APPOMATTOX 185
face of an army equal to his own, and had won a chap. ix.
victory a day without a wagon train.
There was little fighting the first day except
among the cavalry. Custer attacked the Confed-
erates at Namozine Church, and later in the day
Merritt's cavalry had a sharp contest with Fitz-
hugh Lee at Deep Creek. On the 4th, Sheridan,
who was aware of Lee's intention to concentrate
at Amelia Court House, brought his cavalry with
great speed to Jetersville, about eight miles south-
west of the Court House, where Lee's army was
resting. Sheridan intrenched, and sent tidings of
his own and the enemy's position to Grant, and on
the afternoon of the next day the Second and Api. 5, 1865.
Sixth Corps came up. A terrible disappointment
awaited General Lee on his arrival at Amelia Court
House. He had ordered, he says, supplies to be
forwarded there ; but when his half-starved troops
arrived on the 4th of April they found that no food
had been sent to meet them, and nearly twenty-
four hours were lost in collecting subsistence for
men and horses. " This delay was fatal and could
not be retrieved." 1 The whole pursuing force was
south and stretching out to the west of him, when
he started on the night of the 5th of April to make 1865.
one more effort to reach a place of temporary
safety. Burkeville, the junction of the Lynchburg
1 Lee's report of the surrender and Fall." Vol. II., p. 668) de-
(Long," Memoirs of R. E. Lee," p. nounces the whole story as a
693). Other Confederate writers malignant calumny, and gives
insist that the train which should voluminous statements from Con-
have borne these supplies to Lee federate officers to confute it.
was directed to Eichmond to assist But there seems no reason to
the flight of the Confederate au- doubt General Lee's statement,
thorities (Pollard, ' l Lost Cause," made to Mr. Davis in his report
p. 703). Jefferson Davis ("Rise at the time.
186 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. ix. and Danville roads, was in Grant's possession ; the
way to Danville was barred, and the supply of pro-
visions from the south cut off. Lee was compelled
to change his route to the west ; and he now started
for Lynchburg, which he was destined never to
reach.
It had been Meade's intention to attack Lee at
Amelia Court House on the morning of the 6th of
1865. April, but before he reached that place he dis-
covered that Lee's westward march had already
begun, and that the Confederates were well beyond
the Union left. Meade quickly faced his army
about and started in pursuit. A running fight
ensued for fourteen miles ; the enemy, with remark-
able quickness and dexterity, halting and partly
intrenching themselves from time to time, and the
National forces driving them out of every position,
moving so swiftly that lines of battle followed
closely on the skirmish line. At several points the
cavalry, on this and the preceding day, harassed
the moving left flank of the Confederates and
worked havoc on the trains, on one occasion
causing a grievous loss to history by burning Lee's
headquarters baggage with all its wealth of returns
and reports. Sheridan and Meade pressed so closely
at last that E well's corps was brought to bay at
Sailor's Creek, a rivulet running northward into
the Appomattox. Here an important battle, or
rather series of battles, took place, with fatal results
to Lee's fast-vanishing army. The Fifth Corps held
the extreme right and was not engaged. Humphreys,
coming to where the roads divided, took the right
fork and drove Cordon down towards the mouth
of the creek. A sharp battle was fought about
APPOMATTOX
187
dark, which resulted in the total defeat of the chap. ix.
Confederates, Humphreys capturing 1700 prisoners, Hum-
13 flags, 4 guns, and a large part of the main trains ; •« tL8'
Gordon making his escape in the night to High Ca^i^n
Bridge with what was left of his command. Wright, p™^'"
on the left-hand road, had also a keen fight, and
won a most valuable victory. With Wheaton's and
Seymour's divisions he attacked Ewell's corps, in
position on the banks of the creek, enveloping him
with the utmost swiftness and vehemence ; Sheri-
dan, whose cavalry had intercepted the Confeder-
ates, ordered Crook and Merritt to attack on the
left, which was done with such vigor — Davies's
horsemen riding over the enemy's breastworks at a
single rush — that, smitten in front and flank, unable
either to stand or to get away, Ewell's whole force
was captured on the field. The day's loss was
deadly to Lee, not less than eight thousand in all ;
among them such famous generals as Ewell, Ker-
shaw, G-. W. Custis Lee, M. D. Corse, and others
were prisoners.
In the mean time Ord, under Sheridan's orders, Api. p, i86&
had moved rapidly along the Lynchburg road to
Rice's Station, where he found Longstreet's corps
intrenched, and night came on before he could get
into position to attack. General Theodore Read,
Ord's chief-of-staff, had gone still farther forward
with eighty horsemen and five hundred infantry
to burn High Bridge, if possible. In the attempt
to execute this intention he fell in, in the neighbor-
hood of Farmville, with two divisions of Confeder-
ate cavalry under Rosser and T. T. Munford. One
of the most gallant and pathetic battles of the
war took place. General Read, Colonel Francis
188
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
Chap. IX.
Hum-
phreys,
"The
Virginia
Campaign
of '64 arid
'65," p. 385.
Badeau,
" Military
History of
U. 8.
Grant."
Vol. III.,
p. 581.
April, 1865.
Washburn, and all the cavalry officers with Read
were killed and the rest captured; the Confeder-
ate loss was also heavy. Read's generous self-
sacrifice halted the Confederate army for several
hours. Longstreet lost the day at Rice's Station
waiting for Anderson, Ewell, and Gordon to unite
with him. They were engaged in a fruitless at-
tempt to save their trains, which resulted, as we
have seen, in the almost total loss of the trains,
in the capture of Ewell's entire force, and in the
routing and shattering of the other commands.
The day's work was of incalculable value to the
National arms. Sheridan's unerring eye appre-
ciated the full importance of it ; his hasty report
ended with the words, "If the thing is pressed,
I think that Lee will surrender." Grant sent the
dispatch to President Lincoln, who instantly re-
plied, "Let the thing be pressed."
In fact, after nightfall of the 6th Lee's army
could only flutter like a wounded bird with one wing
shattered; there was no longer any possibility of
escape. Yet General Lee found it hard to relin-
quish the illusions of years, and his valiant heart
still dreamed of evading the gathering toils and
forming somewhere a junction with Johnston and
indefinitely prolonging the war. As soon as night
had come down on the disastrous field of Sailor's
Creek, he again took up his weary march westward.
Longstreet marched for Farmville, crossed to the
north bank of the Appomattox, and on the 7th
moved out on the road which ran through Appo-
mattox Court House to Lynchburg. His famishing
troops had found provisions at Farmville, and
with this refreshment marched with such celerity
APPOMATTOX 189
that Grant and Sheridan, with all the energy they chap. ix.
could breathe into their subordinates, could not
head them off, or bring them to decisive battle that
day. Nevertheless the advance of the Union army
hung close upon the heels of the Confederates.
The rear corps under Gordon had burned the rail-
road bridge near Farmville behind them; but
General Barlow, sending his men forward at api.7, isgs.
double-quick, saved the wagon bridge, and the
Second Corps crossed over without delay and con-
tinued the chase, Humphreys taking the northern
road, and sending Barlow by the railroad bed along
the river. Barlow overtook Gordon's rear, working
great destruction among his trains. Humphreys
came up with the main body shortly after noon,
and pressing them closely held them till evening,
expecting Barlow to join him, and Wright and
Crook to cross the river and attack from the south,
a movement which the swollen water and the de-
struction of the bridge prevented. General Irvin
Gregg's brigade had indeed succeeded in getting
over, but was attacked by an overwhelming force
of Confederate cavalry, — three divisions, — Gregg
being captured, and his brigade driven back. This
trivial success in the midst of unspeakable disaster
delighted General Lee. He said to his son, W. H.
F. Lee, " Keep your command together and in
good spirits, General ; do not let it think of sur- " Life of '
-i T -n n i • R. E.Lee,"
render. I will get you out of this." p-*55-
But his inveterate optimism was not shared by
his subordinates. A number of his principal officers,
selecting General William N. Pendleton as their
spokesman, made known to him on the 7th their
belief that further resistance was useless, and
190
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
Chap. IX.
Apl. 7, 1865.
Long,
' Memoirs
of R. E.
Lee,"
p. 417.
Apl. 7, 1865.
Grant,
" Personal
Memoirs."
Vol. II.,
pp. 478, 479.
advised surrender. General Lee replied : " I trust
it has not come to that. . . We have yet too many
bold men to think of laying down our arms."
Besides, he feared that if he made the first over-
tures for capitulation Grant would regard it as a
confession of weakness, and demand unconditional
surrender. But General Grant did not wish to
drive a gallant antagonist to such extremes. On
this same day, seeing how desperate was Lee's con-
dition, and anxious to have an end of the now use-
less strife, he sent him this courteous and generous
summons :
The results of the last week must convince you of the
hopelessness of further resistance, on the part of the Army
of Northern Virginia, in this struggle. I feel that it is so,
and regard it as my duty to shift from myself the respon-
sibility of any further effusion of blood, by asking of you
the surrender of that portion of the Confederate States
army known as the Army of Northern Virginia.
This letter was sent at night through Humphreys's
lines to Lee, who at once answered : " Though not
entertaining the opinion you express on the hope-
lessness of further resistance on the part of the
Army of Northern Virginia, I reciprocate your de-
sire to avoid useless effusion of blood, and there-
fore, before considering your proposition, ask the
ibid., p. 479. terms you will offer on condition of its surrender."
The forlorn remnant of the Confederate army
stole away in the night, on the desperate chance of
finding food at Appomattox and a way of escape to
Lynchburg, and at daybreak the hot pursuit was
resumed by the Second and Sixth Corps. All this
day the flight and chase continued, through a por-
tion of Virginia never as yet wasted by the passage
APPOMATTOX
191
of hostile armies. The air was sweet and pure, chap. ix.
scented by opening buds and the breath of spring ;
the early peach trees were in flower ; the sylvan by-
paths were slightly shaded by the pale-green foliage
of leafing trees. Through these quiet solitudes the
diminishing army of Lee plodded on, in the apa-
thetic obedience which is all there is left to brave
men when hope is gone, and behind them came the
victorious legions of Grant, inspired to the forget-
f ulness of pain and fatigue by the stimulus of a
prodigious success. Sheridan, on the extreme left,
by unheard-of exertions, at last accomplished the
important task of placing himself squarely on Lee's
line of retreat. His advance, under G-eorge A.
Custer, captured, about sunset on the evening of
the 8th, Appomattox Station with four trains of APru,i865.
provisions, then attacked the rebel force advancing
from Farmville, and drove it towards the Court
House, taking twenty-five guns and many pris-
oners. A reconnaissance revealed the startling
fact that Lee's whole army was coming up the
road. Though he had nothing but cavalry, Sheri-
dan, with undaunted courage, resolved to hold
the inestimable advantage he had gained, send-
ing a request to Grant to hurry up the required
infantry support, saying that if Gibbon and Grifiin
could get to him that night, they might " perhaps
finish the job in the morning." He added, with
singular prescience, referring to the negotiations
which had been opened, "I do not think Lee
means to surrender until compelled to do so."
This was strictly true. When Grant received
Lee's first letter he replied on the morning of the
8th, saying : " Peace being my great desire, there is
Badeau,
" Military
History of
U.S.
Grant."
Vol. III.,
p. 594.
192
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
Chap. IX.
Hum-
phreys,
"The
Virginia
Campaign
of 64
and '65,"
p. 439.
Apl. 8, 1865.
Grant,
"■ Personal
Memoirs."
Vol. II.,
p. 627.
but one condition I would insist upon, namely, that
the men and officers surrendered shall be disqualified
from taking up arms again against the Government
of the United States until properly exchanged. I
will meet you, or will designate officers to meet any
officers you may name for the same purpose, at any
point agreeable to you, for the purpose of arrang-
ing definitely the terms upon which the surrender
of the Army of Northern Virginia will be received."
But in the course of the day a last hope seemed to
have come to Lee that he might yet reach Appo-
mattox in safety and thence make his way to
Lynchburg — a hope utterly fallacious, for Stone-
man was now on the railroad near Lynchburg. He
therefore, while giving orders to his subordinates
to press with the utmost energy westward, an-
swered General Grant's letter in a tone more ingen-
ious than candid, reserving, while negotiations were
going on, the chance of breaking away. He said :
I received at a late hour your note of to-day. In mine
of yesterday I did not intend to propose the surren-
der of the Army of Northern Virginia, but to ask the
terms of your proposition. To be frank, I do not think
the emergency has arisen to call for the surrender of
this army; but as the restoration of peace should be
the sole object of all, I desired to know whether your pro-
posals would lead to that end. I cannot, therefore, meet
you with a view to surrender the Army of Northern Vir-
ginia ; but as far as your proposal may affect the Con-
federate States forces under my command, and tend to
the restoration of peace, I should be pleased to meet you
at 10 a. m. to-morrow, on the old stage road to Rich-
mond between the picket lines of the two armies.
Grant was not to be entrapped into a futile negc -
tiation for the restoration of peace. He doubtless
had in view the President's peremptory instructions
GENERAL FRANCIS C. BARLOW.
APPOMATTOX
193
of the 3d of March, forbidding him to engage in any
political discussion or conference, or to entertain
any proposition except for the surrender of armies.
He therefore answered General Lee on the morn-
ing of the 9th of April with perfect courtesy, but
with unmistakable frankness, saying : " I have no
authority to treat on the subject of peace. The
meeting proposed for 10 A. m. to-day could lead to
no good. I will state, however, General, that I am
equally anxious for peace with yourself, and the
whole North entertains the same feeling. The terms
upon which peace can be had are well understood.
By the South laying down their arms they will hasten
that most desirable event, save thousands of human
lives and hundreds of millions of property not
yet destroyed. Seriously hoping that all our diffi-
culties may be settled without the loss of another
life, I subscribe myself, etc." He dispatched this
letter to Lee and then set off to the left, where
Sheridan was barring Lee's last avenue of escape.
It appears from General Lee's report, made three
days after the surrender, that he had no intention
on the night of the 8th of giving up the fight. He
ordered Fitz Lee, supported by Gordon, in the
morning " to drive the enemy from his front, wheel
to the left and cover the passage of the trains, while
Longstreet . . . should close up and hold the posi-
tion." He expected to find only cavalry on the
ground, and thought even his remnant of infantry
could break through Sheridan's horse while he
himself was amusing Grant with platonic discus-
sions in the rear. But he received, on arriving at
the rendezvous he had suggested, not only Grant's
stern refusal to enter into a political negotiation,
Vol. X.— 13
Chap. IX.
1865.
Grant,
' Personal
Memoirs.*
Vol. II-,
p. 627-
Long,
"Memoirs
of
R. E. Lee,"
p. 694.
194
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. ix. but other intelligence which was to him the trump
of doom. Ord and Griffin had made an almost in-
credible march of about thirty miles during the pre-
ceding day and night, and had come up at daylight
to the post assigned them in support of Sheridan ;
Api. 9, 1865. and when Fitzhugh Lee and Gordon made their
advance in the morning and the National cavalry
fell slowly back, in obedience to their orders, there
suddenly appeared before the amazed Confederates
a formidable force of infantry filling the road,
covering the adjacent hills and valley, and barring
as with an adamantine wall the further progress of
the army of the revolt. The marching of the Con-
federate army was over forever.
The appalling tidings were instantly carried to
Lee. He at once sent orders to cease hostilities,
and, suddenly brought to a sense of his real situa-
tion, sent a note to Grant, asking an interview in
accordance with the offer contained in Grant's
letter of the 8th for the surrender of his army.
Grant had created the emergency calling for such
action. As Sheridan was about to charge on the
huddled mass of astonished horse and foot in front
of him a flag of truce was displayed, and the war
was at an end. The Army of Northern Virginia
was already captured. " I 've got 'em, like that ! "
cried Sheridan, doubling up his fist, fearful of some
ruse or evasion in the white flag. The Army of the
Potomac on the north and east, Sheridan and Ord
on the south and west, completely encircled the
demoralized and crumbled army of Lee. There was
not another day's fighting in them. That morn-
ing at three o'clock Gordon had sent word to Lee that
he had fought his corps " to a frazzle," and could
Badeau,
" Military
History of
U.S.
Grant."
Vol. TIL,
p. 601.
APPOMATTOX
195
do nothing more unless heavily supported by
Longstreet. Lee and his army were prisoners of
war before he and Grant met at Appomattox.
The meeting took place at the house of Wilmer
McLean, in the edge of the village. Lee met Grant
at the threshold, and ushered him into a small and
barely furnished parlor, where were soon assembled
the leading officers of the National army. General
Lee was accompanied only by his secretary, Colonel
Charles Marshall. A short conversation led up to a
request from Lee for the terms on which the sur-
render of his army would be received. Grant briefly
stated the terms which would be accorded. Lee
acceded to them, and Grant wrote the following
letter :
In accordance with the substance of my letter to yon of
the 8th inst., I propose to receive the surrender of the
Army of Northern Virginia on the following terms, to wit :
Rolls of all the officers and men to be made in duplicate ;
one copy to be given to an officer designated by me, the
other to be retained by such officer or officers as you may
designate. The officers to give their individual paroles
not to take up arms against the Government of the United
States until properly exchanged j and each company or
regimental commander sign a like parole for the men of
their commands. The arms, artillery, and public property
to be parked and stacked, and turned over to the officer
appointed by me to receive them. This will not embrace
the side-arms of the officers, nor their private horses or
baggage. This done, each officer and man will be allowed
to return to their homes, not to be disturbed by United
States authority so long as they observe their parole
and the laws in force where they may reside.
General Grant says in nis " Memoirs " that up to
the moment when he put pen to paper he had
not thought of a word that he should write. The
terms he had verbally proposed, and which Lee had
Chap. IX.
Long,
" Memoirs
of
R. E. Lee,"
p. 421.
Apl. 9, 1865.
Facsimile
of original
MS.
Grant,
"Memoirs."
Vol. II.,
p. 496.
196 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. ix. accepted, were soon put in writing, and there he
Api. 9, 1865. might have stopped. But as he wrote, a feeling of
sympathy for his gallant antagonist gradually came
over him, and he added the extremely liberal terms
with which his letter closed. The sight of Lee's
sword, an especially fine one, suggested the para-
graph allowing officers to retain their side-arms ;
and he ended with a phrase which he had evidently
not thought of, and for which he had no authority,
which practically pardoned and amnestied every
man in Lee's army — a thing he had refused to
consider the day before, and which had been ex-
pressly forbidden him in President Lincoln's order
of the 3d of March.1 Yet so great was the joy over
the crowning victory, so deep was the gratitude of
the Government and the people to Grant and his
heroic army, that his terms were accepted as he
wrote them, and his exercise of the Executive pre-
rogative of pardon entirely overlooked. It must be
noticed here, however, as a few days later it led the
greatest of Grant's generals into a serious error.
Lee must have read the memorandum of terms
with as much surprise as gratification. He said
the permission for officers to retain their side-arms
would have a happy effect. He then suggested and
gained another important concession — that those
of the cavalry and artillery who owned their own
horses should be allowed to take them home to put in
their crops. Lee wrote a brief reply accepting the
1 The President, in his Amnesty or navy of the United States and
Proclamation of December 8, afterwards participated in the
1863, expressly excepted officers rebellion. The terms granted
above the rank of colonel, all to General Lee's army at Appo-
who left seats in Congress to aid mattox practically extended am-
the rebellion, and all who re- nesty to many persons in these
signed commissions in the army classes.
APPOMATTOX 197
terms. He then remarked that his army was in a chap. ix.
starving condition, and asked Grant to provide
them with subsistence and forage, to which he at Api. 9, i665.
once assented, and asked for how many men the
rations would be wanted. Lee answered, " About Grant,
twenty-five thousand," and orders were at once MeSS?"
Vol. II.,
given to issue them. The number surrendered p. '495."
turned out to be even larger than this. The paroles
signed amounted to 28,231. If we add to this the
captures at Five Forks, Petersburg, and Sailor's
Creek, the thousands who deserted the failing cause
at every by-road leading to their homes, and filled
every wood and thicket between Richmond and
Lynchburg, we can see how considerable an army
Lee commanded when Grant "started out gunning."
Yet every Confederate writer, speaker, and singer
who refers to the surrender says, and will say for-
ever, that Lee surrendered only seven thousand
muskets.
With these brief and simple formalities one of
the most momentous transactions of modern times
was concluded. The news soon transpired, and the
Union gunners prepared to fire a National salute ;
but Grant would not permit it. He forbade any
rejoicing over a fallen enemy, who he hoped would
hereafter be an enemy no longer. The next day he
rode to the Confederate lines to make a visit of
farewell to General Lee. Sitting on horseback be- ibid.,p.497,
tween the lines, the two heroes of the war held a
friendly conversation. Lee considered the war at
an end, slavery dead, the National authority re-
stored ; Johnston must now surrender — the sooner
the better. Grant urged him to make a public ap-
peal to hasten the return of peace ; but Lee, true to
198 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. ix. his ideas of subordination to a government which
had ceased to exist, said he could not do this with-
out consulting the Confederate President. They
parted with courteous good wishes, and Grant,
without pausing to look at the city he had taken or
Api. 10,1865. the enormous system of works which had so long
held him at bay, intent only upon reaping the
peaceful results of his colossal victory, and putting
an end to the waste and the burden of war, hurried
away to Washington to do what he could for this
practical and beneficent purpose. He had done an
inestimable service to the Eepublic : he had won
immortal honor for himself ; but neither then nor
at any subsequent period of his life was there any
sign in his words or his bearing of the least touch
of vainglory. The day after Appomattox he was
as simple, modest, and unassuming a citizen as he
was the day before Sumter.
CHAPTER X
THE FALL OF THE REBEL CAPITAL
SINCE the visit of Blair and the return of the chap, x
rebel commissioners from the Hampton Roads
Conference, no event of special significance had ex-
cited the authorities or people of Richmond. Feb-
ruary and March passed away in the routine of i865.
war and politics, which at the end of four years
had become familiar and dull. To shrewd observers
in that city things were going from bad to worse.
Stephens, the Confederate Vice-President, had
abandoned the capital and the cause and retired
to Georgia to await the end. Judge John A. Camp-
bell, though performing the duties of Assistant
Secretary of War, made, among his intimate friends, « I°Rebei
War Clerk'*
no concealment of his opinion that the last days of Diary."
the Confederacy had come. The members of the p. «o."
rebel Congress, adjourning after their long and
fruitless winter session, gave many indications that
they never expected to reassemble. A large part of
their winter's work had been to demonstrate with-
out direct accusation that it was the Confederate
maladministration which was wrecking the South-
ern cause. On his part Jefferson Davis prolonged
their session a week to send them his last message
— a dry lecture to prove that the blame rested en-
199
200
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
Chap. X.
Davis,
Message,
Mar. 13,
1865.
" Annual
Cyclo-
paedia,"
1865,
•>p. 718, 719.
tirely on their own shoulders. The last desperate
measure of rebel statesmanship, the law to permit
masters to put their slaves into the Southern
armies to fight for the rebellion, was so palpably
illogical and impracticable that both the rebel Con-
gress and the rebel President appear to have treated
it as the merest legislative rubbish ; or else the lat-
ter would scarcely have written in the same mes-
sage, after stating that " much benefit is anticipated
from this measure," that " The people of the Con-
federacy can be but little known to him who
supposes it possible they would ever consent to
purchase, at the cost of degradation and slavery,
permission to live in a country garrisoned by their
own negroes, and governed by officers sent by the
conqueror to rule over them."
Jefferson Davis was strongly addicted to political
contradictions, but we must suppose even his cross-
eyed philosophy capable of detecting that a negro
willing to fight in slavery in preference to fighting
in freedom was not a very safe reliance for Southern
independence. The language as he employs it here
fitly closes the continuous official Confederate wail
about Northern subjugation, Northern despotism,
Northern barbarity, Northern atrocity, and North-
ern inhumanity which rings through his letters,
speeches, orders, messages, and proclamations with
monotonous dissonance during his whole four years
of authority.
Of all the Southern people none were quite so
blinded as those of Richmond. Their little bubble
of pride at being the Confederate capital was ever
iridescent with the brightest hopes. They had no
dream that the visible symbols of Confederate
GENERAL OEOKGE A. CE8TER.
losite page 200.
THE FALL OF THE EEBEL CAPITAL 20l
Government upon which their eyes had nourished chap. x.
their faith would disappear almost as suddenly as
if an earthquake had swallowed them. Poverty, i865.
distress, and desolation had indeed crept into their
homes, but the approach had been slow, and miti-
gated by the exaltations of a heroic self-sacrifice.
All accounts agree that when on Sunday morn-
ing, April 2, 1865, the people of Eichmond went
forth to their places of worship, they had no
thought of imminent calamity. The ominous signs
of such a possibility had escaped their attention. A
few days before, Mrs. Jefferson Davis with her chil-
dren had left Richmond for the South and sent a
part of her furniture to auction. So also several
weeks before, the horses remaining in the city had
been impressed to collect the tobacco into conve- "A°Rebei
War Clerk's
nient warehouses where it could be readily burned ^iair."
to prevent its falling into Yankee hands. p- 438-'
But the significance of these and perhaps other
indications could not be measured by the general
populace. In fact for some days a rather unusual
quiet had prevailed. That morning Jefferson Davis
was in his pew in St. Paul's Church when, before
the sermon was ended, an officer walked up the
aisle and handed him a telegram from General Lee
at Petersburg, dated at half-past ten that morning,
in which he read, " My lines are broken in three
places; Richmond must be evacuated this even-
ing." He rose and left the church ; whereupon
the officer handed the telegram to the rector, who
as speedily as possible brought the services to
a close, making the announcement that General
Ewell, the commander at Richmond, desired the
military forces to assemble at three o'clock in the
202 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. x. afternoon. The news seems also to have reached
in some form one or two of the other churches, so
that though no announcement of the fact was
made, the city little by little became aware of the
impending change.
api. 2, 1865. The fact of its being Sunday, with no business
going on and rest pervading every household,
doubtless served to moderate the shock to the pub-
lic. Yet very soon the scene was greatly trans-
formed. From the Sabbath stillness of the morning
the streets became alive with bustle and activity.
Jefferson Davis had called his Cabinet and officials
together, and the hurried packing of the Confeder-
ate archives for shipment was soon in progress.
Citizens who had the means made hasty prepara-
tions for flight ; the far greater number who were
compelled to stay were in a flutter to devise meas-
ures of protection or concealment. The banks were
opened and depositors flocked thither to withdraw
their money and valuables. A remnant of the Vir-
ginia Legislature gathered in the Representatives'
Hall at the Capitol to debate a question of greater
urgency than had ever before taxed their wisdom
or eloquence. In another room sat the municipal
council, for once impressed with the full weight of
its responsibility. Meanwhile the streets were full
of hurrying people, of loaded wagons, of galloping
military officers conveying orders.
One striking sketch of that wild hurry-skurry
deserves to be recorded. " Lumkin, who for many
years had kept a slave-trader's jail, also had a work
of necessity on hand — fifty men, women, and
children, who must be saved to the missionary
institution for the future enlightenment of Africa.
THE FALL OF THE REBEL CAPITAL 203
Although it was the Lord's day (perhaps he was chap.x.
comforted by the thought that 'the better the
day the better the deed ') the come-gang was made api. 2, lses.
up in the jail-yard, within pistol shot of Davis's
parlor window, within a stone's throw of the Monu-
mental Church, and a sad and weeping throng,
chained two and two, the last slave-come that shall
ever tread the streets of Eichmond, were hurried « Atlantic
to the Danville depot." But the " institution," like June, im.
the Confederacy, was already in extremis. The ac-
count adds that the departing trains could afford
no transportation for this last slave cargo, and the
gang went to pieces, like every other Eichmond
organization, military and political.
Evening had come, and the confusion of the
streets found its culmination at the railroad depots.
Military authority made room for the fleeing Presi-
dent and his Cabinet, and department officials and
their boxes of more important papers. The cars
were overcrowded and overloaded long before the
clamoring multitude and piles of miscellaneous
baggage could be got aboard, and by the occasional
light of lanterns flitting hither and thither the
wheezing and coughing trains moved out into the
darkness. The Legislature of Virginia and the
Governor of the State departed in a canal boat
towards Lynchburg. All available vehicles carry-
ing fugitives were leaving the city by various
country roads, but the great mass of the pop-
ulation, unable to get away, had to confront the
dread certainty that only one night remained
before the appearance of a hostile army with the
power of death and destruction over them and
their homes.
204 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. x. How this power might be exercised, present
signs were none too reassuring. Since noon, when
Api. 2, i8G5. the fact of evacuation had become certain, the
whole fabric of society seemed to be crumbling to
pieces. Military authority was concentrating its
energy on only two objects, destruction and de-
parture. The civil authority was lending a hand,
for the single hasty precaution which the city
council could ordain was that all the liquors in the
city should be emptied out. To order this was one
thing, to have it rigorously executed would be ask-
ing quite too much of the lower human appetites,
and while some of the street gutters ran with alcohol,
enough was surreptitiously consumed to produce a
frightful state of excitement and drunkenness. No
picture need be drawn of the possibilities of violence
and crime which must have haunted the timid
watchers in Richmond who listened all night to the
shouts, the blasphemy, the disorder that rose and
fell in the streets, or who furtively noted the signs
of pillage already begun. And how shall we follow
their imagination, passing from these acts of the
friends of yesterday to what they might look for
from the enemies expected to-morrow? And
there was that final horror of horrors, the negro
soldiers, held up to their dread by the presiden-
tial message of Jefferson Davis only two weeks
before ! "What now of the fear of servile insur-
rection, the terrible specter they had secretly
nursed from their very childhood ? It is scarcely
possible they can have escaped such meditations
even though already weary and exhausted with the
surprises and labors of the day, with the startling
anxieties of the evening, with the absorbing care of
THE FALL OF THE REBEL CAPITAL
205
burying their household silver and secreting their chap. x.
yet more precious personal ornaments and tokens of
affection. In Europe, a thousand wars have ren-
dered such experiences historically commonplace ;
in America, let us hope that a thousand years of
peace may render their repetition impossible.
Full of dangerous portent as had been the night, apl 3, 1865
the morning became yet more ominous. Long be-
fore day sleepers and watchers alike were startled
by a succession of explosions which shook every
building. The military authorities were blowing
up the vessels in construction at the river. These
were nine in number, three of them ironclads of
four guns each, the others small wooden ships.1
Next, the arsenal was fired ; and, as many thou-
sands of loaded shells were stored here, there suc-
ceeded for a period the sounds of a continuous
cannonade. Already fire had been set to the ware-
houses containing the collected tobacco and cotton,
among which loaded shells had also been scattered
to insure more complete destruction.
There is a conflict of testimony as to who is re-
sponsible for the deplorable public calamity which
ensued. The rebel Congress had passed a law
ordering the Government tobacco and other public
property to be burned, and Jefferson Davis states
that the general commanding had advised with the
mayor and city authorities about precautions
against a conflagration.
On the other hand, Lieu-
Davis,
1 Rise and
Fall of the
Confed-
erate Gov-
ernment."
Vol. II.,
p. 666.
1 " The following is a list of the
vessels destroyed : Virginia, flag-
ship, ironclad, four guns ; Rich-
mond, ironclad, four guns ; Fred-
ericksburg, ironclad, four guns;
Nansemond, wooden, two guns;
Hampton, wooden, two guns;
Roanoke, wooden, one gun ; Tor-
pedo, tender ; Shrapnel ; Patrick
Sl.iry, school-ship." — Porter,
Report, April 5, 1865. Report,
Secretary of the Navy, 1865-66.
206 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
chap. x. tenant- General Ewell, the military commander, has
authorized the statement that he not only earnestly
warned the city authorities of the certain con-
sequences of the measure, but that he took the re-
sponsibility of disobeying the law and military
Api. 3, 1865. orders. " I left the city about seven o'clock in the
morning," he writes ; " as yet nothing had been fired
by my orders ; yet the buildings and depot near
the railway bridge were on fire, and the flames were
so close as to be disagreeable as I rode by them." *
By this time the spirit of lawlessness and hunger
for pillage had gained full headway. The rear
guard of the retreating Confederates set the three
great bridges in flames, and while the fire started
at the four immense warehouses and various points,
and soon uniting in an uncontrollable conflagration
was beginning to eat out the heart of the city, a
miscellaneous mob went from store to store, and
with a beam for a battering ram smashed in the
1 The full report of these occur- replied, ' Your statement that the
rences, written by General Ewell, burning of the warehouses will
seems never to have been printed, endanger the city is only a cow-
Lossing, writing from both the ardly pretext to save your prop-
written statement and verbal ex- erty for the Yankees ! ' After
planations of General Ewell, Davis's departure a committee
says : " General Ewell earnestly of the city council, at the sug-
warned the city authorities of gestion of General Ewell, went to
the danger of acting according the War Office to remonstrate
to the letter of that resolution ; with whomsoever might repre-
f or a brisk wind was blowing from sent the department, against the
the south which would send the execution of the perilous order,
flames of the burning warehouses Major Melton rudely replied in
into the town and imperil the language which was almost an
whole city. Early in the evening echo of that of his superior, and
a deputation of citizens called General Ewell, in spite of his earn-
upon President Davis and re- est remonstrances, was ordered
monstrated against carrying out to cause the four warehouses near
that order of Congress,because the the river to be set on fire at three
safety of the city would be jeop- o'clock in the morning." — Los-
ardized. He was then in an un- sing, in " The Independent w
amiable state of mind, and curtly (New York), March 11, 1886.
THE FALL OF THE EEBEL CAPITAL 207
doors so that the crowd might freely enter and chap. x.
plunder the contents. This rapacity, first directed
towards bread and provision stores, gradually ex-
tended itself to all other objects until mere greed
of booty rather than need or usefulness became the
ruling instinct, and promoted the waste and de-
struction of that which had been stolen.
Into this pandemonium of fire and license there
came one additional terror to fill up its dramatic
completeness. "About ten o'clock," writes an eye- Api. 3, im.
witness, "just before the entrance of the Federal
army, a cry of dismay rang all along the streets
which were out of the track of the fire, and I saw a
crowd of leaping, shouting demons, in party-colored
clothes, and with heads half shaven. It was the
convicts from the penitentiary, who had overcome
the guard, set fire to the prison, and were now at Tu5£Jr
liberty. Many a heart which had kept its courage in^rSe
to this point quailed at the sight. Fortunately, eXnt^P(eNew
they were too intent upon securing their freedom Jan. 7, im.
to do much damage."
It is quite probable that the magnitude and
rapidity of the disaster served in a measure to miti-
gate its evil results. The burning of seven hun-
dred buildings, comprising the entire business
portion of Richmond, warehouses, manufactories,
mills, depots, and stores, all within the brief space
of a day, was a visitation so sudden, so unexpected,
so stupefying as to overawe and terrorize even
wrong-doers, and made the harvest of plunder so
abundant as to serve to scatter the mob and satisfy
its rapacity to quick repletion.
Before a new hunger could arise, assistance, pro-
tection, and relief were at hand. The Mayor and
208
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
Apl. 3, 1865.
chap. x. citizens' committee who went forth met General
Weitzel a little before seven o'clock in the morning,
near Gilliss Creek, outside the limits of Richmond,
where a detachment of Union pickets, numbering
sixty or seventy men, under command of Lieuten-
ant Royal B. Prescott had also arrived. Here an
informal surrender took place, a ceremony which
was repeated with more formality in the capital at
a later hour. This incident over, the general and
his staff proceeded into the city, followed by Lieu-
tenant Prescott and his force, and preceded by a
squad of the general's orderlies 1 from the Fourth
Massachusetts Cavalry, commanded by Major A.
H. Stevens, and established headquarters in the
house lately occupied by Jefferson Davis. Lieu-
tenant Prescott reached Capitol Square soon after
seven o'clock ; at that hour there was no flag flying,
but Major Stevens soon arrived and hoisted two
cavalry guidons over the State House.2 Mean-
1 We here use General Weitzel's 2Dr. Graves's MS. narrative
S. M.
Thompson,
" Thir-
teenth
Regiment
New
Hampshire
Volunteer
Infantry,"
p. 559.
phrase in a letter to Horace
Greeley, dated March 9, 1869;
but T. Thatcher Graves, M. D.,
of Providence, R. I., has written
a long and interesting narrative
of the event, in which he says :
"As soon as it was light General
Weitzel ordered Colonel E. E.
Graves, senior aide-de-camp, and
Major Atherton H. Stevens, Jr.,
Provost Marshal, to take a de-
tachment of forty men from the
two companies of the Fourth
Massachusetts Cavalry (white)
attached to our headquarters, and
. . . press forward towards Rich-
mond on a reconnaissance."
It may have been this force, or
a part of it, which General Weit-
zel's letter designates as " a
squad of my orderlies."
says " Colonel Graves and Major
Stevens each took a guidon and
ascended to the roof of the Capi-
tol, and, hauling down the Con-
federate flag," they proceeded to
hoist theirs upon the Capitol.
Lieutenant Prescott relates
that no flag was flying over the
Capitol when he entered the
grounds, but that one suddenly
appeared on the roof, raised by a
colored boy of seventeen, named
Richard G. Forrester, who stated
he had been a page or errand boy
employed in the Capitol; also
that it was a flag used before the
ordinance of secession, but which
the secessionists then took down
and threw among rubbish under
the roof of the building. He fur-
ther stated that he had carried it
GENERAL JOHN GIBBON.
THE FALL OF THE KEBEL CAPITAL
209
while, from the meeting at Gilliss Creek, and prob-
ably on information gathered from the Mayor,
General Weitzel had sent an aide back " with
orders to get the first brigade he could find, and
bring it in to act as provost guard." This proved
to be General E. H. Ripley's brigade of General
Charles Devens's division of the Twenty-fourth
Army Corps. The brigade was headed by General
Devens, with the Thirteenth New Hampshire Vol-
unteers as its leading regiment, and marched into
the city with colors flying and bands playing,
reaching the Capitol grounds a little after eight
o'clock ; from where the force was sent in various
directions on the urgent duties of the hour.
Soon afterward there occurred what was to the
inhabitants the central incident of the day — the
event which engrossed their solicitude even more
Chap. X.
Weitzel,
Testimony.
Report
Committee
on Couduct
of the War,
1864-65.
Part I.,
pp. 522. 523.
Col. G. A.
Bruce
to the
Authors,
Dec. 14,
1889. MS.
Apl. 3, 1865.
home, concealed it, and that —
''when I saw you 'uns comin'"
— he drew the old flag from its
hiding place, and ran to the Capi-
tol and raised it. Whether this
was an old Union flag, a Virginia
State flag, or some early form
of Confederate flag, is left in
doubt.
As a continuation of the inci-
dents of the flag raising, we also
quote from a letter written us by
Loomis L. Langdon, Colonel First
Artillery U. S. A., who, after
mentioning the two cavalry gui-
dons hoisted by Major Stevens,
continues :
" Some hours after that, with-
out my personally knowing then
of Major Stevens's movements,
my artillery began the march to
Richmond, then almost in sight.
As chief of artillery of the
Twenty-fifth Corps, I rode with
Vol. X.— 14
General Weitzel. On the way to
the city young Johnston Living-
ston De Peyster rode alongside
of me, and during a conversation
showed me a flag he had attached
to his saddle, and as we neared
the city he invited me to go to the
roof of the State House and hoist
the flag with him. Together we
passed through the Senate Cham-
ber and up some dark passages, in
which the gas jets were still burn-
ing, and got on the roof. . . The
wind blew a hurricane. After a
good deal of trouble we ' bent' on
our flag, but found our progress
impeded by something bulky at
the top of the flagstaff. This we
pulled down, and the bulky object
proved to be two cavalry guidons
(U. S. flags) belonging to the
Fourth Massachusetts Cavalry,
which Major Stevens had
hoisted."
Letter
dated
Feb. 24,
1890.
210 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. x. than the vanished rebel government, the destroyed
city, or the lost cause. General Weitzel's direction
calling in the provost guard had been accom-
panied by another that all the rest of his troops
should remain outside the city to take possession
of the inner line of redoubts. This second order,
however, failed to reach the Fifth Massachussets
Cavalry, a colored regiment under command of
Colonel Charles Francis Adams, posted on the ex-
treme right of the Union line, who instead obeyed
an earlier request from General Devens to advance
into the city ; and this colored regiment therefore,
led by a grandson of President John Quincy
Adams, shared with the six white regiments of
General Ripley's brigade the honor of a march into
apl s, 1865. the rebel capital on the day of its surrender. The
arrival of these colored soldiers was to the people of
Eichmond the visible realization of the new order
to which four years of rebellion and war had
brought them. The prejudices of a lifetime can-
not be instantly overcome, and the rebels of Rich-
mond doubtless felt that this was the final drop in
their cup of misery and that their " subjugation "
was complete.
It is related that about this time, as by a com-
mon impulse, the white people of Richmond disap-
peared from the streets, and the black population
streamed forth with an apparently instinctive
recognition that their day of jubilee had at last
arrived. To see this compact, organized body of
men of their own color, on horseback, in neat uni-
forms, with flashing sabers, with the gleam of
confidence and triumph in their eyes, was a pal-
pable living reality to which their hope and pride,
THE FALL OF THE REBEL CAPITAL 211
long repressed, gave instant response. They greeted chap. x.
them with expressions of welcome in every form —
cheers, shouts, laughter, and a rattle of exclama-
tions— as they rushed along the sides of the streets
to keep pace with the advancing column and feast
their eyes on the incredible sight ; while the black
Union soldiers rose high in their stirrups and with
waving swords and deafening huzzas acknowledged
the fraternal reception.
But there was little time for holiday enjoyment. Api. 3, lses
The conflagration was roaring, destruction was
advancing ; fury of fire, blackness of smoke, crash
of falling walls, obstruction of debris, confusion,
helplessness, danger, seemed everywhere. The
great Capitol Square on the hill had become the
refuge of women and children and the temporary
storing-place of the few household effects they had
saved from the burning. From this center, where
the Stars and Stripes again floated, there now
flowed back upon the stricken city, not the doom
and devastation for which its people looked, but
the friendly help and protection of a generous army
bringing them peace, and the spirit of a benevolent
Government tendering them forgiveness and recon-
ciliation. Up to this time it would seem that not
an organization had been proposed and but feeble
efforts made to stay the ravages of the flames. The
public spirit of Richmond was crushed by the aw-
ful catastrophe.
The advent of the Union army breathed a new
life into this social paralysis. The first care of the
officers was to organize resistance to fire, to reestab-
lish order and personal security, and convert the
unrestrained mob of whites and blacks into a regu-
212 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. x. lated energy, to save what remained of the city from
the needless burning and pillage to which its own
friends had devoted it, against remonstrance and
against humanity. And this was not all. Begin-
Api. 3, 1865. ning that afternoon and continuing many days,
these "Yankee invaders" fed the poor of Richmond,
and saved them from the starvation to which the
law of the Confederate Congress, relentlessly
executed by the Confederate President and some
of his subordinates, exposed them.
CHAPTER XI
LINCOLN IN RICHMOND
A LITTLE more than two months before these chap. xi.
_ events, President Lincoln had written to
General Grant : " Please read and answer this let-
ter as though I was not President, but only a
friend. My son, now in his twenty-second year,
having graduated at Harvard, wishes to see some-
thing of the war before it ends. I do not wish to
put him in the ranks, nor yet to give him a com-
mission, to which those who have already served
long are better entitled, and better qualified to
hold. Could he, without embarrassment to you,
or detriment to the service, go into your military
family with some nominal rank, I, and not the pub-
lic, furnishing his necessary means ? If no, say so
without the least hesitation, because I am as
anxious and as deeply interested that you shall LiG?anV°
not be encumbered as you can be yourself." lself' ms.
Grant replied as follows: "Your favor of this
date in relation to your son serving in some mili-
tary capacity is received. I will be most happy to
have him in my military family in the manner you
propose. The nominal rank given him is imma-
terial, but I would suggest that of captain, as I have
three staff-officers now, of considerable service, in
213
214 ABBAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xi. no higher grade. Indeed, I have one officer with
only the rank of lieutenant who has been in the
service from the beginning of the war. This, how-
ever will make no difference, and I would still say
give the rank of captain. — Please excuse my writ-
to LiS?oin, ing on a half sheet. I have no resource but to
Jan. 21
1865. ' ms. take the blank half of your letter." The Presi-
dent's son therefore became a member of Grant's
staff with the rank of captain, and acquitted him-
self of the duties of that station with fidelity and
honor.
We may assume that it was the anticipated im-
portant military events rather than the presence
of Captain Robert T. Lincoln at Grant's headquar-
ters which induced the General on the 20th of
March, 1865, to invite the President and Mrs. Lin-
coln to make a visit to his camp near Richmond ;
and on the 22d they and their younger son Thomas,
nicknamed " Tad," proceeded in the steamer River
Queen from Washington to City Point, where Gen-
eral Grant with his family and staff were " occupy-
ing a pretty group of huts on the bank of the
James River, overlooking the harbor, which was
full of vessels of all classes, both war and merchant,
"Mem™iS.'" with wharves and warehouses on an extensive
p°324.*' scale." Here, making his home on the steamer
which brought him, the President remained about
ten days, enjoying what was probably the most
satisfactory relaxation in which he had been able
to indulge during his whole Presidential service.
It was springtime and the weather was moderately
steady; his days were occupied visiting the vari-
ous camps of the great army in company with
the General.
LINCOLN IN RICHMOND 215
" He was a good horseman," records a member of chap. xi.
the General's staff, "and made his way through
swamps and over corduroy roads as well as the
best trooper in the command. The soldiers invari-
ably recognized him and greeted him, wherever he Gen
appeared amongst them, with cheers that were no poSer!
lip service, but came from the depth of their century
hearts." Many evening hours were passed with dcf^iSI'
groups of officers before roaring camp-fires, where
Mr. Lincoln was always the magnetic center of
genial conversation and lively anecdoten The in-
terest of the visit was further enhanced by the
arrival at City Point, on the evening of March 27, i865.
of General Sherman, who, having left General
Schofield to command in his absence, made a hasty
trip to confer with Grant. He was able to gratify
the President with a narrative of the leading inci-
dents of his great march from Atlanta to Savannah
and from Savannah to Goldsboro', North Carolina.
In one or two informal interviews in the after cabin
of the River Queen, Lincoln, Grant, Sherman, and
Rear- Admiral Porter enjoyed a frank interchange
of opinion about the favorable prospects of early
and final victory, and of the speedy realization of
the long hoped for peace. Sherman and Porter
affirm that the President confided to them certain
liberal views on the subject of reconstructing State
governments in the conquered States which do not
seem compatible with the very guarded language
of Mr. Lincoln elsewhere used or recorded by him.
It is fair to presume that their own enthusiasm
colored their recollection of the President's expres-
sions, though it is no doubt true that he spoke of
his willingness to be liberal to the verge of prudence,
216 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap, xl and that he even gave them to understand that he
would not be displeased at the escape from the
country of Jefferson Davis and other principal
rebel leaders.
1865. On the 29th of March the party separated, Sher-
man returning to North Carolina, and Grant start-
ing on his final campaign to Appomattox. Five
days later Grant informed Mr. Lincoln of the fall
of Petersburg, and on his request the President
made a flying visit to that town for another brief
conference with the General. Here, also, amid the
wildest enthusiasm, the President again reviewed
the victorious regiments of Grant, marching
through Petersburg in pursuit of Lee. The cap-
ture of Eichmond was hourly expected, and that
welcome information reached Lincoln after his re-
turn to City Point.
Between the receipt of this news and the follow-
ing forenoon, but before any information of the
great fire had been received, a visit to Richmond
was arranged for the President and Admiral
Porter.1 Ample precautions were taken at the
start ; the President went in the River Queen with
her escort the Bat; Admiral Porter went in his
flagship, the Malvern ; the transport Columbus car-
ried a small cavalry escort and ambulances for the
party. A tug used at City Point to convey the
President to and from the landing to the River
1 Since this chapter appeared in a copy of the skeleton diary he
serial form, Major C. B. Penrose, kept at the time, from which we
U. S. A., who was detailed by have been able to fill up the
Secretary Stanton to accompany historical narrative with much
President Lincoln on his visit, greater accuracy. The authors
has permitted the editor of are also indebted to Major Pen-
" The Century Magazine," to rose for much additional infor-
print in the June number, 1890, mation.
GENEKAT, GODFREY WEITZEL.
LINCOLN IN EICHMOND 217
Queen at her anchorage in the harbor, also went chap. xi.
along. The little flotilla steamed cautiously up
the James Eiver beyond Drewry's Bluff, distant
twenty-eight to thirty miles from City Point by
the very tortuous windings of the river. Some
distance above Drewry's Bluff the rebels had ob-
structed the stream by formidable rows of piling,
leaving only a small passage which they could
easily close if necessary.
Arriving at these obstructions, the further prog-
ress of the larger vessels was for the moment
found impossible. Admiral Farragut visited Rich-
mond immediately after its fall ; and on this morn-
ing of April 4 came down from that city to meet laes.
the President, on the rebel nag-of-truce boat Alli-
son, which had escaped destruction. By an accident
to her machinery the Allison had swung across the
opening in the piles, and was held in place by the
current. Instead of patiently waiting until she
could be moved, it was resolved to proceed without
the vessels. The Presidential party was transferred
to the twelve-oared barge of Admiral Porter; a
guard of twenty or thirty marines was put aboard
the tug, and the tug, taking the barge in tow,
managed to pass through the opening in the piles
partly obstructed by the Allison. But when the
obstructions had been passed, the President in-
sisted that the tug should return and help the Alli-
son out of her difficulty. In doing this, the tug got
aground, and the mishap left the party no alter-
native but to proceed in the barge, rowed by the
Admiral's twelve sailors, without other escort of
any kind ; and in this manner the President trav-
ersed the remaining distance to Richmond. No
218 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xi. accident befell them ; they passed the suburb of
Rockett's and proceeded to the neighborhood of the
Manchester Bridge, effecting a landing one square
above Libby Prison, where there was neither officer,
nor wagon, nor escort to meet and receive them.
Never in the history of the world did the head
of a mighty nation and the conqueror of a great
apl*, 1865. rebellion enter the captured chief city of the in-
surgents in such humbleness and simplicity. As
the party stepped from the barge, they found a
guide among the contrabands who quickly crowded
the streets ; for the probable coming of the Presi-
dent had been circulated through the city. Ten of
the sailors, armed with carbines, were formed as a
guard, six in front and four in rear, and between
these the party, consisting of the President, Ad-
miral Porter, Captain C. B. Penrose of the Army,
Captain A. H. Adams of the Navy, and Lieutenant
W. W. Clemens of the Signal Corps, placed them-
selves, all being on foot ; and in this order the im-
provised street procession walked a distance of
perhaps a mile and a half to the center of Rich-
mond. It was a long and fatiguing march, the
probability of which had not been foreseen at
starting. We quote from a private letter of Cap-
tain Penrose, written on April 10, 1865, a vivid
description of its attendant scenes :
" On Tuesday we started for Richmond, and
arrived there just thirty- six hours after Jefferson
Davis had left. Here again was a perfect ovation
of blacks and poor whites. The boat with our es-
cort ran aground, so we pulled up to the city in
Admiral Porter's barge. When we arrived, there
was a rush for the President, and as we had but
LINCOLN IN BIOHMOND 219
ten sailors as a guard, and had to walk over a mile chap. xi.
and a half to headquarters, it seemed foolhardy in
the President to go. However we went through
without accident ; but I never passed a more anx- Apriu,i865.
ious time than in this walk. In going up (and we
were amongst the very first boats) we ran the risk of
torpedoes and the obstructions; but I think the risk
the President ran in going through the streets of
Richmond was even greater, and shows him to have
great courage. The streets of the city were filled
with drunken rebels, both officers and men, and all
was confusion. . . A large portion of the city was
still on fire."
The imagination may easily fill up the picture of
a gradually increasing crowd, principally of negroes,
following the little group of marines and officers
with the tall form of the President in its center ;
and, having learned that it was indeed Mr. Lincoln,
giving expression to wonder, joy, and gratitude in
a variety of picturesque emotional ejaculations
peculiar to the colored race, and for which there
was ample time while the little procession made its
tiresome march, whose route cannot now be traced.
At length the party reached the headquarters of
General Weitzel, established in the very house
occupied by Jefferson Davis as the Presidential
mansion of the Confederacy, and from which he
had fled less than two days before. Here Mr. Lin-
coln was glad of a chance to sit down and rest,
and a little later to partake of refreshments which
the general provided. An informal reception,
chiefly of Union officers, naturally followed, and
later in the afternoon General Weitzel went with
the President and Admiral Porter in a carriage,
220 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xi. guarded by an escort of cavalry, to visit the Capi
tol, the burnt district, Libby Prison, Castle Thunder,
and other points of interest about the city ; and of
APi. 4, 1865. this afternoon drive also no narrative in detail by
an eye-witness appears to have been written at the
time.
It was probably before the President went on this
drive that there occurred an interview on political
topics which forms one of the chief points of in-
terest connected with his visit. Judge John A.
Campbell, rebel Assistant Secretary of War, re-
mained in Richmond when on Sunday night the
other members of the Confederate G-overnment fled,
and on Tuesday morning he reported to the Union
military governor, General Gr. F. Shepley, and
informed him of his "submission to the military
pamphfet! authorities." Learning from G-eneral Shepley that
Mr. Lincoln was at City Point, he asked permission to
see him. This application was evidently communi-
cated to Mr. Lincoln, for shortly after his arrival a
staff-officer informed Campbell that the requested
interview would be granted, and conducted him to
the President at the general's headquarters, where
it took place. The rebel general J. R. Anderson
and others were present as friends of the judge,
and General Weitzel as the witness of Mr. Lincoln.
Campbell, as spokesman, "told the President that
the war was over," and made inquiries about the
measures and conditions necessary to secure peace.
Speaking for Virginia, he " urged him to consult
and counsel with her public men, and her citizens,
as to the restoration of peace, civil order, and
the renewal of her relations as a member of the
ibid. Union."
LINCOLN IN RICHMOND
221
In his pamphlet, written from memory long after-
wards, Campbell states that Mr. Lincoln replied
" that my general principles were right, the trouble
was how to apply them " ; and no conclusion was
reached except to appoint another interview for the
following day on board the Malvern. This second
interview was accordingly held on Wednesday,
April 5, Campbell taking with him only a single
citizen of Richmond, as the others to whom he sent
invitations were either absent from the city or de-
clined to accompany him. General Weitzel was
again present as a witness. The conversation ap-
parently took a wide range on the general topic of
restoring local governments in the South, in the
course of which the President gave Judge Campbell
a written memorandum,1 embracing an outline of
Chap. XL
1 " As to peace, I have said be-
fore, and now repeat, that three
things are indispensable :
"1. The restoration of the na-
tional authority throughout the
United States.
" 2. No receding by the Ex-
ecutive of the United States on
the slavery question from the
position assumed thereon in the
late annual message, and in pre-
ceding documents.
" 3. No cessation of hostilities
short of an end of the war, and
the disbanding of all forces hos-
tile to the Government. That all
propositions coming from those
now in hostility to the Govern-
ment, not inconsistent with the
foregoing, will be respectfully
considered and passed upon in a
spirit of sincere liberality.
" I now add that it seems use-
less forme to be more specific with
those who will not say that they
are ready for the indispensable
terms, even on conditions to be
named by themselves. If there
be any who are ready for these
indispensable terms, on any con-
ditions whatever, let them say so,
and state their conditions, so that
the conditions can be known and
considered. It is further added,
that the remission of confiscation
being within the executive power,
if the war be now further per-
sisted in by those opposing the
Government, the making of confis-
cated property at the least to bear
the additional cost will be insisted
on, but that confiscations (except
in case of third party intervening
interests) will be remitted to the
people of any State which shall
now promptly and in good faith
withdraw its troops from further
resistance to the Government.
What is now said as to the remis-
sion of confiscation has no refer-
ence to supposed property in
slaves."
1865.
President
Lincoln,
randum
printed in
Campbell
Pamphlet;
pp. 9, 10.
222
ABKAHAM LINCOLN
Chap. XI.
Weitzel,
in "Phila-
delphia
Times."
1865.
conditions of peace which repeated in substance
the terms he had proffered the rebel commissioners
(of whom Campbell was one) at the Hampton
Roads Conference on the 3d of February, 1865.
The only practical suggestion which was made has
been summarized as follows by General Weitzel in
a statement written from memory, as the result of
the two interviews : " Mr. Campbell and the other
gentlemen assured Mr. Lincoln that if he would
allow the Virginia Legislature to meet, it would at
once repeal the ordinance of secession, and that
then General Robert E. Lee and every other Vir-
ginian would submit ; that this would amount to
the virtual destruction of the Army of Northern
Virginia, and eventually to the surrender of all
the other rebel armies, and would insure perfect
peace in the shortest possible time."
Out of this second conference, which also ended
without result, President Lincoln thought he saw
an opportunity to draw an immediate and substan-
tial military benefit. On the next day (April 6) he
wrote from City Point, where he had returned, the
following letter to General Weitzel, which he im-
mediately transmitted to the general by the hand
of Senator Morton S. Wilkinson, in whose presence
he wrote it, and who was on his way from City
Point to Richmond:
It has been intimated to me that the gentlemen who
have acted as the Legislature of Virginia in support of
the rebellion may now desire to assemble at Richmond,
and take measures to withdraw the Virginia troops and
other support from resistance to the General Government.
If they attempt it, give them permission and protection,
until, if at all, they attempt some action hostile to the
United States, in which case you will notify them, give
p. 521.
LINCOLN IN RICHMOND 223
them reasonable time to leave, and at the end of which chap. xi.
time arrest any who remain. Allow Judge Campbell to Lincoln
see this, but do not make it public. AptS?,w&.
Weitzel,
Testimony,
This document bears upon its face the distinct ^gjSttee
military object which the President had in view ™ uiTw&r,
in permitting the rebel Legislature to assemble, part6!'
namely, to withdraw immediately the Virginia
troops from the army of Lee, then on its retreat
towards Lynchburg. It could not be foreseen that
Lee would surrender the whole of that army within
the next three days, though it was evident that
the withdrawal of the Virginia forces from it,
under whatever pretended State authority, would
contribute to the ending of the war quite as effectu-
ally as the reduction to an equal extent of that
army by battle or capture. The ground upon
which Lincoln believed the rebel Legislature might
take this action is set forth in his dispatch to Grant
of the same date, in which he wrote :
Secretary Seward was thrown from his carriage yes-
terday and seriously injured. This with other matters
will take me to Washington soon. I was at Richmond
yesterday and the day before, when and where Judge
Campbell, who was with Messrs. Hunter and Stephens in
February, called on me, and made such representations
as induced me to put in his hands an informal paper re-
peating the propositions in my letter of instructions to
Mr. Seward, which you remember, and adding " that if
the war be now further persisted in by the rebels, con-
fiscated property shall at the least bear the additional cost,
and that confiscation shall be remitted to the people of
any State which will now promptly and in good faith
withdraw its troops and other support from the resist-
ance to the Government." Judge Campbell thought it
not impossible that the rebel legislature of Virginia
would do the latter, if permitted, and accordingly I ad-
224 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xi. dressed a private letter to General Weitzel, with permis-
sion for Judge Campbell to see it, telling him (General W.)
that if they attempt this to permit and protect them, un-
less they attempt something hostile to the United States,
in which case to give them notice and time to leave, and
to arrest any remaining after such time. I do not think
it very probable that anything will come of this, but I
have thought best to notify you, so that if you should see
signs you may understand them. From your recent
dispatches, it seems that you are pretty effectually with-
drawing the Virginia troops from opposition to the Gov-
Ligcoin to ernment. Nothing that I have done, or probably shall
April 6, 1865. do, is to delay, hinder, or interfere with your work.
That Mr. Lincoln well understood the temper of
leading Virginians when he wrote that he had lit-
tle hope of any result from the permission he had
given is shown by what followed. When, on the
1865. morning of April 7, General Weitzel received the
President's letter of the 6th, he showed it confi-
dentially to Judge Campbell, who thereupon called
together a committee, apparently five in number,
of the Virginia rebel Legislature, and instead of in-
forming them precisely what Lincoln had author-
ized, namely, a meeting to "take measures to
withdraw the Virginia troops and other support
from resistance to the General Government," the
judge in a letter to the committee (dated April 7)
formulated quite a different line of action.
I have had, since the evacuation of Richmond, two con-
versations with Mr. Lincoln, President of the United
States. . . The conversations had relation to the establish-
ment of a government for Virginia, the requirement of
oaths of allegiance from the citizens, and the terms of
settlement with the United States. With the concurrence
and sanction of General Weitzel he assented to the appli-
cation not to require oaths of allegiance from the citizens.
LINCOLN IN KICHMOND 225
He stated that he would send to General Weitzel his de- chap. xi.
cision upon the question of a government for Virginia.
This letter was received on Thursday, and was read by
me. . . The object of the invitation is for the government
of Virginia to determine whether they will administer the Api. 7, 1865
laws in connection with the authorities of the United
States. I understand from Mr. Lincoln, if this condition
be fulfilled, that no attempt would be made to establish pamphfet
or sustain any other authority.
The rest of Campbell's long letter related to safe-
conducts, to transportation, and to the contents
of the written memorandum handed by Lincoln to
him at the interview on the Malvern about general
conditions of peace. But this memorandum con-
tained no syllable of reference to the " government
of Virginia," and bore no relation of any kind to
the President's permission to "take measures to
withdraw the Virginia troops," except its promise
"that confiscations (except in case of third party
intervening interests) will be remitted to the people
of any State which shall now promptly and in good
faith withdraw its troops from further resistance to
the Government." Going a step further, the com-
mittee next prepared a call inviting a meeting of
the General Assembly, announcing the consent of
" the military authorities of the United States to
the session of the legislature in Richmond," and
stating that " The matters to be submitted to the
legislature are the restoration of peace to the State
of Virginia, and the adjustment of questions in-
volving life, liberty, and property that have arisen
in the States as a consequence of the war." When ibid.
General Weitzel indorsed his approval on the call
"for publication in the 'Whig' and in hand-bill
form," he does not seem to have read, or if he
Vol. X.— 15
226 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xi. read, to have realized, how completely President
Lincoln's permission had been changed and his
authority perverted. Instead of permitting them
to recall Virginia soldiers, Weitzel was about to
allow them authoritatively to sit in judgment on
all the political consequences of the war "in the
States."
General Weitzel's approval was signed to the call
1865. on April 11, and it was published in the "Rich-
mond Whig " on the morning of the 12th. On that
day the President, having returned to Washington,
was at the War Department writing an answer to
a dispatch from General Weitzel, in which the
general defended himself against the Secretary's
censure for having neglected to require from the
churches in Eichmond prayers for the President
of the United States similar to those which prior
to the fall of the city had been offered up in their
religious services in behalf of "the rebel chief,
Jefferson Davis, before he was driven from the
capital." Weitzel contended that the tone of Presi-
dent Lincoln's conversations with him justified the
omission. Mr. Lincoln was never punctilious about
social or official etiquette towards himself, and he
doubtless felt in this instance that neither his moral
nor political well-being was seriously dependent
upon the prayers of the Richmond rebel churches.
To this part of the general's dispatch he therefore
answered : "I have seen your dispatches to Colonel
Hardie about the matter of prayers. I do not re-
member hearing prayer spoken of while I was in
Richmond, but I have no doubt you acted in what
Lweitznei!° appeared to you to be the spirit and temper mani-
as.12' fested by me while there."
LINCOLN IN BICHMOND 227
Having thus generously assumed responsibility chap, xl
for Weitzel's alleged neglect, the President's next
thought was about what the Virginia rebel Legis-
lature was doing, of which he had heard nothing
since his return from City Point. He therefore in-
cluded in this same telegram of April 12 the fol- ise&
lowing inquiry and direction : "Is there any sign
of the rebel Legislature coming together on the un-
derstanding of my letter to you 1 If there is any
such sign, inform me what it is. If there is no
such sign, you may withdraw the offer."
To this question General Weitzel answered
briefly, " The passports have gone out for the legis-
lature, and it is common talk that they will come
together." It is probable that Mr. Lincoln thought
that if after the lapse of five days the proposed
meeting had progressed no farther than "common
talk," nothing could be expected from it. It would
also seem that at this time he must have received,
either by telegraph or by mail, copies of the cor-
respondence and call which Weitzel had authorized,
and which had been published that morning. The
President therefore immediately wrote and sent
to General Weitzel a long telegram, in which he
explained his course with such clearness that its
mere perusal sets at rest all controversy respect-
ing either his original intention of policy or the
legal effect of his action and orders, and by a final
revocation of the permission he had given brought
the incident to its natural and appropriate ter-
mination :
I have just seen Judge Campbell's letter to you of the
7th. He assumes, it appears to me, that I have called the
insurgent legislature of Virginia together, as the rightful
228
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xi. legislature of the State, to settle all differences with the
United States. I have done no snch thing.1 I spoke of
Api. 12,1865. them not as a legislature, but as " the gentlemen who have
acted as the legislature of Virginia in support of the
rebellion." I did this on purpose to exclude the assump-
tion that I was recognizing them as a rightful body. I
dealt with them as men having power de facto to do a
specific thing, to wit : " to withdraw the Virginia troops
and other support from resistance to the General Govern-
ment," for which, in the paper handed to Judge Camp-
bell, I promised a special equivalent, to wit : a remission
to the people of the State, except in certain cases, of the
confiscation of their property. I meant this and no more.
Inasmuch, however, as Judge Campbell misconstrues
this, and is still pressing for an armistice, contrary to the
explicit statement of the paper I gave him, and particu-
larly as General Grant has since captured the Virginia
troops, so that giving a consideration for their with-
drawal is no longer applicable, let my letter to you and
the paper to Judge Campbell both be withdrawn or
countermanded, and he be notified of it. Do not now
allow them to assemble, but if any have come allow them
safe return to their homes.
Lincoln to
Weitzel,
Apl.12,1865
Campbell,
Pamphlet.
i The account given by Admiral without consultation of dates or
Porter of this transaction, in his documents, and is wholly inac-
" Naval History," p. 799, is evi- curate as well in substance as in
dently written from memory, detail.
CHAPTER XII
JOHNSTON'S SURRENDER
SHERMAN soon wearied of the civil administra- chap, xn
tion of Savannah and of the adjacent region
of Georgia which had suddenly grown loyal. He
received in January a visit from the Secretary lses.
of War, in which many matters pertaining to the
pare of captured property and the treatment of
reclaimed territory were discussed and settled.
But the business which lay nearest to Sherman's
heart, and occupied most of his time, was the
preparation for his march northward of five hun-
dred miles which was to bring him in upon Grant's
left wing to finish the war, either on the banks of the
Roanoke or the James. He pushed forward, with
his accustomed untiring zeal, the work required to
put his magnificent army in position to traverse the
wide pine barrens, the spreading swamps, and the
deep rivers that lay between him and his goal ; and
so rapid was his progress that he would have found
himself ready to start by the middle of January
had it not been for the torrents of rain which fell
during that month, swelling the Savannah River out
of its bed and flooding the rice fields on its shore
for miles around. He made a lodgment meanwhile ««m5JS5S.v
at Pocotaligo, where the railroad to Charleston P°255."
229
230 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xii. crosses the Combahee, meeting so little resistance
as to convince him that there was a sensible
diminution of the energy of the Confederates. The
weather cleared away bright and cold at the end of
1865. January, and with the opening days of February
the great march to the North was begun. Howard
commanded the right wing, consisting of the Fif-
teenth and Seventeenth Army Corps, under Logan
and Blair; Slocum the left wing, the Fourteenth
♦'Memoirs.'" Corps, under Jeff. C. Davis, and the Twentieth
Vol. II., ^ ' '
p. 268. under A. S. Williams ; the cavalry was led by Kil-
patrick; a grand total of 60,000 men; added to
this Grant had promised him important reinforce-
ments on the way. He had abundant stores, with
what he could collect on the march, of food and
forage, and ammunition enough for a great battle.
Fortunately, this last was never to be used.
The whole campaign in fact is mainly interesting
to the military student as one of the most remark-
able marches which history records. It amazed the
Confederate commanders that Sherman should
have thought of advancing before the waters sub-
sided. There is no account of another such march.
From Savannah to Goldsboro' is a distance of 425
miles. The country is for the most part low and at
that season wet, intersected by innumerable rivers
and streams, bordered by swamps, traversed by
roads hardly deserving the name, mere quaking
causeways in a sea of mud. The advance guard
frequently waded through water waist deep. The
country was almost as destitute of maps as the region
of the Congo ; every step forward was made grop-
ingly. At the crossing of the Salkehatchie by Logan's
corps, it was found the stream had fifteen channels,
JOHNSTON'S SURRENDER 231
all of which had to be bridged. The roads were chap, xil
impassable to artillery or train wagons until cordu-
royed ; under the heavy weight the logs gradually
sank till another layer was necessary, and this toil-
some process had to be repeated indefinitely, Cox,
"bridging chaos for hundreds of miles," as Gen- MwShto
eral Cox calls- it. There are few instances of pp. mfik
equal energy and success in the conquest of physi-
cal conditions. General Sherman himself, when it
was all over, compared the march northward with
the march to the sea, in relative importance as ten
to one.
He had little except the forces of nature to fight
with on the way. By skillfully feigning to right
and left he produced the impression that both
Charleston and Augusta were threatened, while he
marched almost unopposed to Columbia. Charles-
ton being thus turned fell like a ripe fruit into the
hands of Dahlgren and Gillmore on the 18th of
February ; General Hardee hurrying northward to i865.
Cheraw, on the Great Peedee. There was nothing
like organized resistance at the beginning of the
march, even at points where it was expected.
When Howard drew near the railroad between
Charleston and Augusta, he paused to deploy his
leading division to be ready for battle. While thus
engaged, a man came galloping down the road,
whom he recognized as one of his own foragers, on
a white horse, with a rope bridle, shouting, " Hurry
up, General, we 've got the railroads." A vital line
of communication had been captured by a squad of «mSSs>
" bummers," while the generals were preparing for p° 274."
a serious battle. Beauregard and Wade Hampton,
who were both in Columbia, had neither the means
232 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xii. nor the disposition to make any effectual resistance.
General Sherman entered the place on the 17th of
1865. February. That night a great part of the town was
destroyed by fire, ignited, Sherman says, by the
burning cotton bales which had been set on fire by
the retreating Confederates. In spite of all that
could be done to check the conflagration it raged
all night, and left the capital of South Carolina a
heap of ashes.1
Sherman did everything in his power to relieve
the houseless and destitute people; he provided
shelter for many, gave five hundred beef cattle to
the mayor, and took measures to maintain public
order after the army should be gone. He destroyed
the railroad for many miles, and, after a halt of two
days, resumed his march to the North.
After leaving Columbia the country was less
difficult and the rate of progress more rapid. With
no more delay than was necessary to destroy the
railroads of the State, the army pushed on towards
the Great Peedee. This was a most important
stage in the journey. Sherman felt if he crossed
that river prosperously there lay no serious obstacle
before him south of the Cape Fear, and that river he
expected to find in the possession of the National
forces. Hardee, after evacuating Charleston, had
established himself in formidable works at Cher aw,
but Sherman flanked him out of them with his left
1 General Wade Hampton and stroyed, but he had expressly di-
other Confederate writers charge rected General Howard to " spare
General Sherman with the mali- libraries, asylums, and private
cious burning of Columbia. We dwellings." Any one acquainted
consider General Sherman's asser- with Sherman's character would
tion to be a sufficient disproof of believe that if he had ordered the
this charge. He had, it is true, or- town tobedestroyedhe would have
dered the public buildings to be de- admitted and defended the act.
GENERAL WADE HAMPTON.
JOHNSTON'S SURRENDER 233
wing, and the right wing, under Howard, crossed chap. xii.
the Peedee and took the town on the 3d of March, lses.
with 28 pieces of artillery, 3000 small arms, and a
great quantity of stores. Hardee and Hampton re-
treated rapidly to Fayetteville, on the Cape Fear ;
Sherman following with equal celerity entered that
place on the 11th, and established communications
with the splendid force which Schofield had brought
from Tennessee to the North Carolina coast. At
Fayetteville Sherman destroyed the arsenal with
all its valuable machinery. If he could have fore-
seen the speedy close of the war this would not
have been done. There was now apparently no
obstruction to the concentration of all his forces at
Goldsboro', a place of the utmost value and impor-
tance ; being the point where the railroads running
from the coast to the Tennessee mountains, and
from Wilmington to Richmond, crossed each other
— to hold which was sooner or later to strangle the
Confederate army in Virginia.
But Sherman was not to accomplish this final
stage of his last great march without meeting a
more determined resistance than he had as yet en-
countered. Beauregard, who was enfeebled by
long illness, in body and mind, had been super-
seded on the 23d of February by General Joseph
E. Johnston, who had received from Lee the com-
prehensive order to " concentrate all available
forces and drive back Sherman." He immediately
assumed command, not flattering himself that he
could defeat his formidable adversary, but deter-
mined to do everything in his power to keep his
army together in such condition that when the end
came he might obtain fair terms of peace.
234 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xii. His army, though wholly inadequate to the task
of driving back Sherman, was by no means con-
temptible. It is almost impossible to determine
with any accuracy the numbers of the Confederates
at this stage of the war ; Jefferson Davis, General
Johnston, and General Beauregard differ widely ;
but a careful examination of all their statements
and reports indicates that Johnston could com-
mand, with Hardee's troops and the remnants
of what Thomas had left on foot of Hood's army,
something like 30,000 men. He had to give Bragg
a portion of this force to oppose the march of Scho-
field from the coast, and with the rest he did what
he could to delay Sherman's inevitable progress.
With the exception of occasional cavalry skir-
mishes of little importance, in one of which —
1865. on the 10th of March — Hampton surprised and
came near capturing Kilpatrick, the two armies
came into collision only twice. At Averysboro'
on the 16th of March, Slocum, with the left wing,
found Hardee intrenched between the Cape Fear
and a neighboring swamp. Sherman, riding with
that wing, personally directed the brief engagement
which ensued; Hardee was driven from his posi-
tion and retired in the night, and Sherman pursued
his march, going to the right to join Howard. Gen-
eral Johnston having by this time come to the con-
clusion that Sherman was moving upon Goldsboro'
concentrated nearly all his force, about 20,000
men, at Bentonville, where on the 19th a severe
fight took place between him and Slocum, com-
manding the left wing of Sherman's army. Slocum,
finding the enemy too strong in numbers and posi-
tion to be swept aside, reported the condition of
JOHNSTON'S SUREENDEE 235
things to Sherman, who instantly started for the chap, xil
scene of action, bringing up his right wing to
Slocum's support. He found Johnston established
on the south side of Mill Creek very much as
Hood had found Schofield at Franklin ; Johnston's
position was even stronger, his whole left being
covered by a brook running through a swamp
which seemed at first sight impassable. Sherman
found among his prisoners representatives of so
many brigades and divisions, the phantom relics of
Hood's army, that he over-estimated the numbers
opposed to him; and therefore instead of at once
overpowering Johnston's force he proceeded with
unusual caution.
On the afternoon of the 21st, General Joseph A. March, lses.
Mower, who held the extreme right of the National
line, made his way with great boldness and skill
through the difficult swamp in his front, and with
two brigades pushed close to the bridges in John-
ston's rear. If he had been supported he could
have cut off Johnston's retreat. But Sherman
did not think it wise to risk a general engage-
ment at that moment, and ordered Mower to
withdraw, which he did under the fire of the forces
which Johnston hurriedly threw against him. The
day's work was the last fight of the two great
armies ; it elated the Confederates beyond what it
was worth ; they cannot be made to believe, to this
day, that Mower withdrew under orders. Sherman
in his "Memoirs" blames himself for not having p. ao*."
followed up Mower's success ; but the result justi-
fied his wise forbearance. The war ended just as
soon as it would have done if he had plunged
among the swampy thickets at Bentonville, and
236
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
JOHNSTON'S SURKENDEH 237
sacrificed thousands of lives in a murderous grapple chap, xil
with Johnston's veterans.
Johnston made good his retreat in the night, and
Sherman hurried on to Goldsboro'; he rode into
the place at the head of his troops on the 23d, find- Marciuse*
ing that Schofield had arrived there the day before.
The grand junction was accomplished, the great
Army of the West was once more united; the
heroes of Franklin and Nashville shook hands with
those who had marched to the sea. Sherman, with
his 90,000 veterans, trained to marching and fight-
ing under conditions before unknown to the world,
was henceforth not only invincible, but irresistible.
The days of the Confederacy were numbered when
he rode into Goldsboro' ; there was nothing left to
do but to gather up the fragments of the revolt.
From every quarter the triumphant legions of
the Union were moving to consummate victory. At
the same moment that the armies of Sherman and
Schofield came together at Goldsboro', two splen-
didly equipped cavalry expeditions were moving
east and south from Thomas's department, the one
under J. H. Wilson to the pacification of Alabama,
the other, under Stoneman, to destroy Lee's last
avenue of supply or escape in the mountainous
region where the boundaries of Virginia, North
Carolina, and Tennessee come together. Thomas
had already, in the month of December, sent Stone-
man with two brigades to sweep East Tennessee
clear of the enemy. He then crossed over into Vir-
ginia, and ascending the Valley of the Holston to
Saltville destroyed the extensive and valuable salt
works at that place, the iron manufactories at
Marion, and the leadworks of Wythe County. He
238 ABBAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xii. drove Breckinridge out of the country, and into
the Secretaryship of War at Eichmond, burnt
bridges, twisted rails, and captured some guns and
1865. prisoners. On the 22d of March he started out
again, this time moving towards Lynchburg, to
head off the expected retreat of Lee. He did not
pursue his old track up the Holston, as there was a
small Confederate force along that river which
might have delayed him; but crossed the Blue
Eidge by way of the Watauga, to the Yadkin, and
thence turning sharply to the north reached
Wytheville without opposition. Here he destroyed
a large depot of Confederate supplies, and rendered
useless by the 7th of April some ninety miles of rail-
road to the west of Lynchburg, so that if Lee had
broken through Sheridan's lines at Appomattox,
he would have met capture or famine immediately
April, 1865. beyond. On the 9th, not knowing what weighty
transactions were making the day forever memo-
rable, Stoneman pushed southward, and on the 12th
defeated Pemberton and Gardner and captured
Salisbury, N. C, with its enormous wealth of stores,
accumulated with the utmost toil and pain, in the
last throes of the Confederacy, as a reserve stock
for Lee's army. He destroyed everything, in ac-
cordance with his orders, not aware of the situation
which made this havoc unnecessary, and went back
to Tennessee.
The ride of Wilson's troopers into Alabama was
one of the most important and fruitful expeditions
of the war, and justified by its celerity, its boldness,
and good judgment the high encomium with which
Grant sent Wilson to Thomas. After the battle of
Nashville and the dispersion of Hood's army, Wil-
JOHNSTON'S SURRENDER 239
son had passed the rest of the winter in drilling chap, xil
and equipping his force ; and he swung loose from
the Tennessee River on the 23d of March, with lses.
three fine divisions commanded by Generals Eli
Long, Emory Upton, and Edward McCook, a
train of 250 wagons especially adapted for
rapid traveling, and packed with small rations
and ammunition; he relied on the country for
bread and meat. Arriving at Jasper he received
information of the movements of Forrest, who
commanded the Confederate forces in his front,
which determined him to sacrifice everything to
swift marching. He left his trains behind, well
guarded, made his men fill their haversacks with
food, and pushed on with such relentless energy
that the scattered detachments of Forrest could
make no stand, nor accomplish any effective con-
centration against him. He sent flying columns
to the right and left to destroy public property and
stores, but led his main column so impetuously
that even the energetic and rough-riding Forrest
could nowhere turn long enough to fight.
At Hillsboro' Wilson reached a bridge so hot on
the heels of the enemy that they could not destroy
it. Coming to Montevallo on the 31st, he wrought
great destruction of iron furnaces and collieries
in the few hours he could spare ; but still pushed
forward, driving the enemy, who, though con-
stantly increased by additional detachments, could
not gain time enough to make an effectual resist-
ance. At last Forrest, having collected all his
available force in a strong position at Plantersville,
six miles north of Selma, gave battle for that im-
portant railroad and manufacturing center, and
240 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xii. met with a total defeat, his lines being broken and
his forces driven helter-skelter into Selma. Wilson
wasted not an instant after his victory, although it
was won on a day in which he marched twenty-
1865. four miles ; at dawn on April 2 he closed in upon
Selma and spent the day establishing his lines and
searching the works. Richard Taylor had fled in
the morning to Demopolis, intending to bring
back a relieving force; but it was not Wilson's
habit to allow time for this. He assaulted the
works late i i the evening and carried them at
every point after a hot but brief conflict. Forrest
escaped in the confusion and joined a portion of
his command which had been cut off at Marion
by Wilson's swift marching. If the Confederacy
had not been already wounded to death, the loss of
Selma would have been almost irreparable ; their
greatest manufacturing arsenal was there, and
enormous stores of every kind. Wilson, after de-
stroying everything which could be of advantage
to the enemy, moved east on Macon, Georgia, and
it was reserved for a detachment of his troops to
capture the fugitive Confederate President on his
flight towards the Florida coast.
Sherman returned to Golclsboro' from his journey
to City Point on the 30th of March ; he was able to
come by rail from New Berne, so rapidly had the
skill of his engineers repaired the ruined road. He
set himself at once to the reorganization of his
army and the replenishment of his stores, so as to
be able to move by the 10th of April, the day
agreed upon with Grant — the day after the deluge,
as it turned out. He still thought there was a hard
campaign with desperate fighting before him; he
GENERAL J. A. MOWER.
JOHNSTON'S SURRENDER 241
superseded Williams by Mower in command of chap, xii,
the Twentieth Corps, because he considered the
latter superior in tactical fighting qualities. With
that vast army, greater than Grant's, under him,
supplied now by rail from Morehead and Wilming-
ton with all that the nation's imperial wealth could
afford, with the broken rebellion tottering to its
fall in every Southern State, he was still as careful
and as laborious in every particular of his prepara-
tion for his next march as if he were beginning a
great war with an equal adversary. He had not
comprehended the full measure of his own success.
So late as the 24th of March he wrote to Grant, " I
feel certain, from the character of the fighting, "MemS'"
that we have got Johnston's army afraid of us " — ^>0l3i6."
as if that were not natural under the circumstances.
Grant, himself, up to the last, remained singularly
modest and reserved in his expectations. His
mind was full of care on Sherman's account, dur- Grant to
ing all his triumphal march northward. "When SMlr?iX'
I hear that you and Schofield are together," he iwd.fp.'3i2.
wrote, " with your back upon the coast, I shall feel
that you are entirely safe against anything the
enemy can do." Safe — with those armies, the
phrase does not sin by exaggeration.
Even on the 6th of April, when the news of the lses.
fall of Richmond and the flight of Lee and the
Confederate Government towards Danville reached
Goldsboro', Sherman was still unable to understand
the full extent of the National triumph. "Of
course," he says, "I inferred that General Lee
would succeed in making junction with General
Johnston, with at least a fraction of his army, some- "Mem^S"
where to my front." He admired and respected p. '343."
Vol. X.— 16
242 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xii. Grant, so far as a man might short of idolatry, yet
the long habit of respect for Lee led him to think
the Confederates would somehow get away. He
had, on the day before, drawn up elaborate and
detailed orders for the march which was to begin
April, 1865. in earnest on the 12th, and be directed to Warren-
ton, near the Roanoke River. He now changed his
plan and prepared to move straight upon John-
ston's army, which was at Smithfield, half way to
Raleigh.
He started promptly on the morning of the
10th; the next day he reached Smithfield, find-
ing it abandoned, Johnston having retired to
Raleigh, burning his bridges. While these were
repairing, Sherman received the great news from
Appomattox. He issued a brief and sententious
order in his happiest vein : " Glory to God and our
country," he said, " and all honor to our comrades
in arms toward whom we are marching! A little
more labor, a little more toil on our part, the great
•♦Memoirs'" race is won, and our Government stands regenerated
Vol. II.,
p- 34±- after four long years of war." A young staff officer
galloped along the lines of the Army of the Ohio
shouting the glorious news to the troops who were
lying at ease in the warm spring sunshine on either
side of the road. His words were received with
wild rejoicing ; they meant peace, an end of march-
captain ing and battle, an end of hatred and strife, a return
A. J. Ricks, , n
carried the to nome an0^ its loves and duties. The troops broke
NLee8's0f in^° strange antics, eminent officers of the highest
totK^y rank and dignity turned somersaults on the grass.
Ohio/' One soldier, as he caught the shouted tidings, yelled
"March to back at the galloping Mercury, " You are the man
p. 213.' we have been looking for these three years." Even
JOHNSTON'S SURRENDER 243
the inhabitants of the country shared in the general chap. xii.
joy ; the worn and weary women canght up their
ragged children and cried, " Now father will come
home."
Sherman, definitely relieved from the apprehen-
sion of a junction of the Confederate armies, had
now no fear except of a flight and dispersal of
Johnston's force into guerrilla bands. If they ran
away he felt he could not catch them ; the country
was too open for that ; thev could scatter and meet
. . , , , . . Sherman,
again at appointed rendezvous and continue a par- "Memoirs."
tisan warfare indefinitely. He could not be ex- p. 344."
pected to know that this resolute enemy, who had
met him on a hundred fields with such undaunted
valor, was sick to the heart of war and longing for
peace. The desire for more fighting survived only
in a group of fugitive politicians, flying from a
danger which did not exist, through the pine
forests and woodlands of the Carolinas.
Entering Raleigh on the morning of the 13th, Apm, i86&
Sherman turned his heads of column in the direc-
tion of Salisbury and Charlotte, hoping to cut off
the southward march of Johnston. He made no
great haste, for thinking Johnston superior to him
in cavalry he wanted Sheridan to arrive before push-
ing the Confederates to extremities. He tried to
persuade the civil authorities at Raleigh to remain
at their posts ; but the governor, Zebulon B. Vance,
had fled, fearing arrest and imprisonment. The
next day Kilpatrick, who was far in front with the
cavalry, reported that a flag of truce had arrived
with a communication from General Johnston. It
reached Sherman in Raleigh ; it was dated the 13th
of April, and was in these words : " The results of
244 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xii. the recent campaign in Virginia have changed the
relative military condition of the belligerents. I
am therefore induced to address you, in this form,
the inquiry whether, in order to stop the further
effusion of blood and devastation of property, you
are willing to make a temporary suspension of
active operations, and to communicate to Lieuten-
ant-General Grant, commanding the armies of the
United States, the request that he will take like action
"JNa?rat£e in regard to other armies — the object being to per-
of^)1erta^y mit the civil authorities to enter into the needful
p.°S». arrangements to terminate the existing war."
This proposition, which was simply for an armis-
tice to enable the National and the Confederate
Governments to negotiate on equal terms, had been
dictated by Jefferson Davis, who had then reached
Greensboro' on his flight southward, written down
by S. E. Mallory, and merely signed and sent by
ibid. General Johnston. It was inadmissible, even offen-
sive in its terms ; but General Sherman, anxious for
peace and incapable of discourtesy to a brave en-
emy, took no notice of its language, and answered
at once in terms so unreserved and so cordial that
they probably encouraged the Confederates to ask
for better conditions of surrender than they had ex-
pected to receive. " I am fully empowered,'' he said,
"to arrange with you any terms for the suspen-
sion of further hostilities between the armies com-
♦'MeSSire.'" manded by you and those commanded by myself,
p. '347." and will be willing to confer with you to that end."
He gave notice that he would limit his advance to
certain points, and asked Johnston to stay in his
present position pending negotiations. He sug-
gested the Appomattox conditions as a basis of
JOHNSTON'S SURRENDER 245
action; and promised to obtain from Grant and chap. xii.
Stoneman a suspension of hostilities. Johnston,
who after sending his letter had marched with his
army towards Greensboro', received Sherman's
reply on the 16th, when he was within a few api.imsgs.
miles of that place. He hurried to Greensboro' to
submit the letter to Jefferson Davis, who was the
real principal so far in the negotiation, but found
that he had started for Charlotte; and Johnston,
therefore, arranged a meeting for noon the next
day, the 17th, at the house of a Mr. Bennett on the
Ealeigh road.
The two great antagonists, who had dealt each
other so many sturdy blows during two years, at
last met, not without emotion, which was height-
ened by Sherman's communicating to Johnston
the news he had that morning received of the
murder of Mr. Lincoln. The Confederate general
expressed his unfeigned sorrow at this calamity,
which smote the South, he said, as deeply as the
North, and in this mood of sympathy the discus-
sion began.1 Sherman said frankly that he could
not recognize the Confederate civil authority as
having any existence, and could neither receive nor
transmit to Washington any proposition coming
from them. He expressed his ardent desire for an
end to devastation, and offered Johnston the same
terms offered by Grant to Lee. Johnston replied
that he would not be justified in such a capitula-
tion, but suggested that they might arrange the terms
of a permanent peace. The suggestion pleased
!In our account of this dis- tive" which General Sherman Sheridan^
cussion we have relied mainly indorses as "quite accurate and voLIl.8'
on General Johnston's "Narra- correct." p. 350.
246
ABEAHAM LINCOLN
Chap. XII.
May 9,
Sherman,
Report
Committee
on Conduct
or" the War,
1865.
Vol. III.,
p. 8.
Johnston,
" Narra-
tive of
Military
Opera-
tions,"
p. 405.
Apl.18,1865.
General Sherman ; the prospect of ending the wai
without the shedding of another drop of blood was
so tempting to him that he did not sufficiently
consider the limits of his authority in the matter ;
and besides, his heart was melted at the sight of
his gallant adversary so completely at his mercy.
He afterwards said in his report of the transaction :
"To push an army whose commander had so
frankly and honestly confessed his inability to
cope with me were cowardly and unworthy of the
brave men I led." Questions arising as to a gen-
eral amnesty and as to the power of Johnston to
bring about the surrender of the Confederate forces
in Texas consumed the afternoon and the generals
parted to meet the next day.
General Sherman, going back to Raleigh, found
all his general officers eagerly in favor of the
negotiations he had begun, and thus confirmed in
his own prepossessions, he renewed the discussion
at noon on the 18th. Here he committed a grave
error in assenting to Johnston's proposition to
introduce John C. Breckinridge into the discus-
sion— not as Secretary of War, they agreed, but
as an officer of the general's staff. Reagan, the
Confederate Postmaster-General, who was some-
where in the background, sent in a written scheme
of capitulation, which Johnston read as a basis
of agreement. Sherman at last — after listening
to a speech by Breckinridge, seized a pen and
wrote with an ease and rapidity which surprised
Johnston the following memorandum of agree-
ment : —
"1. The contending armies now in the field to
maintain the status quo until notice is given by the
JOHNSTON'S SURRENDER 247
commanding general of any one to its opponent, chap. xn.
and reasonable time, — say, forty-eight hours —
allowed.
"2. The Confederate armies now in existence to APi.i8,i865.
be disbanded and conducted to their several State
capitals, there to deposit their arms and public
property in the State arsenal ; and each officer and
man to execute and file an agreement to cease from
acts of war, and to abide the action of the State
and Federal authority. The number of arms and
munitions of war to be reported to the Chief of
Ordnance at Washington City, subject to the fut-
ure action of the Congress of the United States,
and, in the mean time, to be used solely to maintain
peace and order within the borders of the States
respectively.
"3. The recognition by the Executive of the
United States of the several State governments, on
their officers and Legislatures taking the oaths pre-
scribed by the Constitution of the United States,
and, where conflicting State governments have
resulted from the war, the legitimacy of all shall
be submitted to the Supreme Court of the United
States.
" 4. The reestablishment of all the Federal Courts
in the several States, with powers as defined by the
Constitution of the United States and of the States
respectively.
" 5. The people and inhabitants of all the States
to be guaranteed, so far as the Executive can, their
political rights and franchises, as well as their
rights of person and property, as defined by the
Constitution of the United States and of the States
respectively.
248
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xii. " 6. The Executive authority of the Government
of the United States not to disturb any of the
people by reason of the late war, so long as they live
ApU8,i865. in peace and quiet, abstain from acts of armed hos-
tility and obey the laws in existence at the place of
their residence.
" 7. In general terms — the war to cease ; a gen-
eral amnesty, so far as the Executive of the United
States can command, on condition of the disband-
ment of the Confederate armies, the distribution of
the arms, and the resumption of peaceful pursuits
by the officers and men hitherto composing said
armies.
"Not being fully empowered by our respective
principals to fulfill these terms, we individually
and officially pledge ourselves to promptly obtain
the necessary authority, and to carry out the
above programme."
This agreement was signed by the two generals.
Thus the wisdom of Lincoln's peremptory order
to Grant of the 3d of March was completely vindi-
cated ; no general in the field could be trusted to
make terms of peace involving the future relations
of the States with the National Government. On
the Confederate side in this affair the military com-
mander had completely effaced himself, while Gen-
eral Sherman, who had begun most properly with
the offer of Grant's terms at Appomattox, had in
the two days' negotiations set on foot by Jefferson
Davis and carried on by Eeagan and Breckinridge,
ended by making a treaty of peace with the Con-
federate States. But two things must always be
said in his defense. Neither the Government nor
General Grant had ever communicated to him the
Sherman,
"Memoirs."
Vol. II.,
pp. 356, 357.
JOHNSTON'S SURRENDER 249
President's instructions of the 3d of March for- chap, xil
bidding Grant to "decide, discuss, or to confer
upon any political question " ; a neglect for which
both were to blame. Secondly, Grant, in over-
stepping his powers by granting pardon and
amnesty to all the officers of Lee's army, had
naturally created in Sherman's mind the impression
that he might with equal propriety venture upon
the exercise of similar powers. He says also in
justification of his action, that Mr. Stanton, when
at Savannah, had spoken of the terrible financial
strain of the war, and had made him believe that
the termination of this waste was an object so de-
sirable that great sacrifices should be made to
obtain it.
But when all possible explanations have been
made, the fact remains that General Sherman,
though perfectly loyal and subordinate to the civil
authorities, so far as obedience to orders was con-
cerned, ready to lay down his life at any moment
at their command, had the low opinion of civilians
which is so common to soldiers, and thought the
generals in the field more competent to make peace
or war than the politicians in Washington. A year
before he had said to Grant, " Even in the seceded
States, your word now would go further than a to &S2t,
President's proclamation or an act of Congress"; ism. '
and now, three days after this agreement had been apl 21,1865
dispatched to Washington for approval, he returned
to the political aspect of the matter in a letter to
Johnston, referring to the question of slavery, and
saying, "Although, strictly speaking, this is no
subject of a military convention, yet I am honestly
convinced that our simple declaration of a result
250
ABEAHAM LINCOLN
Chap. XII.
Report
Committee
on Conduct
of the War,
1865.
Vol. III.,
p. 16.
Grant to
Sherman,
April 21,
1865.
Sherman,
Memoirs.'
Vol. II.,
p. 360.
April, 1865.
will be accepted as good law everywhere. Of
course I have not a single word from Washington
on this or any other point of our agreement, but I
know the effect of such a step by us will be uni-
versally accepted."
On the same day these confident words were
written the text of the agreement arrived in Wash-
ington. The moment Grant read it he saw that
it was entirely inadmissible; he submitted it to
President Johnson, the Cabinet was hastily called
together and the whole negotiation disapproved.
General Grant was ordered to give Sherman notice
of the disapproval, and to direct him to resume hos-
tilities at once. Lincoln's instructions of the 3d of
March were repeated — somewhat tardily, it must
be confessed — to Sherman as his rule of action.
All this was a matter of course, and even General
Sherman could not properly, and perhaps would
not, have objected to it. But the calm spirit of
Lincoln was now absent from the councils of the
Government; and it was not in Andrew Johnson and
Mr. Stanton to pass over a mistake like this, even
in the case of one of the most illustrious captains
of the age. They ordered Grant to proceed at once
to Sherman's headquarters, and to direct opera-
tions against the enemy, and what was worse than
all, Mr. Stanton printed in the newspapers of the
country the reasons of the Government for dis-
approving the agreement expressed in terms of the
sharpest censure of General Sherman. This publi-
cation did not for some weeks come under General
Sherman's eye.
General Grant arrived at Sherman's headquarters
on the 24th, and made known to him the Govern-
JOHNSTON'S SURRENDER
251
ment's disapproval of his proceedings. Sherman,
with prompt obedience, announced the fact to
Johnston, demanded the surrender of his immediate
command on the Appomattox terms, pure and
simple ; and gave forty-eight hours' notice of the
termination of the truce. General Johnston had
already received, on the same day, from Mr. Davis,
at Charlotte, the approval of the Confederate Gov-
ernment for the convention of the 18th. Mr. Davis,
before giving his consent to the agreement, required
from General Breckinridge, his Secretary of War,
a report as to the desirability of ratifying the con-
vention. This report set forth the desperate con-
dition of affairs, the favorable terms proposed, the
impossibility of negotiations on equal terms. He
therefore advised Mr. Davis to execute the conven-
tion so far as it was in his power, and to recommend
its acceptance by the States, and finally to " return
to the States and the people the trust which you
are no longer able to defend." Thinking the war
at an end, Johnston had drawn from the Treasury
Agent, in his camp, the sum of $39,000 in silver,
which he distributed among his troops, each man
and officer getting a dollar. So far as he was con-
cerned, the war was certainly over ; for he could no
longer hold his troops together. Eight thousand
of them left their camps and went home in the
week of the truce, many of them riding away on
the artillery horses and train mules. When John-
ston communicated to Mr. Davis the failure of his
negotiations and asked instructions, the Confederate
President suggested that he disband the infantry
with instructions to come together at some ren-
dezvous, and try to escape with the cavalry and
Chap. XII.
April, 1865.
" Southern
Historical
Society
Papers."
Vol. XII.,
pp. 100-102.
Johnston,
"Narra-
tive of
Military
Opera-
tions,"
p. 410.
252
ABKAHAM LINCOLN
Chap. XII.
•* Southern
Historical
Society
Papers."
Vol. XII.,
p. 98.
1865.
Johnston,
" Narra-
tive of
Military
Opera-
tions,"
p. 418.
light guns. This futile and selfish direction Gen-
eral Johnston deliberately and wisely refused to
obey. He told General Breckinridge plainly that
this plan contemplated merely the safety of the
" high civil functionaries," and made no provision
for the protection of the people and the prevention
of bloodshed among the soldiers. He counseled the
immediate flight of President Davis, and added,
"Commanders believe the troops will not fight
again." Thinking " it would be a great crime to
prolong the war," he therefore assumed the respon-
sibility of making an end of strife, and answered
Sherman's summons by inviting another confer-
ence at Bennett's house, where the two commanders
met on the 26th of April, and Johnston surrendered
all the Confederate forces in his command, which
in territory happened to be coextensive with
that of Sherman, on the same terms granted Lee
at Appomattox.
By a supplemental agreement, Schofield allowed
the Confederates the use of their field transporta-
tion to get to their homes, and for use on their
farms ; each brigade to retain one-seventh of their
arms till they arrived at the capital of their State ;
officers and men to retain their own horses and
property; General Canby was requested to give
water transportation to those living beyond the
Mississippi; besides this, Sherman, when he was
informed by the Confederate commander that his
supplies were exhausted, gave him 250,000 rations.
Never was a beaten enemy treated so like a friend.
Sherman instantly made the orders necessary for
closing up the work in his department and for
starting the troops on their march homeward. The
JOHNSTON'S SURRENDER 253
paroling of the Confederate force occupied about a chap. xii.
week. Thirty-seven thousand, officers and men,
were paroled in North Carolina — and these were
exclusive of the thousands who deserted their
camps during the suspension of hostilities ; some
sixty thousand surrendered as reported by Wilson
in Georgia and Florida. General Johnston closes
his account of this transaction with these generous
words, as creditable to him as to those of whom he
writes : " The United States troops that remained
in the Southern States on military duty conducted
themselves as if they thought that the object of
the war had been the restoration of the Union.
They treated the people around them as they would
have done those of Ohio or New York, if stationed
among them, as their fellow-citizens." x
Sherman did not pretend to relish or approve
the decision of the Government in regard to his
diplomacy. He submitted like a soldier, carried
out his orders punctually ; but he said to Stanton
plainly that the Government had made a mis- "Memoirs''
take. He wrote on the 25th to Grant, then present p. 362."
with him at headquarters, " I now apprehend that
the rebel armies will disperse ; and instead of deal- Apriuses.
ing with six or seven States, we will have to deal
with numberless bands of desperados, headed by
such men as Mosby, Forrest, Red Jackson, and
others, who know not, and care not for danger and
its consequences." He did not know that Forrest ibid,
had at last got all the fighting he wanted at Wil-
son's hands, and that Mosby was soon to be a
Federal office-holder. Sherman was preparing to
l He adds in a footnote: " This language excludes those of the
Freedmen's Bureau."
254 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xii. go to Savannah to direct the further operations
April, 1865. of Wilson's cavalry, when on the 28th he received
a New York paper containing Stanton's bulletin
in regard to his convention with Johnston. This
naturally roused him to great wrath ; he wrote an
eloquent and fiery defense of his conduct to Grant,
but hastened on his journey to Savannah never-
theless, made all needful provision for Wilson, and
then returned to find still further cause of indigna-
tion. General Grant had transferred his head-
quarters to Washington, and Halleek had been
made commander of the Armies of the Potomac
and the James. In this capacity, filled with new
zeal on the occasion of the Johnston convention,
Halleek had ordered Meade's army, disregarding the
truce, to push forward against Johnston and to at-
tack him, regardless of Sherman's orders. These
orders, though they were nullified by the surrender,
Bowers to had injudiciously been published. This new wa-
sherman to su^ completed the measure of Sherman's anger.
May!! and He broke out into open defiance of the authorities
Report who he thought were persecuting him with deliber-
on conduct ate malice, and declared in a report to Grant that he
of tbe War .
1865. ' would have maintained his truce at any cost of
Vol. III., J
p- 20- life. When Grant suggested that this was uncalled
for, and offered him an opportunity to correct the
report, Sherman refused to do so, avowing his
readiness to obey all future orders of the President
and the General, but insisting that his record
should stand as written. He declined to meet
Halleek in Richmond and warned him to keep out
of his way, and on arriving in Washington publicly
refused the proffered hand of Stanton at the grand
review of the armies.
CHAPTER XIII
THE CAPTURE OF JEFFERSON DAVIS
WHEN Jefferson Davis and the remnant of the ch. xiii.
Confederate Cabinet, with the more impor-
tant of their department archives, left Richmond on
the night of April 2, in consequence of Lee's retreat, i865.
they proceeded to Danville, southwest of Richmond,
arriving there the following morning. In a confer-
ence between Davis and Lee, in which the proba-
bility of abandoning Richmond was discussed, they
had agreed upon this point at which to endeavor
to unite the armies of Lee and Johnston, first to
attack and beat Sherman and then return and
defeat Grant. But Grant, so far from permitting
Lee to execute the proposed junction, did not even
allow him to reach Danville. Lee had been pressed
so hard that he had not found opportunity to
inform Davis where he was going, and this absence
of news probably served to give Davis an intima-
tion that their preconcerted plans were not likely
to reach fulfillment. Nevertheless, the rebel Presi-
dent made a show of confidence; rooms were
obtained, and, he says, the " different departments
resumed their routine labors," though it may be
doubted whether in these labors they earned the
compensation which the Confederate States prom-
ised them.
256
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
Ch. XIII.
April, 1865.
Davis,
" Rise and
j^all of the
Confed-
erate
Govern-
ment."
Vol. II.,
p. 677.
Two days after his arrival at Danville, Jefferson
Davis added one more to his many rhetorical efforts
to " fire the Southern heart." On the 5th he issued
a proclamation, in which, after reciting the late
disasters in as hopeful a strain as possible, he
broke again into his never-failing grandiloquence :
We have now entered upon a new phase of the struggle.
Relieved from the necessity of guarding particular points,
our army will be free to move from point to point, to
strike the enemy in detail far from his base. Let us but
will it and we are free.
Animated by that confidence in your spirit and forti-
tude which never yet failed me, I announce to you, fellow-
countrymen, that it is my purpose to maintain your cause
with my whole heart and soul ; that I will never consent
to abandon to the enemy one foot of the soil of any of
the States of the Confederacy j that Virginia — noble
State, whose ancient renown has been eclipsed by her
still more glorious recent history ; whose bosom has been
bared to receive the main shock of this war ; whose sons
and daughters have exhibited heroism so sublime as to
render her illustrious in all time to come — that Virginia,
with the help of the people and by the blessing of Provi-
dence, shall be held and defended, and no peace ever be
made with the infamous invaders of her territory.
If, by the stress of numbers, we should be compelled to a
temporary withdrawal from her limits or those of any
other border State, we will return until the baffled and
exhausted enemy shall abandon in despair his endless
and impossible task of making slaves of a people resolved
to be free.
In his book, Davis is frank enough to admit that
this language, in the light of subsequent events,
may fairly be said to have been oversanguine. He
probably very soon reached this conviction, for
almost before the ink was dry on the document
a son of General Henry A. Wise, escaping through
the Federal lines on a swift horse, brought him inf or-
GENERAL JAMES H. WILSON
THE CAPTURE OF JEFFERSON DAVIS
257
mation of the surrender of Lee's army to Grant.
.Rumor also reaching him that the Federal cavaliy
was pushing southward west of Danville, the Con-
federate Government again hastily packed its
archives into a railroad train and moved to Greens-
boro', North Carolina. Its reception at this place
was cold and foreboding. The headquarters of the
government remained on the train at the depot.
Only Jefferson Davis, and Secretary Trenholm who
was ill, were provided with lodgings. From this
point Davis sent a dispatch to General Johnston,
soliciting a conference, either at Greensboro' or at
the general's headquarters ; and in response to this
request Johnston went without delay to Greens-
boro', arriving there on the morning of April 12.
Within an hour or two both Generals Johnston
and Beauregard were summoned to meet the Con-
federate President in a council of war, there being
also present the members of the rebel Cabinet,
namely: Benjamin, Secretary of State; Mallory,
Secretary of the Navy, and Reagan, Postmaster-
General. The meeting was held in a room some
twelve by sixteen feet in size, on the second floor
of a small dwelling, and contained a bed, a few
chairs, and a table with writing-materials.
The infatuation under which Davis had plunged
his section into rebellion against the Government,
pitting the South, with its disparity of numbers1 and
resources against the North, still beset him in the
hour of her collapse and the agony of her surren-
der. He had figured out how the united armies of Lee
CR- XIII.
1865.
Frank H.
Alfriend,
" Life of
Jefferson
Davis,"
p. 623.
1 " Dividing their free popula- millions against twenty and a half
tion between the two sections, millions." — Alfriend, " Lif e oi
and the odds were six and a half Jefferson Davis," p. 573.
Vol. X.— 17
258 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
ch. xni. and Johnston could successively demolish Sherman
and Grant, but he could not grasp the logic of com-
mon sense that by the same rule the united armies
of Grant and Sherman would make short work of
Johnston alone whenever they could reach him.
The spirit of obstinate confidence with which he
Api.i2,i865. entered upon the interview may be best inferred
from the description of it, written by the two prin-
cipal actors themselves. Davis says: "I did not
think we should despair. We still had effective
armies in the field, and a vast extent of rich and
productive territory both east and west of the Mis-
sissippi, whose citizens had evinced no disposition
to surrender. Ample supplies had been collected in
the railroad depots, and much still remained to be
placed at our disposal when needed by the army in
North Carolina. . . My motive, therefore, in hold-
ing an interview with the senior generals of the
army in North Carolina was not to learn their
opinion as to what might be done by negotiation
u iSjTaSci W^n the United States Government, but to derive
Faconfed?e from them information in regard to the army under
ernraent/; their command, and what it was feasible and
pp. 679, 680, advisable to do as a military problem."
Johnston's statement shows still more distinctly
how impossible it was for Davis to lay aside the
airs of dictator : " We had supposed that we were to
be questioned concerning the military resources of
our department, in connection with the question of
continuing or terminating the war. But the Presi-
dent's object seemed to be to give, not to obtain,
information ; for, addressing the party, he said that
in two or three weeks he would have a large army
in the field by bringing back into the ranks those
THE CAPTUKE OF JEFFERSON DAVIS 259
who had abandoned them in less desperate eircum- ch. xiii.
stances, and by calling out the enrolled men whom joimston,
the conscript bureau with its forces had been un- tiveof
able to bring into the army. . . Neither opinions opera-
nor information was asked, and the conference pp- ^ex-
terminated."
Pollard, the Southern historian, is probably not
far wrong in saying that this " was an interview of
inevitable embarrassment and pain. The two gen-
erals [Johnston and Beauregard] were those who
had experienced most of the prejudice and injustice
of the President; he had always felt aversion for
them, and it would have been an almost impossible
excess of Christian magnanimity if they had not ^Kf'
returned something of resentment and coldness to Ji?av?sT
the man who, they believed, had arrogantly domi- secret
neered over them and more than once sought their thfcSffed-
ruin." Now when Davis, without even the preface p- shl
of asking their opinions, bade these two men resus-
citate his military and political power and trans-
form him from a fugitive to a commander-in-chief,
it is not to be wondered at that the interview
terminated without result.
Matters were thus left in an awkward situation
for all parties : the rebel chief had no promise of
confidence or support; the generals no authority
to negotiate or surrender; the Cabinet no excuse
to intervene by advice or protest to either party.
This condition was, however, opportunely relieved
by the arrival during the afternoon of the Secre- Api. 12,1865.
tary of War, Breckinridge, who was the first to
bring them the official and undoubted intelligence
of the surrender of Lee with his whole army, of
which they had hitherto been informed only by
260 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
ch. xiii. rumor, and which they had of course hoped to the
last moment might prove unfounded. The fresh
news naturally opened up another discussion and
review of the emergency between the various in-
dividuals, and seems at length to have brought
them to a frank avowal of their real feelings to
each other in private.
"NaiTat^e Johnston and Beauregard, holding military
opera;> counsel together, " agreed in the opinion that the
p. 397'. Southern Confederacy was overthrown." This
opinion Johnston also repeated to Breckinridge and
Mallory, both of whom, it would seem, entertained
the same view. The absence of anything like full
confidence and cordial intimacy between Davis and
his advisers is shown by the fact that these two
members of his Cabinet were unwilling to tell their
chief the truth which both recognized, and urged
upon General Johnston the duty of making the
unwelcome suggestion "that negotiations to end
the war should be commenced." Breckinridge
promised to bring about an opportunity; and it
was evidently upon his suggestion that Davis
called together a second conference of his Cabinet
n>id., p. 398. and his generals.
There is a conflict of statement as to when it
took place. Both Davis and Mallory in their ac-
counts group together all the incidents as if they
occurred at a single meeting, which Mallory places
April, 1865. on the evening of the 12th, while Johnston's ac-
count mentions the two separate meetings, the first
on the morning of the 12th, and the second on the
morning of the 13th ; there being, however, sub-
stantial agreement between all as to the points dis-
cussed. Of this occasion, so full of historical
THE CAPTURE OF JEFFERSON DAVIS
261
interest, we fortunately have the records of two ch. xin.
of the participants. General Johnston writes:
Being desired by the President to do it, we compared
the military forces of the two parties to the war : ours,
an army of about 20,000 infantry and artillery, and 5000
mounted troops ; those of the United States, three armies
that could be combined against ours, which was insignifi-
cant compared with either Grant's of 180,000 men, Sher-
man's of 110,000 at least, and Canby's of 60,000— odds of
seventeen or eighteen to one, which in a few weeks could
be more than doubled. I represented that under such cir-
cumstances it would be the greatest of human crimes for
us to attempt to continue the war ; for, having neither
money nor credit, nor arms but those in the hands of our
soldiers, nor ammunition but that in their cartridge-boxes,
nor shops for repairing arms or fixing ammunition, the
effect of our keeping the field would be, not to harm the
enemy, but to complete the devastation of our country
and ruin of its people. I therefore urged that the Presi-
dent should exercise at once the only function of govern-
ment still in his possession, and open negotiations for
peace. The members of the Cabinet present were then
desired by the President to express their opinions on the
important question. General Breckinridge, Mr. Mallory,
and Mr. Reagan thought that the war was decided against
us, and that it was absolutely necessary to make peace.
Mr. Benjamin expressed the contrary opinion. The latter
made a speech for war much like that of Sempronius in pp- 398, 399
Addison's play.
Johnston,
" Narrative
of Military
Opera-
tions,
Secretary Mallory's account is even more full of
realistic vividness. He represents Davis, after in-
troducing the dreaded topic by several irrelevant
subjects of conversation and coming finally to " the
situation of the country," as saying :
" Of course we all feel the magnitude of the moment.
Our late disasters are terrible, but I do not think we
should regard them as fatal. I think we can whip the
262 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
ch. xiii. enemy yet, if our people will turn out. We must look at
matters calmly, however, and see what is left for us to do.
April, 1865. Whatever can be done must be done at once. We have
not a day to lose." A pause ensued, General Johnston
not seeming to deem himself expected to speak, when the
President said, aWe should like to hear your views,
General Johnston." Upon this the general, without pref-
ace or introduction, — his words translating the expres-
sion which his face had worn since he entered the room, —
said, in his terse, concise, demonstrative way, as if seeking
to condense thoughts that were crowding for utterance :
" My views are, sir, that our people are tired of the war,
feel themselves whipped, and will not fight. Our country
is overrun, its military resources greatly diminished,
while the enemy's military power and resources were never
greater, and may be increased to any desired extent. We
cannot place another large army in the field ; and, cut off
as we are from foreign intercourse, I do not see how we
could maintain it in fighting condition if we had it. My
men are daily deserting in large numbers, and are taking my
artillery teams to aid their escape to their homes. Since
Lee's defeat they regard the war as at an end. If I march
out of North Carolina, her people will all leave my ranks.
It will be the same as I proceed south through South
Carolina and Georgia, and I shall expect to retain no
man beyond the by-road or cow-path that leads to his
house. My small force is melting away like snow before
the sun, and I am hopeless of recruiting it. We may per-
haps obtain terms which we ought to accept." The tone
and manner, almost spiteful, in which the general jerked
out these brief, decisive sentences, pausing at every para-
graph, left no doubt as to his own convictions. When he
ceased speaking, whatever was thought of his statements,
— and their importance was fully understood, — they
elicited neither comment nor inquiry. The President,
who during their delivery had sat with his eyes fixed upon
a scrap of paper, which he was folding and refolding ab-
stractedly, and who had listened without a change of posi-
tion or expression, broke the silence by saying in a low, even
tone ," What do you say, General Beauregard? " "I concur
in all General Johnston has said," he replied. Another
silence, more eloquent of the full appreciation of the condi-
THE CAPTURE OF JEFFERSON DAVIS
263
tion of the country than words could have been, succeeded,
during which the President's manner was unchanged.
Davis's optimism had taken an obstinate form,
and even after these irrefutable arguments and
stern decisions he remained unconvinced. He
writes that he " never expected a Confederate army
to surrender while it was able either to fight or to
retreat"; but, sustained only by the sophomoric
eloquence of Mr. Benjamin, he had no alternative.
He inquired of Johnston how terms were to be
obtained ; to which the latter answered, by negotia-
tion between military commanders, proposing that
he should be allowed to open such negotiations with
Sherman. To this Davis consented, and, upon
Johnston's suggestion, Secretary Mallory took up
a pen and, at Davis's dictation, wrote down the
letter to Sherman which we have quoted elsewhere,
and the results of which have been related. The
council of war over, General Johnston returned to
his army to begin negotiations with Sherman. On
the following day, April 14, Davis and his party,
without waiting to hear the result, left Greensboro'
to continue their journey southward.
The dignity and resources of the Confederate
Government were rapidly shrinking; railroad travel
had ceased on account of burned bridges, and it
could no longer even maintain the state enjoyed in
its car at Greensboro'. We are not informed what
became of the archives ; its personnel — President,
Cabinet, and sundry staff officers — scraped together
a lot of miscellaneous transportation, composed of
riding horses, ambulances, and other vehicles,
which, over roads rendered almost impassable by
mud, made their progress to the last degree vexa-
CH. XIII.
Alfriend,
" Life of
Jefferson
Davis,"
pp. 623-625.
Davis,
"Rise and
Fall of the
Confed-
erate Gov-
ernment."
Vol. II.,
p. 682.
April, 1865.
Alfriend,
" Life of
Jefferson
Davis,"
p. 625.
Burton N.
Harrison,
in " The
Century,"
Nov., 1883,
pp. 134,137
264 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
ch. xiii. tious and toilsome. The country was so full of
fugitives that horse-stealing seems to have become
for the time an admitted custom and privilege. We
have the statement of Davis's private secretary that
eight or ten young Mississippians, one of them an
officer, who volunteered to become the rebel Presi-
dent's body-guard, equipped themselves by " press-
hHJSso?; ing " the horses of neighboring farmers, rendering
century^ necessary a premature and somewhat sudden de-
°PT "i33. " parture in advance of the official party. Obtaining
shelter by night when they could, and camping at
other times, the distinguished fugitives made their
way to Charlotte, North Carolina, where they ar-
ises, rived on the 18th of April.
Since the Confederate Government had consid-
erable establishments at Charlotte, orders were
dispatched to the quartermaster to prepare ac-
commodations; and this request was reasonably
satisfied for all the members of the party except
its chief. The quartermaster met them near the
town and "explained that, though quarters could
be furnished for the rest of us, he had as yet been
able to find only one person willing to receive Mr.
Davis, saying the people generally were afraid that
whoever entertained him would have his house
burned by the enemy ; that, indeed, it was under-
stood threats to that effect had been made every-
where by Stoneman's cavalry. There seemed to be
nothing to do but to go to the one domicile offered.
It was on the main street of the town, and was
occupied by Mr. Bates, a man said to be of North-
ern birth, a bachelor of convivial habits, the local
agent of the Southern Express Company, appar-
ently living alone with his negro servants, and
THE CAPTUKE OF JEFFERSON DAVIS
26b
keeping a sort of 'open house,' where a broad,
well-equipped sideboard was the most conspicuous
feature of the situation — not at all a seemly place
for Mr. Davis."
Mr. Davis was perforce obliged to accept this
entertainment; and whether he failed to realize
the significance of such treatment or whether he
was moved by his suppressed indignation to a de-
fiant self-assertion, when a detachment of rebel
cavalry passing along the street saluted him with
cheers and called him out for a speech, after the
usual compliments to soldiers, he " expressed his
own determination not to despair of the Confed-
eracy, but to remain with the last organized band
upholding the flag." And this feeling he again
emphasized during his stay in Charlotte by a
remark to his private secretary, " I cannot feel like
a beaten man."
The stay at Charlotte was prolonged, evidently
to wait for news from Johnston's army. No infor-
mation came till April 23, when Breckinridge,
Secretary of War, arrived, bringing the memoran-
dum agreement made by Sherman and Johnston on
the 18th. The memorandum seems to have been
discussed at a Cabinet meeting held on the morning
of the 24th, and Mr. Davis yielded to the advice
they all gave him to accept and ratify the agree-
ment. He wrote a letter to that effect, but almost
immediately received further information, which
Sherman communicated to Johnston, that the
Washington authorities had rejected the terms
and agreement, and directed Sherman to continue
his military operations, and that Sherman had
given notice to terminate the armistice. This
Ch. xiii.
Burton N.
Harrison,
in "The
Century,"
Nov., 1883,
p. 136.
Ibid.
1865.
" Southern
Historical
Society
Papers."
Vol. XII.,
pp. 100, 102.
Davis,
" Rise and
Fall of the
Confed-
erate Gov-
ernment."
Vol. II.,
p. 688.
266 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
ch. xiii change, coupled with the news of the assassination
of President Lincoln, which the party had received
on their arrival in Charlotte, stimulated the hopes
of the rebel President, and he sent back instructions
to Johnston to disband his infantry and retreat
southward with so much of his cavalry and light
artillery as he could bring away. Against the
daily evidence of his own observation and the
steady current of advice from his followers, he was
still dreaming of some romantic or miraculous re-
newal of his chances and fortunes. And in his
book, written fifteen years afterward, he makes no
attempt to conceal his displeasure that General
Johnston refused to obey his desperate and futile
orders.
April, 1865. The armistice expired on the 26th, and the fugi-
tive Confederate Government once more took up
its southward flight. At starting, the party still
made show of holding together. There were the
President, most of the members of the Cabinet,
several staff officers, and fragments of six cavalry
brigades, counting about two thousand, which had
escaped in small parties from Johnston's surrender.
This was enough to form a respectable escort.
There was still talk of the expedition turning west-
ward and making its way across the Mississippi
to join Kirby Smith and Magruder. But the
meager accounts plainly indicate that Davis's
advisers fed his hope for politeness' sake, or to
furnish the only pastime with which it was possible
to relieve the tedium of their journey ; for as they
proceeded the expedition melted away as if by
enchantment. Davis directed his course toward
Abbeville, South Carolina. Mr. Mallory records
THE CAPTUKE OF JEFFERSON DAVIS
267
that though they had met no enemy, " At Abbe-
ville the fragments of disorganized cavalry com-
mands, which had thus far performed, in some
respects, an escort's duty, were found to be reduced
to a handful of men, anxious only to reach their
homes as early as practicable, and whose services
could not further be relied on. . . Almost every
cross-road witnessed the separation of comrades
in arms, who had long shared the perils and pri-
vations of a terrific struggle, now seeking their
several homes to resume their duties as peace-
ful citizens."
The members of the Cabinet, except Reagan, also
soon dropped off on various pretexts. Benjamin
decided to pursue another route, Breckinridge
remained behind with the cavalry at the crossing
of the Savannah Eiver and never caught up. At
Washington, Georgia, a little further on, Mallory
halted " to attend to the needs of his family ."
Davis waited a whole day at Washington, and
finding that neither troops nor leaders appeared,
the actual situation seems at last to have dawned
upon him. " I spoke to Captain Campbell of Ken-
tucky, commanding my escort," he writes, "ex-
plained to him the condition of affairs, and telling
him that his company was not strong enough to
fight, and too large to pass without observation,
asked him to inquire if there were ten men who
would volunteer to go with me without question
wherever I should choose." With these, two
officers, three members of his personal staff, and
Postmaster-General Reagan, he pushed ahead,
still nursing his project of crossing the Missis-
sippi River.
ch. xiii.
Alfriend,
"Life of
Jefferson
Davis,"
p. 630.
Davis,
" Rise and
Fall of the
Confed-
erate Gov-
ernment."
Vol. II.,
p. 695.
268 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
ch. xiii. Davis's private secretary had been sent ahead to
join Mrs. Davis and her family party at Abbeville,
Sonth Carolina, and they continued their journey,
in advance, with a comfortable wagon train. After
passing Washington, in Georgia, reports of pursuit
by Federal cavalry increased, and a more ominous
rumor gained circulation that a gang of disbanded
Confederates was preparing to plunder the train
under the idea that it carried a portion of the
official treasure. Apprehension of this latter dan-
ger induced the Confederate President to hurry
forward and overtake his family, and during three
days he traveled in their company. It seems to
have been a dismal journey ; the roads were bad,
heavy storms were prevailing ; signs of danger and
prospects of capture were continually increasing,
and they were sometimes compelled to start at
midnight and push on through driving rain to
make good their concealed flight.
They halted about five o'clock in the afternoon of
1865. May 9, to camp and rest in the pine woods by a
small stream in the neighborhood of Irwinville,
Irwin County, near the middle of Southern Georgia.
Here the situation was discussed, and it became
clear that any hope of reaching the trans-Mississippi
country was visionary. The determination was
finally arrived at to proceed to the east coast of
Florida, and by means of a small sailing vessel,
stated to be in readiness, endeavor to gain the Texas
coast by sea. It was also agreed that Davis should
at once leave his family and push ahead with a few
companions. Davis explains that he and his special
party did not start ahead at nightfall, as had been
arranged, because a rumor reached him that the
THE CAPTUBE OF JEFFERSON DAVIS 269
expected rebel marauders would probably attack ch. xiil
the camp that night, and that he delayed his de-
parture for the protection of the women and chil-
dren, still intending, however, to start during the
night. With this view, his own and other horses
remained saddled and ready. But the camp was
undisturbed, and fatigue seems to have held its in-
mates in deep slumber until dawn of May 10, when, i865.
by a complete surprise, a troop of Federal cavalry
suddenly captured the whole party and camp. There
is naturally some variance in the accounts of the
incident, but the differences are in the shades of
coloring rather than in the essential facts.
Two expeditions had been sent from Macon by
General James H. Wilson in pursuit of Jefferson
Davis and his party — the one to scour the left, the
other the right bank of the Ocmulgee River ; one,
under Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Harnden, com-
manding the 1st Wisconsin Cavalry, starting on
the 6th, and the other, under Lieutenant-Colonel
B. D. Pritchard, commanding the 4th Michigan
Cavalry, starting on the 7th of May. Following
different routes, these two officers met at the village
of Abbeville, Georgia, in the afternoon of May 9,
where they compared notes and decided to continue
the pursuit by different roads. As the chase grew
hot, smaller detachments from each party spurred
on, learned the location of the slumbering camp,
and posted themselves in readiness to attack it at
daylight, but remained unconscious of each other's
proximity.
The fugitives' camp was in the dense pine woods
a mile and a half north of Irwinville. Pritchard
had reached this village after midnight, obtained
270
ABKAHAM LINCOLN
CH. XIII.
May 10, 1865.
G. W.
Lawton,
in "The
Atlantic,"
Sept., 1865,
p. 344.
information about the camp, and procured a negro
boy to guide them to it. Approaching to within
half a mile, he halted, both to wait for daylight and
to send his lieutenant, Purinton, with twenty-five
dismounted men to gain the rear of the camp, but
cautioning him that a part of Harnden's command
would in all probability approach from that direc-
tion, and that he must avoid a conflict with them.
" At daybreak," writes Captain G-. W. Lawton of
Pritchard's force, " the order was passed in a whis-
per to make ready to enter the camp. The men
were alive to the work. Mounting their horses, the
column moved at a walk until the tents came in
sight, and then, at the word, dashed in. The camp
was found pitched on both sides of the road. On
the left hand, as we entered, were wagons, horses,
tents, and men ; on the right were two wall-tents,
fronting from the road. All was quiet in the camp.
We encountered no guards ; if there were any out,
they must have been asleep."
Just at this instant, however, firing was heard
back of the camp, where Purinton had been sent.
This created instant confusion, and Pritchard with
most of his force rushed forward through the camp
to resist a supposed Confederate attack. It turned
out that, despite the precautions taken, the detach-
ment of Pritchard's men under Purinton (the 4th
Michigan) had met a detachment of Harnden's men
(the 1st Wisconsin), and in the darkness they had
mistaken and fired on each other, causing two
deaths and wounding a number.
The rush of the cavalry and the firing of course
aroused the sleepers, and as they emerged from
their tents there was a moment of confusion,
THE CAPTURE OF JEFFERSON DAVIS
271
during which only one or two Federal soldiers
remained in the camp. One of these had secured
Davis's horse, which had stood saddled since the
previous evening, and which a colored servant had
just brought to his tent. Of what ensued, we give
Mr. Davis's own account:
CH. xiii.
Lawton,
in " The
Atlantic,"
Sept., 1865,
p. 344.
I stepped out of my wife's tent and saw some horsemen,
whom I immediately recognized as cavalry, deploying
around the encampment. I turned hack and told my
wife these were not the expected marauders, hut regular
troopers. She implored me to leave her at once. I hesi- Mayio,i865.
tated, from unwillingness to do so, and lost a few precious
moments before yielding to her importunity. My horse
and arms were near the road on which I expected to leave,
and down which the cavalry approached ; it was, there-
fore impracticable to reach them. I was compelled to
start in the opposite direction. As it was quite dark in
the tent, I picked up what was supposed to be my
" raglan," a waterproof light overcoat, without sleeves ;
it was subsequently found to be my wife's, so very like
my own as to be mistaken for it ; as I started, my wife
thoughtfully threw over my head and shoulders a shawl.
I had gone perhaps fifteen or twenty yards when a
trooper galloped up and ordered me to halt and sur-
render, to which I gave a defiant answer, and dropping
the shawl and raglan from my shoulders advanced to-
ward him ; he leveled his carbine at me, but I expected,
if he fired, he would miss me, and my intention was in
that event to put my hand under his foot, tumble him off
on the other side, spring into his saddle and attempt to
escape. My wife, who had been watching, when she saw
the soldier aim his carbine at me, ran forward and threw
her arms around me. Success depended on instantaneous
action, and recognizing that the opportunity had been lost
I turned back, and, the morning being damp and chilly,
passed on to a fire beyond the tent. x
Davis,
" Rise and
Fall of the
Confed-
erate Gov-
ernment,"
pp. 701, 702.
1 It is but just to give the follow-
ing narrative of Captain G-. W.
Lawton of the 4th Michigan Cav-
alry. It was printed in " The
Atlantic Monthly" for Septem-
ber, 1865, and the reader may
272
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
ch. xin. Colonel Pritchard relates in his official report :
Mayio,i864. " Upon returning to camp I was accosted by Davis
from among the prisoners, who asked if I was the
officer in command, and upon my answering him
that I was, and asking him whom I was to call him,
profitably compare it with Jeffer-
son Davis's own narrative which
is quoted in the text.
"Andrew Bee, a private of
Company L went to the en-
trance of Davis's tent, and was
met by Mrs. Davis, 'bareheaded
and barefoot,' as he describes
her, who, putting her hand on
his arm, said :
'" Please don't go in there
till my daughter gets herself
dressed.'
"Andrew thereupon drew back,
and in a few minutes a young lady
(Miss Howell) and another per-
son, bent over as with age, wear-
ing a lady's ' waterproof,' gathered
at the waist, with a shawl drawn
over the head, and carrying a tin
pail, appear, and ask to go to ' the
run ' for water. Mrs. Davis also
appears, and says:
" 'For God's sake, let my old
mother go to get some water ! '
" No objections being made,
they passed out. But sharp eyes
were upon the singular looking
' old mother.' Suddenly, Corporal
Munyer of Company C, and others,
at the same instant, discovered
that the ' old mother ' was wear-
ing very heavy boots for an
aged female, and the corporal
exclaimed :
1 ' ' That is not a woman ! Don't
you see the boots ? ' and spurring
his horse forward and cocking
his carbine, compelled the with-
drawal of the shawl, and disclosed
Jeff. Davis.
"As if stung by this discovery
of his unmanliness, Jeff, struck
an attitude, and cried out :
" 'Is there a man among you ?
If there is, let me see him ! '
"'Yes,' said the corporal, 'I
am one; and if you stir, I will
blow your brains out ! '
" ' I know my fate,' said Davis,
' and might as well die here.'
" But his wife threw her arms
around his neck, and kept herself
between him and the threatening
corporal.
" No harm, however, was done
him, and he was generally kindly
spoken to ; he was only stripped
of his female attire.
" As a man he was dressed in a
complete suit of gray, a light felt
hat, and high cavalry boots, with
a gray beard of about six weeks'
growth covering his face.
" He said he thought that our
Government was too magnani-
mous to hunt women and children
that way.
" When Colonel Pritchard told
him that he would do the best he
could for his comfort, he an-
swered :
" ' I ask no favors of you.'
"To which surly reply the
colonel courteously responded
by assuring him of kind treat-
ment.
' ' Arrangements were forthwith
made to return to Macon. . .
" The members of Davis's staff
submitted with better grace than
he to the capture and march,
and were generally quite com-
municative."
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT.
From a photograph taken in 1875.
THE CAPTUEE OF JEFFEESON DAVIS 273
he replied that I might call him what or whomsoever ch. xiii.
I pleased. When I replied to him that I would call
him Davis, and after a moment's hesitation he said
that was his name, he suddenly drew himself up in
true royal dignity and exclaimed, ' I suppose that
.-,..•,* ,t .. j?ii» Pritchard
you consider it bravery to charge a tram ot detense- to stanton,
less women and children, but it is theft, it is van- ises. '
dalism ! ' "
That the correctness of the report may not be
questioned, we add the corroborating statement of
Postmaster-General Reagan, the sole member of
the rebel Cabinet remaining with the party : " Colo-
nel Pritchard did not come up for some time after
Mr. Davis was made a prisoner. When he rode up
there was a crowd, chiefly of Federal soldiers,
around Mr. Davis. He was standing, and dressed
in the suit he habitually wore. He turned toward
Colonel Pritchard and asked, 'Who commands
these troops ? ' Colonel Pritchard replied, without
hesitation, that he did. Mr. Davis said to him,
i You command a set of thieves and robbers. They
rob women and children.' Colonel Pritchard then
said, 'Mr. Davis, you should remember that you
are a prisoner.' And Mr. Davis replied: 'I am
fully conscious of that. It would be bad enough Rea^n,
to be the prisoner of soldiers and gentlemen. I am m ofAttieale
War " '
still lawful game, and would rather be dead than p. 155.
be your prisoner.' "
Colonel Pritchard's official report gives the fol-
lowing list of the persons who fell into his hands :
"I ascertained that we had captured Jefferson
Davis and family (a wife and four children) ; John
H. Reagan, his Postmaster-Greneral ; Colonels Har-
rison and Lubbock, A. D. C. to Davis ; Burton N.
Vol. X.— 18
274 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
ch. xiii. Harrison, his private secretary ; Major Maurin and
Captain Moody, Lieutenant Hathaway; Jeff. D.
Howell, midshipman in the rebel navy, and twelve
private soldiers; Miss Maggie Howell, sister of
Mrs. Davis ; two waiting maids, one white and one
black, and several other servants. We also cap-
tured five wagons, three ambulances, about fifteen
horses, and from twenty-five to thirty mules. The
train was mostly loaded with commissary stores
and private baggage of the party."
The details of the return march are unnecessary ;
there is no allegation that the prisoners were ill
1865. treated. They arrived at Macon on May 13, both
captors and prisoners having on the way first
learned of the offer of a reward of one hundred
thousand dollars for Davis's apprehension on the
charge of having been an accomplice in the assas-
sination of President Lincoln.
The assumption of Davis's guilt, and the proc-
lamation offering the reward, were not based upon
mere public excitement, but upon testimony given
by witnesses who appeared before the Bureau of
Military Justice, and which seemed conclusively to
prove that the rebel President had taken part in
that dreadful conspiracy. But this evidence was
found to be untrustworthy ; upon an investigation
held by a Committee of Congress about a year later,
several of these witnesses retracted their statements
and declared that their testimony as given originally
was false in every particular. No prosecution on
this charge was therefore begun against Davis; but
after an imprisonment of about two years in Fort
Monroe, he was indicted and arraigned at Eich-
mond before the United States Circuit Court for
THE CAPTUKE OF JEFFERSON DAVIS 275
the District of Virginia for the crime of treason, on. xiu
and liberated on bail, Horace Greeley, Gerritt Smith,
and Cornelius Vanderbilt having volunteered to
become his principal bondsmen.
On the 3d of December, 1868, a motion was made
to quash the indictment on the ground that the
penalties and disabilities denounced against and in-
flicted on him for his alleged offense, by the third
section of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Con-
stitution of the United States, were a bar to any
proceedings upon such indictment. The court, con-
sisting of Chief -Justice Chase and Judge John C.
Underwood, considered the motion, and two days
later announced that they disagreed in opinion,
and certified the question to the Supreme Court
of the United States. Though not announced,
it was understood that the Chief -Justice held the
affirmative and Judge Underwood the negative.
Three weeks from that day President Johnson
bestowed upon Mr. Davis and those who had been
his followers a liberal and fraternal Christmas
gift. On the 25th of December, 1868, he issued a
proclamation supplementing the various prior
proclamations of amnesty, which declared "uncon-
ditionally and without reservation, to all and to
every person who directly or indirectly partici-
pated in the late insurrection or rebellion, a full
pardon and amnesty for the offense of treason
against the United States, or of adhering to their
enemies during the late civil war, with restoration
of all rights, privileges, and immunities, under the
Constitution and the laws which have been made
in pursuance thereof." The Government of course
took no further action in the suit: and at a subse-
276 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
ch. xiii. quent term of the Circuit Court the indictment was
dismissed on motion of Mr. Davis's counsel. The
ex-President of the Confederate States was thus
relieved from all penalties for his rebellion except
the disability to hold office imposed by the third
section of the Fourteenth Amendment, which Con-
gress refused to remove.
This ended the public career of Jefferson Davis.
He returned to his home in Mississippi, where he
lived unmolested nearly a quarter of a century
after the downfall of his rebellion; emerging from
his retirement only by an occasional letter or
address. In some of these, as well as in his
elaborate work entitled " The Rise and Fall of the
Confederate Government," very guarded under-
tones revealed an undying animosity to the
Government of the United States, whose destiny
he had sought to pervert, whose trusts he had
betrayed, whose honors he had repaid by attempt-
ing its destruction, and whose clemency he ap-
peared incapable of appreciating even in his defeat.
He died at New Orleans on December 6, 1889, while
visiting that city.
CHAPTER XIV
THE FOURTEENTH OP APRIL
THE 14th of April was a day of deep and tran- chap. xiv.
quil happiness throughout the United States. i865.
It was Good Friday, observed by a portion of the
people as an occasion of fasting and religious
meditation ; but even among the most devout
the great tidings of the preceding week exerted
their joyous influence, and changed this period of
traditional mourning into an occasion of general
and profound thanksgiving. Peace, so strenuously
fought for, so long sought and prayed for, with
prayers uttered and unutterable, was at last near at
hand, its dawn visible on the reddening hills. The
sermons all day were full of gladness ; the Misereres
turned of themselves to Te Deums. The country
from morning till evening was filled with a solemn
joy ; but the date was not to lose its awful signifi-
cance in the calendar : at night it was claimed once
more, and forever, by a world-wide sorrow.
The thanksgiving of the nation found its prin-
cipal expression at Charleston Harbor. A month
before, after Sherman had " conquered Charleston
by turning his back upon it," the Government re-
solved that the flag of the Union should receive a
conspicuous reparation on the spot where it had
277
278 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xiv. first been outraged. It was ordered by the Presi-
dent that General Robert Anderson should, at the
1865. hour of noon on the 14th day of April, raise
above the ruins of Fort Sumter the identical flag
lowered and saluted by him four years before. In
the absence of General Sherman the ceremonies
were in charge of General Gillmore. Henry Ward
Beecher, the most famous of the antislavery
preachers of the North, was selected to deliver an
oration. The surrender of Lee, the news of which
arrived at Charleston on the eve of the ceremonies,
gave a more transcendent importance to the celebra-
tion, which became at once the occasion of a
national thanksgiving over the downfall of the
rebellion. On the day fixed Charleston was filled
with a great concourse of distinguished officers and
citizens. Its long-deserted streets were crowded
with an eager multitude, and gay with innumerable
flags, while the air was thrilled from an early hour
with patriotic strains from the many bands, and
shaken with the thunder of Dahlgren's fleet, which
opened the day by firing from every vessel a na-
tional salute of twenty-one guns. By eleven o'clock
a brilliant gathering of boats, ships, and steamers
of every sort had assembled around the battered
ruin of the fort; the whole bay seemed covered
with the vast flotilla, planted with a forest of masts,
whose foliage was the triumphant banners of the
nation. The Rev. Matthias Harris, the same chap-
lain who had officiated at the raising of the flag over
Sumter, at the first scene of the war, offered a
prayer ; Dr. Richard S. Storrs and the people read,
in alternate verses, a selection of psalms of thanks-
giving and victory, beginning with these marvelous
THE FOURTEENTH OF APRIL 279
words which have preserved for so many ages the chap. xrv.
very pulse and throb of the joy of redemption :
When the Lord turned again the captivity of Zion, we
were like them that dream.
Then was our mouth filled with laughter, and our
tongue with singing ; then said they among the heathen,
The Lord hath done great things for them.
The Lord hath done great things for us j whereof we
are glad.
Turn again our captivity, 0 Lord, as the streams in the
south.
They that sow in tears shall reap in joy.
He that goeth forth and weepeth, bearing precious seed,
shall doubtless come again with rejoicing, bringing his
sheaves with him.
And at the close, before the Gloria, the people
and the minister read all together, in a voice that
seemed to catch the inspiration of the hour :
Some trust in chariots and some in horses : but we will
remember the name of the Lord our God.
We will rejoice in thy salvation, and in the name of our
God we will set up our banners.
General Townsend then read the original dis-
patch announcing the fall of Sumter, and precisely
as the bells of the ships struck the hour of noon,
General Anderson, with his own hands seizing the To^end
halyards, hoisted to its place the flag which he had ^™£S£8
seen lowered before the opening guns of rebellion. u?s?rl!
As the starry banner floated out upon the breeze,
which freshened at the moment as if to embrace it,
a storm of joyful acclamation burst forth from the
vast assembly, mingled with the music of hundreds Api.u,i865.
of instruments, the shouts of the people, and the
full-throated roar of great guns from the Union and
the captured rebel forts alike, on every side of the
280 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xiv. harbor, thundering their harmonious salute to the
restored banner. General Anderson made a brief
and touching speech, the people sang " The Star-
Api. u, 1865. Spangled Banner," Mr. Beecher delivered an address
in his best and gravest manner, filled with an ear-
nest, sincere, and unboastful spirit of nationality ;
with a feeling of brotherhood to the South, prophe-
sying for that section the advantages which her
defeat has in fact brought her ; a speech as brave,
as gentle, and as magnanimous as the occasion
demanded. In concluding, he said, and we quote
his words, as they embodied the opinion of all men
of good will on this last day of Abraham Lincoln's
life : " We offer to the President of these United
States our solemn congratulations that God has
sustained his life and health under the unparalleled
burdens and sufferings of four bloody years, and
permitted him to behold this auspicious consum-
mation of that national unity for which he has
waited with so much patience and fortitude, and
for which he has labored with such disinterested
wisdom."
At sunset another national salute was fired ; the
evening was given up to social festivities ; the most
distinguished of the visitors were entertained at
supper by General Gillmore ; a brilliant show of
fireworks by Admiral Dahlgren illuminated the bay
and the circle of now friendly forts, at the very
moment when at the capital of the nation a little
group of conspirators were preparing the blackest
crime which sullies the record of the century.
In Washington also it was a day, not of exulta-
tion, but of deep peace and thankfulness. It was
the fifth day after the surrender of Lee ; the first
THE FOURTEENTH OF APRIL 281
effervescence of the intoxicating success had passed chap. xiv.
away. The President had, with that ever-present
sense of responsibility which distinguished him,
given his thoughts instantly to the momentous
question of the restoration of the Union and of
harmony between the lately warring sections. He
had, in defiance of precedent and even of his own
habit, delivered to the people on the 11th, from the Apriuses.
windows of the White House, his well-considered
views as to the measures demanded by the times.
His whole heart was now enlisted in the work of
"binding up the nation's wounds," of doing all
which might "achieve and cherish a just and
lasting peace."
Grant had arrived that morning in Washington April u.
and immediately proceeded to the Executive Man-
sion, where he met the Cabinet, Friday being their
regular day of meeting. He expressed some anxiety
as to the news from Sherman, which he was expect-
ing hourly. The President answered him in that
singular vein of poetic mysticism which, though
constantly held in check by his strong common-
sense, formed a remarkable element in his character.
He assured Grant that the news would come soon
and come favorably, for he had last night had his
usual dream which preceded great events. He
seemed to be, he said, in a singular and indescrib-
able vessel, but always the same, moving with
great rapidity towards a dark and indefinite shore ;
he had had this dream before Antietam, Murfrees-
boro', Gettysburg, and Yicksburg. The Cabinet
were greatly impressed by this story ; but Grant,
the most matter-of-fact of created beings, made the
characteristic response that " Murfreesboro' was no
282 ABEAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xiv. victory, and had no important results." The Presi-
dent did not argue this point with him, but
repeated that Sherman would beat or had beaten
Johnston ; that his dream must relate to that, as
he knew of no other important event which was
likely at present to occur.1
Api. u,i865. The subject of the discussion which took place
in the Cabinet on that last day of Lincoln's firm
and tolerant rule has been preserved for us in the
notes of Mr. Welles. They were written out, it is
true, seven years afterwards, at a time when Grant
was President, seeking reelection, and when Mr.
Welles had followed Andrew Johnson into full
fellowship with the Democratic party. Making
whatever allowance is due for the changed environ-
«The ment of the writer, we still find his account of the
ipriusk day's conversation candid and trustworthy. The
subject of trade between the States was the first
that engaged the attention of the Cabinet. Mr.
Stanton wished it to be carried on under some-
what strict military supervision ; Mr. Welles was
in favor of a more liberal system ; Mr. McCulloch,
new to the Treasury, and embarrassed by his grave
responsibilities, favored the abolition of the Treas-
ury agencies, and above all desired a definite under-
standing of the purpose of the Government. The
President, seeing that in this divergence of views
among men equally able and honest there lay the
best chance of a judicious arrangement, appointed
the three Secretaries as a commission with plenary
power to examine the whole subject, announcing
1 This incident is told by the related "by Charles Dickens with
Hon. Gideon Welles in an article characteristic amplifications. See
printed in "The Galaxy" for also " George Eliot's Life." Vol.
April, 1872. It was frequently III., p. 82.
THE FOUKTEENTH OF APKIL 283
himself as content in advance with their conclu- chap.xiv.
sions.
The great subject of the reestablishment of civil
government in the Southern States was then taken apli4,i86&
up. Mr. Stanton had, a few days before, drawn
up a project for an executive ordinance for the
preservation of order and the rehabilitation of
legal processes in the States lately in rebellion.
The President, using this sketch as his text, not
adopting it as a whole, but saying that it was sub-
stantially the result of frequent discussions in the
Cabinet, spoke at some length on the question of
reconstruction, than which none more important
could ever engage the attention of the Govern-
ment. It was providential, he thought, that this
matter should have arisen at a time when it could
be considered, so far as the Executive was con-
cerned, without interference by Congress. If they
were wise and discreet, they should reanimate the
States and get their governments in successful
operation, with order prevailing and the Union
reestablished, before Congress came together in
December. The President felt so kindly towards
the South, he was so sure of the Cabinet under
his guidance, that he was anxious to close the pe-
riod of strife without overmuch discussion.
He was particularly desirous to avoid the shed-
ding of blood, or any vindictiveness of punishment.
He gave plain notice that morning that he would
have none of it. " No one need expect he would
take any part in hanging or killing these men, even weiies,
the worst of them. Frighten them out of the Galaxy/'
country, open the gates, let down the bars, scare
them off," said he, throwing up his hands as if
284 ABEAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xiv. scaring sheep. " Enough lives have been sacri-
ficed; we mnst extinguish our resentments if we
expect harmony and union." 1 He deprecated the
Api. u,i«5. disposition he had seen in some quarters to hec-
tor and dictate to the people of the South, who
were trying to right themselves. He regretted that
suffrage, under proper arrangement, had not been
given to negroes in Louisiana, but he held that
their constitution was in the main a good one. He
was averse to the exercise of arbitrary powers by
the Executive or by Congress. Congress had the un-
doubted right to receive or reject members ; the Ex-
ecutive had no control in this ; but the Executive
could do very much to restore order in the States,
and their practical relations with the Government,
before Congress came together.
Mr. Stanton then read his plan for the temporary
military government of the States of Virginia and
North Carolina, which for this purpose were com-
bined in one department. This gave rise at once
to extended discussion, Mr. Welles and Mr. Denni-
son opposing the scheme of uniting two States
under one government. The President closed the
session by saying the same objection had occurred
to him, and by directing Mr. Stanton to revise the
document and report separate plans for the govern-
ment of the two States. He did not wish the
autonomy nor the individuality of the States de-
i Near the close of the war his nephews, who were asking for
old friend, Joseph Gillespie, asked vengeance on Shimei because
him what was to be done with the " he cursed the Lord's anointed" :
rebels. He answered, after re- " What have I to do with you, ye
ferring to the vehement demand sons of Zeruiah, that ye should
prevalent in certain quarters for this day be adversaries unto me ?
exemplary punishment, by quot- Shall there any man be put to
ing the words of David to his death this day in Israel?"
THE FOURTEENTH OF APRIL 285
stroyed. He commended the whole subject to the chap. xiv.
most earnest and careful consideration of the
Cabinet; it was to be resumed on the following
Tuesday ; it was., he said, the great question pend-
ing — they must now begin to act in the interest
of peace.
These were the last words that Lincoln spoke to Api. ibises
his Cabinet. They dispersed with these words of
clemency and good-will in their ears, never again
to meet under his wise and benignant chairman-
ship. He had told them that morning a strange
story, which made some demand upon their faith,
but the circumstances under which they were next
to come together were beyond the scope of the
wildest fancy. The day was one of unusual enjoy-
ment to Mr. Lincoln. His son Robert had returned
from the field with General Grant, and the Presi-
dent spent an hour with the young captain in de-
lighted conversation over the campaign. He denied
himself generally to the throng of visitors, admit-
ting only a few friends.
Schuyler Colfax, who was contemplating a visit
overland to the Pacific, came to ask whether the
President would probably call an extra session of
Congress during the summer. Mr. Lincoln assured
him that he had no such intention, and gave him a
verbal message to the mining population of Colorado
and the Western slope of the mountains concerning
the part they were to take in the great conquests
of peace which were coming. In the afternoon he
went for a long drive with Mrs. Lincoln. His mood,
as it had been all day, was singularly happy and
tender. He talked much of the past and the future ;
after four years of trouble and tumult he looked
286 ABEAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xiv. forward to four years of comparative quiet and
normal work ; after that he expected to go back to
Illinois and practice law again. He was never
Api.u,i865. simpler or gentler than on this day of unprece-
dented triumph; his heart overflowed with senti-
ments of gratitude to Heaven, which took the
shape usual to generous natures, of love and kind-
ness to all men.
From the very beginning of his Presidency
Mr. Lincoln had been constantly subject to the
threats of his enemies and the warnings of his
friends. The threats came in every form; his mail
was infested with brutal and vulgar menace, mostly
anonymous, the proper expression of vile and
cowardly minds. The warnings were not less
numerous; the vaporings of village bullies, the
extravagances of excited secessionist politicians,
even the drolling of practical jokers, were faithfully
reported to him by zealous or nervous friends.
Most of these communications received no notice.
In cases where there seemed a ground for inquiry
it was made, as carefully as possible, by the Pres-
ident's private secretary and by the War Depart-
ment, but always without substantial result.
Warnings that appeared to be most definite, when
they came to be examined proved too vague and
confused for further attention. The President was
too intelligent not to know he was in some danger.
Madmen frequently made their way to the very
door of the Executive offices and sometimes into
Mr. Lincoln's presence.1 He had himself so sane
1 All Presidents receive visits to retire one day from his work-
from persons more or less de- ing-room, asked his messenger if
mented. Mr. Hayes, when about there was any one waiting to seei
THE FOUKTEENTH OF APEIL 287
a mind, and a heart so kindly even to his enemies, chap. xrv.
that it was hard for him to believe in a political
hatred so deadly as to lead to murder. He would
sometimes laughingly say, "Our friends on the
other side would make nothing by exchanging me
for Hamlin," the Vice-President having the repu-
tation of more radical views than his chief.
He knew indeed that incitements to murder him
were not uncommon in the South. An advertise-
ment had appeared in a paper of Selma, Alabama,
in December, 1864, opening a subscription for
funds to effect the assassination of Lincoln, Seward,
and Johnson before the inauguration. There was
more of this murderous spirit abroad than was conspiracy
suspected. A letter was found in the Confederate w!aAi?ton
Archives from one Lieutenant Alston, who wrote Davis.
'On file in
to Jefferson Davis immediately after Lincoln's re- th0ef ^ece
election, offering to "rid his country of some of her A<ivoSte-
deadliest enemies by striking at the very heart's waswig?
blood of those who seek to enchain her in slavery." ibia*°p. 52.
This shameless proposal was referred, by Mr.
Davis's direction, to the Secretary of War ; and by
Judge Campbell, Assistant Secretary of War, was
sent to the Confederate Adjutant-General indorsed
"for attention." We can readily imagine what
reception an officer would have met with who
should have laid before Mr. Lincoln a scheme to
assassinate Jefferson Davis. It was the upright-
ness and the kindliness of his own heart that made
him slow to believe that any such ignoble fury
him. " Only two, and one of the emperor of the world. The
them is crazy." " Send in the President rang the bell, and told
sane one," said the President, the messenger if that was his
A grave-looking man was intro- idea of sanity to send in the
duced, who announced himself as maniac.
388 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xiv. could find a place in the hearts of men in their
right minds.
Although he freely discussed with the officials
about him the possibilities of danger, he always
considered them remote, as is the habit of men con-
stitutionally brave, and positively refused to tor-
ment himself with precautions for his own safety.
He would sum the matter up by saying that both
friends and strangers must have daily access to
him in all manner of ways and places ; his life was
therefore in reach of any one, sane or mad, who
was ready to murder and be hanged for it ; that he
could not possibly guard against all danger unless
he were to shut himself up in an iron box, in
which condition he could scarcely perform the
duties of a President; by the hand of a murderer
he could die only once; to go continually in fear
would be to die over and over. He therefore went
in and out before the people, always unarmed,
generally unattended. He would receive hundreds
of visitors in a day, his breast bare to pistol or
knife. He would walk at midnight, with a single
secretary or alone, from the Executive Mansion to
the War Department and back. He would ride
through the lonely roads of an uninhabited suburb
from the White House to the Soldiers' Home in the
dusk of evening, and return to his work in the
morning before the town was astir. He was greatly
annoyed when it was decided that there must be a
guard stationed at the Executive Mansion, and that
a squad of cavalry must accompany him on his
daily ride ; but he was always reasonable and
yielded to the best judgment of others.
Four years of threats and boastings, of alarms
ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
From a photograph taken March 6, 1865.
THE FOURTEENTH OF APRIL 289
that were unfounded, and of plots that came to chap.xiv
nothing thus passed away; but precisely at the
time when the triumph of the nation over the long
insurrection seemed assured, and a feeling of peace
and security was diffused over the country, one of
the conspiracies, not seemingly more important
than the many abortive ones, ripened in the sudden
heat of hatred and despair. A little band of malig-
nant secessionists, consisting of John Wilkes Booth,
an actor, of a family of famous players, Lewis
Powell, alias Payne, a disbanded rebel soldier from
Florida, George Atzerodt, formerly a coachmaker,
but more recently a spy and blockade runner of the
Potomac, David E. Herold, a young druggist's
clerk, Samuel Arnold and Michael O'Laughlin,
Maryland secessionists and Confederate soldiers, pp/aSfm
and John H. Surratt, had their ordinary rendezvous
at the house of Mrs. Mary E. Surratt, the widowed sa h st
mother of the last named, formerly a woman of
some property in Maryland, but reduced by reverses
to keeping a small boarding-house in Washington.
Booth was the leader of the little coterie. He
was a young man of twenty-six, strikingly hand-
some, with a pale olive face, dark eyes, and that
ease and grace of manner which came to him of
right from his theatrical ancestors. He had played
for several seasons with only indifferent success ;
his value as an actor lay rather in his romantic
beauty of person than in any talent or industry he
possessed. He was a fanatical secessionist ; had
assisted at the capture and execution of John Brown,
and had imbibed at Richmond and other Southern
cities where he had played, a furious spirit of par-
tisanship against Lincoln and the Union party.
Vol. X.— 19
290 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xiv. After the reelection of Mr. Lincoln, which rang
the knell of the insurrection, Booth, like many
of the secessionists North and South, was stung to
the quick by disappointment. He visited Canada,
consorted with the rebel emissaries there, and at
last — whether or not at their instigation cannot
certainly be said — conceived a scheme to capture
the President and take him to Eichmond. He
spent a great part of the autumn and winter induc-
ing a small number of loose fish of secession sym-
pathies to join him in this fantastic enterprise.
He seemed always well supplied with money, and
talked largely of his speculations in oil as a source
p. 45. ' of income ; but his agent afterwards testified that
he never realized a dollar from that source ; that
his investments, which were inconsiderable, were a
total loss. The winter passed away and nothing
was accomplished. On the 4th of March, Booth
s^zee7and was at the Capitol and created a disturbance
b/johnV by trying to force his way through the line of
of the ' policemen who guarded the passage through which
police, the President walked to the east front of the build-
ing. His intentions at this time are not known ;
p™t.n' he afterwards said he lost an excellent chance of
killing the President that day.
There are indications in the evidence given on
the trial of the conspirators that they suffered
some great disappointment in their schemes in the
1865. latter part of March, and a letter from Arnold to
ibid., p. 236. Booth, dated March 27, showed that some of them
had grown timid of the consequences of their con-
templated enterprise and were ready to give it up.
He advised Booth, before going further, "to go
and see how it will be taken in R — d.w But timid
THE FOURTEENTH OF APRIL 291
as they might be by nature, the whole group was chap. xiv.
so completely under the ascendency of Booth that
they did not dare disobey him when in his pres-
ence ; and after the surrender of Lee, in an access
of malice and rage which was akin to madness, he
called them together and assigned each his part in
the new crime, the purpose of which had arisen
suddenly in his mind out of the ruins of the
abandoned abduction scheme. This plan was as
brief and simple as it was horrible. Powell, alias
Payne, the stalwart, brutal, simple-minded boy
from Florida, was to murder Seward; Atzerodt,
the comic villain of the drama, was assigned to
remove Andrew Johnson ; Booth reserved for him-
self the most difficult and most conspicuous role of
the tragedy ; it was Herold's duty to attend him as
a page and aid in his escape. Minor parts were
assigned to stage carpenters and other hangers-on,
who probably did not understand what it all meant.
Herold, Atzerodt, and Surratt had previously de-
posited at a tavern at Surrattsville, Maryland, owned
by Mrs. Surratt, but kept by a man named Lloyd,
a quantity of ropes, carbines, ammunition, and
whisky, which were to be used in the abduction
scheme. On the 11th of April Mrs. Surratt, being i865.
at the tavern, told Lloyd to have the shooting irons
in readiness, and on Friday, the 14th, again visited
the place and told him they would probably be
called for that night.
The preparations for the final blow were made
with feverish haste ; it was only about noon of the
14th that Booth learned the President was to go to
Ford's Theater that night. It has always been a
matter of surprise in Europe that he should have
292 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
<chap. xiv. been at a place of amusement on Good Friday ; but
the day was not kept sacred in America, except by
the members of certain churches. It was not,
throughout the country, a day of religious observ-
ance. The President was fond of the theater ; it
was one of his few means of recreation. It was
Api.u,i866. natural enough that, on this day of profound
national thanksgiving, he should take advantage of
a few hours' relaxation to see a comedy. Besides,
the town was thronged with soldiers and officers,
all eager to see him; it was represented to him
that appearing occasionally in public would gratify
many people whom he could not otherwise meet.
Mrs. Lincoln had asked General and Mrs. Grant to
accompany her; they had accepted, and the an-
nouncement that they would be present was made
as an advertisement in the evening papers ; but
they changed their minds and went North by an
afternoon train. Mrs. Lincoln then invited in their
stead Miss Harris and Major Henry R. Eathbone,
the daughter and the stepson of Senator Ira Harris.
The President's carriage called for these young
people, and the four went together to the theater.
The President had been detained by visitors, and
the play had made some progress when he arrived.
When he appeared in his box the band struck up
" Hail to the Chief," the actors ceased playing, and
the audience rose, cheering tumultuously ; the
President bowed in acknowledgment of this greet-
ing and the play went on.
From the moment Booth ascertained the Presi-
dent's intention to attend the theater in the evening
his every action was alert and energetic. He and
his confederates, Herold, Surratt, and Atzerodt, were
THE FOUKTEENTH OF APKIL 293
seen on horseback in every part of the city. He CHAP.xif.
had a hnrried conference with Mrs. Surratt before APi.u,i865.
she started for Lloyd's tavern. He intrusted to an
actor named Matthews a carefully prepared state-
ment of his reasons for committing the murder,
which he charged him to give to the publisher of
the " National Intelligencer," but which Matthews,
in the terror and dismay of the night, burned with- j0iin f.
out showing to any one. Booth was perfectly at statement,
home in Ford's Theater, where he was greatly liked
by all the employees, without other reason than
the sufficient one of his youth and good looks.
Either by himself or with the aid of his friends he
arranged his whole plan of attack and escape dur-
ing the afternoon. He counted upon address and
audacity to gain access to the small passage be-
hind the President's box; once there, he guarded
against interference by an arrangement of a
wooden bar to be fastened by a simple mortice in
the angle of the wall and the door by which he
entered, so that the door could not be opened from
without. He even provided for the contingency
of not gaining entrance to the box by boring a
hole in its door, through which he might either
observe the occupants or take aim and shoot. He
hired at a livery stable a small, fleet horse, which
he showed with pride during the day to barkeepers
and loafers among his friends.
The moon rose that night at ten o'clock. A few
minutes before that hour he called one of the
underlings of the theater to the back door and left
him there holding his horse. He then went to a
saloon near by, took a drink of brandy, and, enter-
ing the theater, passed rapidly through the crowd in
294
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xiv. rear of the dress circle and made his way to the pas-
sage leading to the President's box. He showed a
ApL u,i865. card to a servant in attendance and was allowed
to pass in. He entered noiselessly, and, turning,
fastened the door with the bar he had previously
made ready, without disturbing any of the occu-
pants of the box, between whom and himself there
yet remained the slight partition and the door
DOOR to PASSAGE
DIAGRAM OF THE BOX IN FORD'S THEATER.
(COPIED FROM THE DRAWING IN THE WAR DEPARTMENT.)
through which he had bored the hole. Their eyes
were fixed upon the stage; the play was "Our
American Cousin," the original version by Tom
Taylor, before Sothern had made a new work of
it by his elaboration of the part of Dundreary.
No one, not even the comedian on the stage,
could ever remember the last words of the piece
that were uttered that night — the last Abraham
THE FOURTEENTH OF APRIL 295
Lincoln heard upon earth. The whole performance chap. xiv.
remains in the memory of those who heard it a
vague phantasmagoria, the actors the thinnest of
specters. The awful tragedy in the box makes Api.u,i865.
everything else seem pale and unreal. Here were
five human beings in a narrow space — the greatest
man of his time, in the glory of the most stupen-
dous success in our history, the idolized chief of a
nation already mighty, with illimitable vistas of
grandeur to come; his beloved wife, proud and
happy ; a pair of betrothed lovers, with all the
promise of felicity that youth, social position, and
wealth could give them; and this young actor,
handsome as Endymion upon Latmos, the pet of
his little world. The glitter of fame, happiness,
and ease was upon the entire group, but in an
instant everything was to be changed with the
blinding swiftness of enchantment. Quick death
was to come on the central figure of that company
— the central figure, we believe, of the great and
good men of the century. Over all the rest the
blackest fates hovered menacingly — fates from
which a mother might pray that kindly death would
save her children in their infancy. One was to
wander with the stain of murder on his soul, with
the curses of a world upon his name, with a price
set upon his head, in frightful physical pain, till he
died a dog's death in a burning barn ; the stricken
wife was to pass the rest of her days in melancholy
and madness ; of those two young lovers, one was
to slay the other, and then end his life a raving
maniac.
The murderer seemed to himself to be taking part
in a play. Partisan hate and the fumes of brandy
296
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
STAGE AND PROSCENIUM BOXES OP PORD'S THEATER AS THEY
This drawing was made from two photographs by Brady, lent by W. R. Speare
of Washington. One of the photographs (of the President's box, on the opposite
page), supposed to be the earlier of the two, differs from the other photograph
(showing the stage and all the boxes) as regards the three silk flags, apparently
regimental flags, fixed at the sides and middle column of the box. Joseph S.
THE FOURTEENTH OF APRIL
297
APPEARED ON THE NIGHT OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S ASSASSINATION.
Sessford, at the time assistant treasurer of the theater, is authority for the state-
ment that the second photograph (presented to Mr. Speare hy L. Moxley, who
had it from Mr. Sessford) was taken three or four days after the assassination,
when none of the decorations, except the regimental flags, had been removed.
The portrait between the flags is an engraving of Washington.
298 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xiv. had for weeks kept his brain in a morbid state.
Api.u,i865. He felt as if he were playing Brutus off the boards ;
he posed, expecting applause. Holding a pistol in
one hand and a knife in the other, he opened the
box door, put the pistol to the President's head,
and fired ; dropping the weapon, he took the knife
in his right hand, and when Major Rathbone sprang
to seize him he struck savagely at him. Major
Rathbone received the blow on his left arm, suffer-
ing a wide and deep wound. Booth, rushing for-
ward, then placed his left hand on the railing of
the box and vaulted lightly over to the stage. It
was a high leap, but nothing to such a trained
athlete. He was in the habit of introducing what
actors call sensational leaps in his plays. In
"Macbeth," where he met the weird sisters, he
leaped from a rock twelve feet high. He would
have got safely away but for his spur catching in
the folds of the Union flag with which the front of the
box was draped. He fell on the stage, the torn flag
trailing on his spur, but instantly rose as if he had
received no hurt, though in fact the fall had broken
his leg ; he turned to the audience, brandishing his
dripping knife, and shouting the State motto of
Virginia, " Sic Semper Tyrannis," 1 and fled rapidly
across the stage and out of sight. Major Rath-
bone had shouted, " Stop him ! w The cry went
l Mr. Leopold de Gaillard, writ- ously killed his cousin, Alexander
ing on the 29th of April, 1865, de Medici, who was in reality a
refers to these words of Booth, tyrant, and left in writing near
which he calls a "stupid phrase," the body the line of Virgil on
and not American in character. Brutus : Vincet amor patriae lau-
"I remember," he adds, "but dumque immensa cupido. It was
one assassination adorned with a the thirst of fame which was the
Latin quotation, but it took place real incentive to these savage
in Florence, and in the sixteenth deeds." — " Gazette de France,"
century. Lorenzino treacher- April 30, 1865.
THE FOURTEENTH OF APRIL 299
out, "He has shot the President." From the chap.xiv.
audience, at first stupid with surprise, and after- A.pi.u,i86i
wards wild with excitement and horror, two or
three men jumped upon the stage in pursuit of the
flying assassin; but he ran through the familiar
passages, leaped upon his horse, which was in
waiting in the alley behind, rewarded with a kick
and a curse the call-boy who had held him, and
rode rapidly away in the light of the just risen
moon.
The President scarcely moved ; his head drooped
forward slightly, his eyes closed. Colonel Eath-
bone, at first not regarding his own grievous hurt,
rushed to the door of the box to summon aid. He
found it barred, and on the outside some one was
beating and clamoring for entrance. He opened
the door ; a young officer named Crawford entered;
one or two army surgeons soon followed, who
hastily examined the wound. It was at once seen
to be mortal. It was afterwards ascertained that
a large derringer bullet had entered the back of
the head on the left side, and, passing through the
brain, had lodged just behind the left eye. By
direction of Eathbone and Crawford, the President
was carried to a house across the street and laid
upon a bed in a small room at the rear of the
hall, on the ground floor. Mrs. Lincoln followed,
half distracted, tenderly cared for by Miss Harris.
Eathbone, exhausted by loss of blood, fainted, and
was carried home. Messengers were sent for the
members of the Cabinet, for the Surgeon- General, for
Dr. Eobert K. Stone, the President's family phy-
sician ; a crowd of people rushed instinctively to
the White House and, bursting through the doors,
300
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
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ROOM NO. 1. — The following
indicates the position of persona
present, when the Surgeon-General
announced the death of the Presi-
dent at 7 : 22 A. M., April 15, 1865 :
1. Surgeon-General Barnes (sit-
ting on the side of the bed, holding
the hand of the President).
2. Rev. Dr. Gurley.
3. Surgeon Crane (holding the
President's head).
4. Robert Lincoln.
5. Senator Sumner.
6. Assistant Secretary M. B.
Field.
7. Major John Hay, Private Sec-
retary of the President.
8. Secretary Welles.
9. General Halleek.
10. Attorney-General Speed.
11. General Meigs iQuartermas-
ter-General).
12. Secretary Usher.
13. Secretary Stanton.
14. Governor Deunison.
15. Major Thomas T. Eckert
(Chief of Telegraph Corps at War
Dep"t).
16. Mrs. Kinney.
17. Miss Kinney.
18. Col. Thomas M. Vincent (War
Dep't).
19. Col.L.H. Pelouze (War Dep't).
20. Major A. F. Rockwell (War
Dep't).
21. Secretary Hugh McCulloch
(occupied this position during the
night, but was not present at the
closing scene).
The few others noted were per-
sons unknown to Colonel Rockwell.
[Generals Augur, Farnsworth.and
Todd, Drs. Stone. Leale, Taft, and
Abbott, and Alexander Williamson
(tutor at the White House) were
among them.
ROOM NO. 2. — This room was
used for the. preliminary examina-
tion of witnesses. A stenographer
was seated at the center table (JD)
from 12 to 8 in the morning. The
Secretary (Stanton) wrote his dis-
patches to General Dix (with lead
pencil) at the same table (C).
A, Bed. B. Washstand. C, Table.
I), Table. E, Chair. F, Fireplace.
G, Dressing Case.
ROOM NO. 3. —This room was
occupied bv Mrs. Lincoln, Robert
Lincoln, and two or three friends.
Mrs. Lincoln occupied the sofa
(JH) through the night.
H, Sofa. /.Table. J and L, Eta-
geres. K, Fireplace.
Hall. — Carpet covered with oil-
cloth, stained with drops of blood.
N, Hat Rack. S, Large blood
spot on doorstep.
Tenth Street
SWh-
-5-/7
Fords Theatre
THE FOURTEENTH OF APEIL 301
shouted the dreadful news to Robert Lincoln and chap.xiv.
Major Hay, who sat gossiping in an upper room, Aplasias
Mr. Nicolay being absent at Charleston, at the
flag-raising over Sumter. They ran downstairs.
Finding a carriage at the door, they entered it to
go to Tenth street. As they were driving away,
a friend came up and told them that Mr. Seward
and most of the Cabinet had been murdered. The
news was all so improbable that they could not
help hoping it was all untrue. But when they
got to Tenth street and found every thorough-
fare blocked by the swiftly gathering thousands,
agitated by tumultuous excitement, they were
prepared for the worst. In a few minutes those
who had been sent for, and many others, were
gathered in the little chamber where the chief of
the state lay in his agony. His son was met at
the door by Dr. Stone, who with grave tenderness
informed him that there was no hope. After a
natural outburst of grief young Lincoln devoted
himself the rest of the night to soothing and com-
forting his mother.
The President had been shot a few minutes past
ten. The wound would have brought instant death
to most men, but his vital tenacity was extraor-
dinary. He was, of course, unconscious from the
first moment; but he breathed with slow and
regular respiration throughout the night. As the
dawn came, and the lamplight grew pale in the
fresher beams, his pulse began to fail ; but his face
even then was scarcely more haggard than those
of the sorrowing group of statesmen and generals
around him. His automatic moaning, which had
continued through the night, ceased; a look of
302 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xiv. unspeakable peace came upon his worn features.
Api. 15,1865. At twenty-two minutes after seven he died.
Stanton broke the silence by saying, "Now he
belongs to the ages." Dr. G-urley kneeled by the
bedside and prayed fervently. The widow came
in from the adjoining room supported by her son
and cast herself with loud outcry on the dead
body.
CHAPTER XV
THE FATE OP THE ASSASSINS
BOOTH had done his work efficiently. His
principal subordinate, the young Floridian
called Payne, had acted with equal audacity and
cruelty, but not with equally fatal result. He had
made a shambles of the residence of the Secretary
of State, but among all his mangled victims there
was not one killed. At eight o'clock that night he
received his final orders from Booth, who placed in
his hands a knife and revolver, and a little package
like a prescription, and taught him his lesson.
Payne was a young man, hardly of age, of her-
culean strength, of very limited mental capacity,
blindly devoted to Booth, who had selected him as
the fitting instrument of his mad hatred. He
obeyed the orders of his fascinating senior as
exactly and remorselessly as a steel machine. At
precisely the moment when Booth entered the
theater, Payne came on horseback to the door of
Mr. Seward's residence on Lafayette Square. Dis-
mounting he pretended to be a messenger from the
attending physician, with a package of medicine,
and demanded immediate access to the sick-room
of the Secretary. Mr. Seward had been thrown
from his carriage a few days before and his right
arm and jaw were fractured. The servant at the
Chap. XT.
Apl. 14,1865.
Doster's
Speech,
Pitman,
p. 314.
His true
name was
Lewis
Thornton
Powell.
In 1890 the
residence
of James G.
Blaine,
Secretary
of State.
304 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xv. door tried to prevent Payne from going up the
ApL ibises, stairs, but he persisted, and the noise the two men
made in mounting brought his son Frederick W.
Seward out into the hall.
The Secretary had been very restless and had
with difficulty at last been composed to sleep. Fear-
ing that this restorative slumber might be broken,
Frederick Seward came out to check the intruders.
He met Payne at the head of the stairs, and after
hearing his story bade him go back, offering himself
to take charge of the medicine. Payne seemed for
an instant to give up his purpose in the face of this
unexpected obstacle, but suddenly turned and
rushed furiously upon Frederick Seward, putting
a pistol to his head. It missed fire, and he then
began beating him on the head with it, tearing his
scalp and fracturing his skull. Still struggling, the
two came to the Secretary's room and fell together
through the door. Frederick Seward soon became
unconscious and remained so for several weeks,
being perhaps the last man in the civilized world
who learned the strange story of the night. The
Secretary lay on the farther side of the bed from
the door; in the room was his daughter and a
soldier-nurse, Sergeant Gt. F. Robinson. They both
sprang up at the noise of the disturbance ; Payne
struck them right and left out of his way, wound-
ing Robinson with his knife ; then rushed to the
bed and began striking at the throat of the crip-
pled statesman, inflicting three terrible wounds
in his cheek and neck; the Secretary rolled off
between the bed and the wall.
Robinson had by this time recovered himself and
seized the assassin from behind, trying to pull him
THE FATE OF THE ASSASSINS 305
away from the bed. He fought with the quickness chap. xv.
of a cat, stabbing Robinson twice severely over his APi.i4,i865.
shoulder, in spite of which the sergeant still held on
to him bravely. Colonel Augustus Seward, roused
by his sister's screams, came in his nightdress into
the room, and seeing the two forms in this deadly
grapple thought at first his father was delirious
and was struggling with the nurse, but noting in
a moment the size and strength of the man, he
changed his mind and thought that the sergeant
had gone mad and was murdering the Secretary.
Nothing but madness was at first thought of any-
where to account for the night's work. He seized
Payne, and after a struggle forced him out of the
door — the assassin stabbing him repeatedly about
the head and face. Payne broke away at last and
ran rapidly downstairs, seriously wounding an at-
tendant named Hansell on the way. He reached
the door unhurt, leaped upon his horse, and rode
leisurely away out Vermont Avenue to the eastern
suburb. When surgical aid arrived, the quiet
house, ordinarily so decorous and well ordered, the
scene of an affectionate home life and an unobtru-
sive hospitality, looked like a field hospital ; five of
its inmates were bleeding from ghastly wounds,
and two of them — among the highest officials of
the nation — it was thought might never see the
light of another day; though all providentially
recovered.
The assassin left behind him in his flight his
bloodstained knife, his revolver, — or rather the
fragments of it, for he had beaten it to pieces over
the head of Frederick Seward, — and his hat. This
last apparently trivial loss cost him and one of his
Vol. X.— 20
306 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xv. fellow-conspirators their lives ; for as soon as he
Api.H,i865. had left the immediate scene of his crime, his per-
ceptions being quickened by a murderer's aveng-
ing fears, it occurred to him that the lack of a hat
would expose him to suspicion wherever he was
seen; so, instead of making good his escape, he
abandoned his horse and hid himself for two days
in the woods east of Washington. Driven by hun-
ger he at last resolved to return to the city, to the
house on H street which had been the headquarters
of the conspiracy. He made himself a cap from the
sleeve of his woolen shirt, threw over his shoulder a
pickax he had found in a trench, and coming into
town under cover of the darkness knocked about
midnight at Mrs. Surratt's door. As his fate would
have it, the house was full of officers who had that
moment arrested all the inmates and were about
to take them to the office of the provost-marshal.
Payne thus fell into the hands of justice, and the
utterance of half a dozen words by him and the
unhappy woman whose shelter he had sought was
the death warrant of both. Being asked by Major
Smith to give an account of himself, he said he
had been hired by Mrs. Surratt to dig a drain for
her. She was called out and asked if she knew him.
Not being aware of what he had said, she raised
her right hand, with uncalled-for solemnity, and
said, "Before God, I do not know him, never
saw him, and never hired him." These words, the
evidence of a guilty secret shared between them,
started a train of evidence which led them both to
the scaffold.
Booth was recognized by dozens of people as he
stood before the footlights and brandished his drip-
THE FATE OF THE ASSASSINS 307
ping dagger in a Brutus attitude. His swift horse chap, xv
quickly carried him beyond the reach of any hap- Api.i4,i8<a
hazard pursuit. He gained the navy-yard bridge
in a few minutes, was hailed by a sentry, but per-
suaded the sergeant of the guard that he was
returning to his home in Charles County, and that
he had waited in Washington till the moon should
rise. He was allowed to pass, and shortly after-
wards Herold came to the bridge and passed over
with similar explanations. A moment later the
owner of the horse which Herold rode came up in
pursuit of his animal. He, the only honest man of
the three, was turned back by the guard — the
sergeant felt he must draw the line somewhere.
The assassin and his wretched acolyte came at
midnight to Mrs. Surratt's tavern. Booth, whose
broken leg was by this time giving him excruciat-
ing torture, remained outside on his horse, and
Herold went in, shouting to the inn-keeper to give
him "those things." Lloyd, knowing what was
meant, without a word brought the whisky, car-
bines, and field-glass which the Surratts had de-
posited there. Booth refused a gun, being unable
in his crippled condition to carry it. Herold told
Lloyd they had killed the President, and they rode
away, leaving Lloyd, who was a sodden drunkard
and contrabandist, unnerved by the news and by
his muddy perception of his own complicity in
the crime. He held his tongue for a day or two ;
but at last, overcome by fear, told all that he knew
to the authorities. Booth and Herold pushed on
through the moonlight to the house of an acquain-
tance of Booth, a rebel sympathizer, a surgeon
named Samuel Mudd. The pain of his broken
308 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
cha*. xv. bone had become intolerable and day was ap.
Api.i5.i865. proaching; aid and shelter had become pressingly
necessary. Mudd received them kindly, set Booth's
leg, and gave him a room where he rested until the
middle of the afternoon ; Mudd had a crutch made
for him, and in the evening sent them on their
desolate way to the South.
If Booth had been in health there is no reason
why he should not have remained at large a good
while ; he might even have made his escape to some
foreign country, though, sooner or later, a crime so
prodigious will generally find its perpetrator out.
But it is easy to hide among a sympathizing people.
Many a Union soldier, escaping from prison,
walked hundreds of miles through the enemy's
country, relying implicitly upon the friendship of
the negroes. Booth, from the hour he crossed the
navy-yard bridge, though he met with a consider-
able number of men, was given shelter and assist-
ance by every one whose sympathies were with the
South. After parting with Dr. Mudd, he and
Herold went to the residence of Samuel Cox,1 near
Port Tobacco, and were by him given into the
charge of Thomas Jones, a contraband trader be-
tween Maryland and Richmond, a man so devoted
to the interests of the Confederacy that treason
and murder seemed every-day incidents to be ac-
cepted as natural and necessary. He kept Booth
and Herold in hiding, at the peril of his own life,
1 What Booth and Herold were studies for his historical novel,
about during the week between "Katy of Catoctin," reeon-
18«5. the 15th and the 2 2d of April strueted the entire itinerary of
was not brought out upon the the assassin, and published an
trial of the conspirators, but admirably clear account of it in
George Alfred Townsend, while " The Century Magazine " for
making the extensive and careful April, 1884.
THE FATE OF THE ASSASSINS 309
for a week, feeding and caring for them in the chap. xv.
woods near his house, watching for an oppor-
tunity to ferry them across the Potomac. He did
this while every woodpath was haunted by Govern- April, isgs.
ment detectives, while his own neighborhood was
under strong suspicion, knowing that death would
promptly follow his detection, and that a reward
was offered for the capture of his helpless charge
which would make a rich man of any one who
gave him up. So close was the search that Herold
killed the horses on which they had ridden out of
Washington for fear a neigh might betray their
hiding-place.
With such devoted aid Booth might have wan-
dered a long way ; but there is no final escape but
suicide for an assassin with a broken leg. At each
painful move the chances of discovery increased.
Jones was indeed able, after repeated failures, to
row his fated guests across the Potomac. Arriv-
ing on the Virginia side, they lived the lives of
hunted animals for two or three days longer, find-
ing to their horror that they were received by the
strongest Confederates with more of annoyance than
enthusiasm — though none, indeed, offered to be-
" Trial of
tray them. At one house, while food was given j. h. n
him, hospitality was not offered. Booth wrote the p- ««.'
proprietor a note, pathetic in its attempted dignity,
inclosing five dollars — " though hard to spare " —
for his entertainment.
He had by this time seen the comments of the
newspapers on his work, and bitterer than death
or wounds was the blow to his vanity. He con- ibid., p. 310.
fided his feelings of wrong to his diary : " I struck
boldly, and not as the papers say ; I walked with a
310 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xv. firm step through thousands of his friends ; was
stopped, but pushed on. A colonel was at his side.
I shouted Sic Semper before I fired. In jumping
broke my leg. I passed all his pickets. Bode sixty-
miles that night, with the bone of my leg tearing
Apni, 1865. the flesh at every jump." On Friday, the 21st, he
writes : " After being hunted like a dog through
swamps, woods, and last night chased by gunboats
till I was forced to return, wet, cold, and starving,
with every man's hand against me, I am here in
despair. And why ? For doing what Brutus was
honored for — what made Tell a hero." He goes on
comparing himself favorably with these stage
heroes, and adds : " I struck for my country and
that alone — a country that groaned beneath his
tyranny and prayed for this end ; and yet now be-
hold the cold hand they extend to me." He was
especially grieved that the grandiloquent letter he
had intrusted to his fellow-actor Matthews — and
which he in his terror had destroyed — had not
been published.1 He thought the Government had
wickedly suppressed it; he was tortured with
doubts whether Grod would forgive him, whether it
would not be better to go back to Washington and
" clear his name." " I am abandoned, with the curse
of Cain upon me, when, if the world knew my
heart, that one blow would have made me great."
With blessings on his mother, upon his wretched
1 He had written another letter brother-in-law, J. S. Clarke, the
in November, 1864, avowing his comedian. It was given by Mr.
intention to abduct the Presi- Clarke, after the assassination, to
dent, and to enlist in the Southern the United States authorities in
army, signing it " A Confederate Philadelphia and published in
doing duty upon his own respon- the " Press." It may be found
sibility." He left this letter, in Raymond's " Life of Lincoln,"
sealed, in the hands of his pp. 793-796.
THE FATE OF THE ASSASSINS 311
companion in crime and flight, npon the world chap. xv.
which he thought was not worthy of him, he closed
these strange outpourings, saying, " I do not wish
to shed a drop of blood, but I must fight the
course."
The course was soon ended. At Port Conway on
the Rappahannock, Booth and Herold met three
young men in Confederate uniforms. They were dis-
banded soldiers ; but Herold, imagining that they
were recruiting for the Southern army, told them
his story with perfect frankness and even pride,
saying, "We are the assassinators of the Presi-
dent," and asked their company into the Confed-
erate lines. He was disappointed at learning they
were not going South, but his confidence was not
misplaced. The soldiers took the fugitives to Port
Royal, and tried to get shelter for them, represent-
ing Booth as a wounded Confederate soldier. After
one or two failures they found refuge on the farm
of a man named Garrett on the road to Bowling
Green.
On the night of the 25th of April a party under
Lieutenant E. P. Doherty arrested, in his bed at
Bowling Green, William Jett, one of the Confeder-
ate soldiers mentioned above, and forced him to
guide them to Garrett's farm. Booth and Herold
were sleeping in the barn. When called upon to
surrender, Booth refused, and threatened to shoot
young Garrett, who had gone in to get his arms.
A parley took place, lasting some minutes. Booth
offered to fight the party at a hundred yards, and
when this was refused cried out in a theatrical tone,
" Well, my brave boys, prepare a stretcher for me."
Doherty then told him he would fire the barn ; upon
312 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chat. xv. this Herold came out and surrendered. The barn
was fired, and while it was burning, Booth, who
was clearly visible by the flames through the
cracks in the building, was shot by Boston Cor-
bett, a sergeant of cavalry, a soldier of a gloomy
and fanatical disposition, which afterwards devel-
oped into insanity.1 Booth was hit in the back of
the neck, not far from the place where he had shot
the President. He lingered about three hours in
great pain, conscious but nearly inarticulate, and
died at seven in the morning.
The surviving conspirators, with the exception
of John H. Surratt, were tried by a military com-
mission 2 sitting in Washington in the months of
1865. May and June. The charges against them speci-
fied that they were " incited and encouraged " to
treason and murder by Jefferson Davis and the
Confederate emissaries in Canada. This was not
proved on the trial : the evidence bearing on the
case showed frequent communication between Can-
ada and Richmond and the Booth coterie in Wash-
Lewis f. ington, and some transactions in drafts at the
Te?thnony. Montreal Bank, where Jacob Thompson and Booth
p.^e.11' both kept their accounts. It was shown by the
sworn testimony of a reputable witness that Jeffer-
son Davis at Greensboro', on hearing of the assassi-
nation, expressed his gratification at the news ; but
this, so far from proving any direct complicity in
1 In 1890 he was still living in P. Howe, Robert S. Foster,
an insane asylum in Kansas. James A. Ekin, Thomas M. Har-
2 This commission was com- ris, Colonels C. H. Tompkins and
posed of officers not only of high D. R. Clendenin. The Judge Ad-
rank and distinction, but of un- vocate and Recorder was Joseph
usual weight of character. They Holt, assisted by the Hon. John
were Generals David Hunter, Lew A. Bingham and Colonel H. L.
Wallace, August V. Kautz, Albion Burnett.
THE FATE OF THE ASSASSINS 313
the crime, would rather prove the opposite, as a chap.xv
conscious murderer usually conceals his malice.1
Against all the rest the facts we have briefly stated
were abundantly proved, though in the case of
Mrs. Surratt the repugnance which all men feel at
the execution of a woman induced the commission
to unite in a recommendation to mercy, which
President Johnson, then in the first flush of his zeal
against traitors, disregarded.2 Habeas corpus pro-
ceedings were then resorted to, and failed in virtue
of the President's orders to the military in charge
of the prisoners. The sentences were accordingly
executed : Mrs. Surratt, Payne, Herold, and Atzer-
odt were hanged on the 7th of July ; Mudd, Arnold, i865.
and O'Laughlin were imprisoned for life at the
Tortugas, though the term was afterwards short-
ened ; and Spangler, the scene shifter at the theater,
was sentenced to six years in jail. John H. Surratt
escaped to Canada, where he lay in hiding some
months in a monastery, and in the autumn sailed
for England under an assumed name. He wandered
over Europe, enlisted in the Papal Zouaves, deserted
and fled to Egypt, where he was detected and brought
back to Washington in 1867. His trial lasted two
months and ended in a disagreement of the jury.
1 Mr. Davis, in his " Rise and tion, we could not be expected to
Fall of the Confederate Govern- mourn." When captured by
meut," contradicts this evidence Wilson he affected to think he
of Lewis F. Bates. He admits, cleared himself of all suspicion
however, that the dispatch, being in this regard by saying that
read in his presence to the Johnson was more objectionable
troops with him, elicited cheers, to him than Lincoln — not notic-
1 ' as was natural at news of ing that the conspiracy contem- Vol. II.,
the fall of one they considered plated the murder of both of p' 683,
their most powerful foe " ; and he them.
adds, il For an enemy so relent- 2 See argument of Edwards
less, in the war for our subjuga- Pierrepont, p. 77.
CHAPTER XVI
THE MOURNING PAGEANT
dhap. xvi. T) ECOUNTING the fate of these wretched male-
JLIj factors has led us far afield. We will now
1865. return to the morning of the 15th of April and
sketch, in brief and wholly inadequate words, the
honors which the nation paid to its dead. The
appalling news spread quickly over the country;
millions of citizens learned at their breakfast tables
that the President had been shot and was dying ;
and two hours after his death, when a squad of
soldiers were escorting his mortal remains to the
Executive Mansion, the dreadful fact was known
at all the great centers of population. This was
the first time the telegraph had been called upon
to spread over the world tidings of such deep and
mournful significance; it was therefore the first
time the entire people of the United States had
been called to deplore the passing away of an idol-
ized leader even before his body was cold in death.
The news fell with peculiar severity upon the
hearts which were glowing with the joy of a great
victory. For the last four days, in every city and
hamlet of the land, the people were breaking forth
into unusual and fantastic expressions of gaiety
and content ; bonfires flamed through the nights ;
814
THE MOURNING PAGEANT 315
the days were uproarious with the firing of guns ; chap, xvl
the streets were hung with flags and wreaths, and
whatever decorations could be on the instant
improvised by a people not especially gifted with
the scenic sense ; and committees were everywhere
forming to arrange for elaborate and official func-
tions of joy.
Upon this mirth and expansion the awful in- Apriuses
telligence from Washington fell with the crushing
and stunning effect of an unspeakable calamity.
In the sudden rigor of this unexpected misfortune
the country lost sight of the vast national success
of the past week; and it thus came to pass that
there was never any organized expression of the
general exultation or rejoicing in the North over
the downfall of the rebellion. It was unquestion-
ably best that it should be so ; and Lincoln him-
self would not have had it otherwise. He hated
the arrogance of triumph ; and even in his cruel
death he would have been glad to know that
his passage to eternity would prevent too loud
an exultation over the vanquished. As it was, the
South could take no umbrage at a grief so genuine
and so legitimate ; the people of that section even
shared, to a certain degree, in the lamentations
over the bier of one whom in their inmost hearts
they knew to have wished them well.
There was one exception to the general grief too
remarkable to be passed over in silence. Among
the extreme radicals in Congress Mr. Lincoln's
determined clemency and liberality towards the
Southern people had made an impression so unfa-
vorable that, though they were naturally shocked at
his murder, they did not among themselves con-
316 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xvi. ceal their gratification that he was no longer in
their way. In a political caucus, held a few hours
after the President's death, they resolved on an
entire change of the Cabinet, and a " line of policy
less conciliatory than that of Mr. Lincoln ; . . . the
feeling was nearly universal" — we are using the
GjSn7* language of one of their most prominent representa-
'iteSuej? tives — " that the accession of Johnson to the Presi-
p!°255. dency would prove a godsend to the country."
The next day the Committee on the Conduct of the
War called on the new President, and Senator
Wade bluntly expressed to him the feeling of his
associates : " Johnson, we have faith in you. By
the gods, there will be no trouble now in running
ibid., p. 257. the Government." Before many months passed
away they had opportunity to learn that violence of
speech was no guarantee of political consistency.
In Washington, with this singular exception, the
manifestation of the public grief was immediate
and demonstrative. The insignia of rejoicing at
once disappeared, and within an hour after the
body of the President was taken to the White
House the town was shrouded in black. Not only
the public buildings, the stores and shops, and the
better class of residences were draped in funeral
decorations, but a still more touching proof of the
affection with which the dead man was regarded
was seen in the poorest class of houses, where the
laboring men of both colors found means in their
penury to afford some scanty show of mourning.
The interest and the veneration of the people
still centered in the White House, where, under a
tall catafalque in the east room, the late chief of
the state lay in the majesty of death, and not at the
THE MOURNING PAGEANT 31?
modest tavern on Pennsylvania Avenue, where chap.xvl
the new President had his lodging. At eleven Api.i5.j8M.
o'clock Chief -Justice Chase administered the oath
of office to Andrew Johnson in the presence of a
few witnesses. He immediately summoned the
Cabinet for a brief meeting. William Hunter
was appointed Acting Secretary of State during
the interim of the disability of Mr. Seward and his
son, and directed to communicate to the country
and the world the change in the head of the Gov-
ernment brought about by the last night's crime.
It was determined that the funeral ceremonies in
Washington should be celebrated on Wednesday,
the 19th of April, and all the churches throughout
the country were invited to join at the same time
"in solemnizing the occasion" by appropriate
observances. All of the pomp and circumstance
which the Government could command was em-
ployed to give a fitting escort from the White
House to the Capitol, where the body of the Presi-
dent was to lie in state. A splendidly appointed
force of cavalry, artillery, and infantry formed the
greater part of the procession, which was com-
pleted by delegations from Illinois and Kentucky
as mourners, the new President, the Cabinet, the
ministers of foreign powers, and all the high officers
of the nation, legislative, judicial, and executive.
The pall-bearers comprised the leading members of
both Houses of Congress and the officers of the
highest rank in the army and navy.
The ceremonies in the east room were brief and
simple. The Rev. Dr. Hall of the Church of the
Epiphany read the burial service. Bishop Simp-
son of the Methodist Church, distinguished equally
318 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
chaiv xvi. for his eloquence and his patriotism, offered a
prayer, and the Eev. Dr. P. D. Gurley, at whose
church the President and his family habitually at-
tended worship, delivered a short address, commem-
orating, in language notably free from courtly
flattery, the qualities of courage, purity, and sub-
lime faith which had made the dead man great and
9.
THE FUNEBAL CAR.
useful. The coffin was carried to the funeral car,
and the vast procession moved to the Capitol amid
the tolling of all the bells in Washington, George-
town, and Alexandria, and the booming of minute-
guns at Lafayette Square, at the City Hall, and
on Capitol hill. To associate the pomp of the
day with the greatest work of Lincoln's life, a
detachment of colored troops marched at the head
of the line. In the rotunda, under the soaring
dome of the Capitol, the coffin rested during the
April, 1865. day and night of the 19th and until the evening of
the next day. The people passed by in thousands
to gaze on the face of the liberator — which had
taken on in death an expression of profound hap-
piness and repose, like that so often seen on the
features of soldiers shot dead in battle.
THE MOURNING PAGEANT 319
It had been decided from the first that Lin- chap, xvl
coin was to be buried at Springfield. Whenever
a President dies, whose personality, more than his
office, has endeared him to the people, it is proposed
that his body shall rest at Washington; but the
better instinct of the country, no less than the
natural feelings of the family, insist that his dust
shall lie among his own neighbors and kin. It is
fitting that Washington shall sleep at Mount
Vernon, the Adamses at Quincy, that even Harri-
son and Taylor and Garfield, though they died in
office, should be conveyed to the bosom of the
States which had cherished them and sent them to
the service of the nation. So Illinois claimed her
greatest citizen for final sepulture amid the scenes
which witnessed the growth and development of
his unique character. The town of Springfield set
apart a lovely spot in its northern suburb for his
grave and appropriated $20,000 — a large sum con-
sidering the size and wealth of the town — to defray
the expenses of his funeral. As soon as it was an-
nounced that he was to be buried in Illinois every
town and city on the route begged that the train
might halt within its limits and give its people the
opportunity of testifying their grief and their rev-
erence. It was finally arranged that the funeral
cortege should follow substantially the same route
over which Lincoln had come in 1861 to take pos-
session of the office to which he had given a new
dignity and value for all time.
Governor John Brough of Ohio and John W. Gar-
rett of Baltimore were placed in general charge of
the solemn journey. A guard of honor consisting
of a dozen officers of high rank in the army and
320 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xvi. navy1 was detailed by their respective depart-
ments, which received the remains of the President
at the station in Washington at eight o'clock on
lees. the morning of Friday, the 21st of April, and
the train, decked in somber trappings, moved out
towards Baltimore. In this city, through which,
four years before, it was a question whether the
President-elect could pass with safety to his life,
the train made a halt; the coffin was taken with
sacred care to the great dome of the Exchange, and
there, surrounded by evergreens and lilies, it lay for
several hours, the people passing by in mournful
throngs. Night was closing in, with rain and
wind, when the train reached Harrisburg, and the
coffin was carried through the muddy streets to the
State Capitol, where the next morning the same
scenes of grief and affection were seen. We need
not enumerate the many stopping places of this
dolorous pageant. The same demonstration was
repeated, gaining continually in intensity of feel-
ing and solemn splendor of display, in every city
through which the procession passed. At Phila-
delphia a vast concourse accompanied the dead
President to Independence Hall; he had shown
himself worthy of the lofty fate he courted when,
on that hallowed spot, on the birthday of Washing-
ton, 1861, he had said he would rather be assas-
sinated than give up the principles embodied in the
Declaration of Independence. Here, as at many
other places, the most touching manifestations of
loving remembrance came from the poor, who
brought flowers twined by themselves to lay upon
1 General E. D. Townsend represented the Secretary of War, Rear-
Admiral C. H. Davis the Secretary of the Navy.
THE MOURNING PAGEANT 321
the coffin. The reception at New York was worthy chap. xvi.
alike of the great city and of the memory of the
man they honored. The body lay in state in the
City Hall and a half million of people passed in
deep silence before it. Here G-eneral Scott came,
pale and feeble, but resolute, to pay his tribute of
respect to his departed friend and commander.
The train went up the Hudson Eiver by night,
and at every town and village on the way vast
crowds were revealed in waiting by the fitful glare
of torches; dirges and hymns were sung as the
train moved by. Midnight had passed when
the coffin was borne to the Capitol at Albany, yet
the multitude rushed in as if it were day, and
for twelve hours the long line of people from
northern New York and the neighboring States
poured through the room.
Over the broad spaces of New York the cortege
made its way, through one continuous crowd of
mourners. At Syracuse thirty thousand people
came out in a storm at midnight to greet the pas-
sing train with fires and bells and cannons; at
Eochester the same solemn observances made the
night memorable; at Buffalo — it was now the
morning of the 27th — the body lay in state at St. Apm, lses.
James's Hall, visited by a multitude from the
western counties. As the train passed into Ohio
the crowds increased in density, and the public
grief seemed intensified at every step westward;
the people of the great central basin seemed to be
claiming their own. The day spent at Cleveland
was unexampled in the depth of emotion it brought
to life, the warm devotion to the memory of the
great man gone which was exhibited ; some of the
Vol. X.— 21
322 ABBAHAM LINCOLN
chap. xvi. guard of honor have said that it was at that point
they began to appreciate the place which Lincoln
was to hold in history. The authorities, seeing
April, 1865. that no building could accommodate the crowd
which was sure to come from all over the State,
wisely erected in the public square an imposing
mortuary tabernacle for the lying in state, brilliant
with evergreens and flowers by day, and innu-
merable gas jets by night, and surmounted by the
inscription, Extinctus amabitur idem. Impressive
religious ceremonies were conducted in the square
by Bishop Mcllvaine, and an immense procession
moved to the station at night between two lines of
torchlights. Columbus and Indianapolis, the State
capitals of Ohio and Indiana, were next visited.
The whole State, in each case, seemed gathered to
meet their dead hero ; an intense personal regard
was everywhere evident; it was the man, not the
ruler, they appeared to be celebrating; the banners
and scrolls bore principally his own words: "With
malice toward none, with charity for all"; "The
purposes of the Lord are perfect and must prevail" ;
"Here highly resolve that these dead shall not
have died in vain"; and other brief passages from
his writings. On arriving in Chicago, on the 1st of
May, amid a scene of magnificent mourning, the
body was borne to the court-house, where it lay for
two days under a canopy of somber richness,
inscribed with that noble Hebrew lament, "The
beauty of Israel is slain upon thy high places."
From all the States of the Northwest an innumera-
ble throng poured for these two days into Chicago,
and flowed, a mighty stream of humanity, past the
coffin of the dead President, in the midst of
THE MOURNING PAGEANT 323
evidences of deep and universal grief which chap.xvi
was all the more genuine for being quiet and
reserved.
The last stage of this extraordinary progress was
the journey to Springfield, which began on the
night of the 2d of May and ended at nine o'clock i865.
the next morning — the schedule made in Washing-
ton twelve days before having been accurately
carried out. On all the railroads centering in
Springfield the trains for several days had been
crowded to their utmost capacity with people who
desired to see the last of Abraham Lincoln upon
earth. Nothing had been done or thought of for
two weeks in Springfield but the preparations for
this day; they were made with a thoroughness
which surprised the visitors from the East. The
body lay in state in the Capitol, which was richly
draped from roof to basement in black velvet and
silver fringe ; within it was a bower of bloom and
fragrance. For twenty-four hours an unbroken
stream of people passed through, bidding their
friend and neighbor welcome home and farewell,
and at ten o'clock on the 4th of May the coffin lid
was closed at last and a vast procession moved out
to Oak Eidge, where the dead President was com-
mitted to the soil of the State which had so loved
and honored him. The ceremonies at the grave
were simple and touching. Bishop Simpson deliv-
ered a pathetic oration ; prayers were offered and
hymns were sung; but the weightiest and most
eloquent words uttered anywhere that day were
those of the Second Inaugural, which the com-
mittee had wisely ordained to be read over his
grave, as the friends of Eaphael chose the incom-
324
Chap. XVI.
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
2x1
<^^^Mf li^f r"-^- liif Jnfm
^^^W§^|!^^'lv^?SZjrv
■^Wlfc)j^|^^»».
THE LINCOLN MONUMENT AT SPRINGFIELD.
parable canvas of the Transfiguration as the chief
ornament of his funeral.
An association was immediately formed to build
a monument over the grave of Lincoln. The work
was in the hands of his best and oldest friends in
Illinois, and was pushed with vigor. Few large
subscriptions were received, with the exception of
$50,000 voted by the State of Elinois and $10,000
by New York; but innumerable small contribu-
tions afforded all that was needed. The soldiers
and sailors of the nation gave $28,000, of which
the disproportionately large amount of $8,000 was
the gift of the negro troops, whose manhood
Lincoln had recognized by putting arms in their
THE MOUENING PAGEANT 325
hands.1 In all $180,000 was raised, and the monu- chap.xvl
inent, built after a design by Larkin G. Mead, was
dedicated on the 15th of October, 1874. The day-
was fine, the concourse of people was enormous ;
there were music and eloquence and a brilliant deco-
rative display. The orator of the day was General
Kichard J. Oglesby, who praised his friend with
warm but sober eulogy; General Sherman added his
honest and hearty tribute ; and General Grant, twice
elected President, uttered these carefully chosen
words, which had all the weight that belongs to the
rare discourses of that candid and reticent soldier :
From March, 1864, to the day when the hand of the
assassin opened a grave for Mr. Lincoln, then President
of the United States, my personal relations with him
were as close and intimate as the nature of our respective
duties would permit. To know him personally was to
love and respect him for his great qualities of heart and
head, and for his patience and patriotism. With all his
disappointments from failures on the part of those to
whom he had intrusted commands, and treachery on
the part of those who had gained his confidence hut
to betray it, I never heard him utter a complaint, nor cast
a censure, for bad conduct or bad faith. It was his
nature to find excuses for his adversaries. In his death
the nation lost its greatest hero ; in his death the South
lost its most just friend.
l Besides contributing thus gen- Washington a noble group in
erously to the Springfield monu- bronze, including Lincoln, and
inent, the freed people gave entitled "Emancipation." The
another touching instance of subscription for this purpose was
their gratitude by erecting in a started by a negro washerwoman,
public square on Capitol Hill in The statue is by Thomas Ball.
CHAPTER XVII
THE END OF REBELLION
ch. xvii. TN the early years of the war, after every con-
JL siderable success of the national arms, the
newspapers were in the habit of announcing that
"the back of the rebellion was broken." But at last
the time came when the phrase was true; after
April, 1865. Appomattox, the rebellion fell to pieces all at once,
Lee surrendered less than one-sixth of the Confed-
erates in arms on the 9th of April ; the armies that
still remained to them, though inconsiderable when
compared with the mighty host under the national
colors, were yet infinitely larger than any Washing-
ton had commanded, and were capable of strenuous
resistance and of incalculable mischief. Leading
minds on both sides thought the war might be
indefinitely prolonged. We have seen that Jefferson
Davis, after Richmond fell, issued his swelling mani-
festo, saying the Confederates had "now entered
upon a new phase of the struggle," and that he would
" never consent to abandon to the enemy one foot of
Sherman to ^e so^ °^ any °^ tne States °' the Confederacy."
Report General Sherman, so late as the 25th of April, said,
onTonduct " I now apprehend that the rebel armies will dis-
ofi86t65.ar' perse; and instead of dealing with six or seven
p. is. '' States, we will have to deal with numberless bands
326
THE END OF REBELLION 327
of desperadoes." Neither side comprehended fully ch. xvn.
the intense weariness of war that had taken posses-
sion of the South; and peace came more swiftly
and completely than any one had ever dared to
hope.
The march of Sherman from Atlanta to the sea
and his northward progress through the Carolinas
had predisposed the great interior region to make
an end of strife, a tendency which was greatly pro-
moted by Wilson's energetic and masterly raid.
The rough usage received by Taylor and by For-
rest at his hands, and the blow their dignity suffered
in the chase of their fugitive President, made
their surrender more practicable. An officer of
Taylor's staff came to Canby's headquarters on the
19th of April to make arrangements for the sur- i865.
render of all the Confederate forces east of the
Mississippi not already paroled by Sherman and by
Wilson — embracing some 42,000 men. On the 4th
of May the terms were agreed upon and signed
at the village of Citronelle in Alabama. General
Taylor gives a picturesque incident of his meeting
with General Canby. The Union officers invited
the Confederates to a luncheon, and while the
latter were enjoying a menu to which they had
long been unaccustomed, the military band in
attendance began playing " Hail, Columbia." Canby
— with a courtesy, Taylor says, equal to anything
recorded by Froissart — excused himself, and
walked to the door ; the music ceased for a moment,
and then the air of " Dixie " was heard. The Con-
federates, not to be left in arrears of good-breeding,
then demanded the national air, and the flag of
the reunited country was toasted by both sides.
328 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
ca xvn. The terms agreed upon were those accorded by
Grant to Lee, with slight changes of detail, the
United States Government furnishing transporta-
tion and subsistence on the way home to the men
lately engaged in the effort to destroy it. The
Confederates willingly testify to the cordial gen-
erosity with which they were treated. "Public
property," says General Taylor, " was turned over
and receipted for, and this as orderly and quickly
as in time of peace between officers of the same
service." At the same time and place the Confed-
erate commodore Ebenezer Farrand surrendered to
Rear-Admiral Henry K. Thatcher all the naval
forces of the Confederacy in the neighborhood of
Mobile — a dozen vessels and some hundreds of
officers.
General E. Kirby Smith commanded all the insur-
gent forces west of the Mississippi. On him the
desperate hopes of Mr. Davis and his flying Cabinet
were fixed, after the successive surrenders of Lee
and Johnston had left them no prospect in the East.
They imagined they could move westward, gather-
ing up stragglers as they fled, and, crossing the
river, could join Smith's forces, and "form an
army, which in that portion of the country,
abounding in supplies and deficient in rivers and
railroads, could have continued the war. . ." " To
this hope," adds Mr. Davis, " I persistently clung."
1865 Smith, on the 21st of April, called upon his
soldiers to continue the fight. " You possess the
means of long resisting invasion. You have hopes
of succor from abroad. . . The great resources of
this department, its vast extent, the numbers, the
discipline, and the efficiency of the army, will
THE END OF EEBELLION 329
secure to our country terms that a proud people ch. xvii.
can with honor accept, and may, under the provi-
dence of God, be the means of checking the triumph
of our enemy and securing the final success of our
cause."
The attitude of Smith seemed so threatening
that Sheridan was sent from Washington to bring
him to reason. But he did not long hold his
position of solitary defiance. One more needless
skirmish took place near Brazos, and then Smith
followed the example of Taylor, and surrendered
his entire force, some eighteen thousand, to General
Canby, on the 26th of May. The same generous laes.
terms were accorded him that had been given to
Taylor — the Government fed his troops and car-
ried them to their homes.
Meanwhile, General Wilson had been paroling
many thousands of prisoners, who wandered in
straggling parties within the limits of his com-
mand. One hundred and seventy-five thousand
men in all were surrendered by the different
Confederate commanders, and there were, in ad-
dition to these, about 99,000 prisoners in national
custody during the year ; one-third of these were
exchanged and two-thirds released. This was done
as rapidly as possible, by successive orders of the
War Department, beginning on the 9th of May and lses.
continuing through the summer.
The first object of the Government was to stop
the waste of war. Eecruiting ceased immediately
after Lee's surrender; the purchase of arms and
supplies was curtailed, and measures were taken
to reduce as promptly as possible the vast military
establishment. It had grown during the last few
330 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
oh. xvn. months to portentous dimensions. The impression
that a great and final victory was near at hand, the
stimulus of the national hope, the prospect of a
brief and prosperous campaign, had brought the
army up to the magnificent complement of a million
men.1 The reduction of this vast armament, the
retrenchment of the enormous expenses incident to
it, were immediately undertaken with a method
and despatch which were the result of four years'
thorough and practical training, and which would
have been impossible under any other circum-
stances. Every chief of bureau was ordered, on
lees. the 28th of April, to proceed at once to the reduc-
tion of expenses in his department to a peace foot-
ing, and this before Taylor or Smith had surren-
dered, and while Jefferson Davis was still at large.
The transportation department gave up the rail-
roads of the South to their owners, mainly in better
condition than that in which they had been received.
They began without delay to sell the immense accu-
mulation of draught animals ; eight million dollars
were realized from that source within the year.
The other departments also disposed of their sur-
plus stores. The stupendous difference which the
close of the war at once caused in the finances of
the country may be seen in the fact that the appro-
priations for the army in the fiscal year succeeding
the war were $33,814,461 as against $516,240,131
for the preceding year. The army of a million
men was brought down, with incredible ease and
celerity, to one of twenty-five thousand.
Before the great army melted away into the
!May 1, 1865, the aggregate was 1,000,516.— Johnson, Message,
December 4, 1865. Appendix, "Globe," p. 4.
THE END OF KEBELLION 331
greater body of citizens the soldiers enjoyed ch. xvn.
one final triumph, a march through the capital,
undisturbed by death or danger, under the eyes of
their highest commanders, military and civilian,
and the representatives of the people whose nation-
ality they had saved. The Army of the Potomac and
the army of Sherman — such corps of them as were
stationed within reach, waiting their discharge —
were ordered to pass in review before General
Grant and President Johnson, in front of the
Executive Mansion, on the 23d and 24th of May. i865.
Those who witnessed this solemn yet joyous
pageant will never forget it, and will pray that
their children may never witness anything like it.
For two whole days this formidable host, eight
times the number of the entire peace establishment,
marched the long stretch of Pennsylvania Avenue,
starting from the shadow of the dome of the Capitol,
and filling that wide thoroughfare to Georgetown
with their serried mass, moving with the easy, yet
rapid pace of veterans in cadence step. On a plat-
form in front of the White House stood the Presi-
dent and all the first officers of the state, the judges
of the highest court, the most eminent generals and
admirals of the army and the navy. The weather,
on both days, was the finest a Washington May
could afford; the trees of Lafayette Square were
leafing out in their strong and delicate verdure.
The Army of the Potomac, which for four years
had been the living bulwark of the capital, was
rightly given the precedence. Meade himself rode
at the head of his column, then came the cavalry
headed by Merritt — Sheridan having already
started for his new command in the Southwest.
332 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
ch. xvii. Custer, commanding the Third Division, had an
opportunity of displaying his splendid horseman-
ship, as his charger, excited beyond control by the
pomp and martial music, bolted near the Treas-
ury, and dashed with the speed of the wind past
the reviewing stand, but was soon mastered by the
young general, who was greeted with stormy ap-
plause as he rode gravely by the second time,
covered with garlands of flowers, the gifts of
friends on the pavement. The same graceful
guerdon was given all the leading commanders;
even subalterns and hundreds of private soldiers
marched decked with these fragrant offerings. The
three infantry corps, the Ninth, under Parke, the
Fifth, under Griffin, — though Warren was on
the stand, hailed with tumultuous cheers by his sol-
diers,— and the Second, under Humphreys, moved
swiftly forward. Wright, with the Sixth, was too
far away to join in the day's parade.1 The memory
of hundreds of hard-fought battles, of saddening
defeats and glorious victories, of the dead and
maimed comrades who had fallen forever out of the
thinned ranks, was present to every one who saw
the veteran divisions marching by under the charge
of generals who had served with them in every
vicissitude of battle and siege — trained officers like
Crook and Ayres, and young and brilliant soldiers
who had risen like rockets from among the volun-
teers, such as Barlow and Miles. Every brigade
had its days of immortal prowess to boast, every
tattered guidon had its history.
May, 1865. On the 24th Sherman's army marched in review.
The general rode in person at the head of his
1 His corps was reviewed on the 7th of June.
THE END OP REBELLION 333
troops, and was received by the dense multitude ch. xvu
that thronged the avenue with a tumult of raptur- Mavises,
ous plaudits which might have assured him of the
peculiar place he was to hold thereafter in the
hearts of his fellow-citizens. He and his horse
were loaded with flowers; and his principal com-
manders were not neglected. Howard had just
been appointed chief of the Freedmen's Bureau,
and therefore Logan commanded the right wing of
the Army of the Tennessee, the place he had hoped
for, and, his friends insist, deserved, when McPher-
son fell ; Hazen had succeeded to the Fifteenth
Corps, and Frank Blair, a chivalrous and martial
figure, rode at the head of the Seventeenth. Slocum
led the left wing, — the Army of Georgia, — consist-
ing of the Twentieth Corps under Mower, and the
Fourteenth under J. C. Davis. The armies of
Meade and Sherman were not exclusively from the
East and West respectively ; for Sherman had the
contingent which Hooker and Howard had brought
to Chattanooga from the East; and there were
regiments from as far West as Wisconsin and
Minnesota in the Army of the Potomac. But
Sherman's troops were to all intents and purposes
Western men, and they were scanned with keen
and hospitable interest by the vast crowd of spec-
tators, who were mainly from the East. There was
little to choose between the two armies: a trifle
more of neatness and discipline, perhaps, among
the veterans of Meade ; a slight preponderance in
physique and in swinging vigor of march among
the Westerners; but the trivial differences were
lost in the immense and evident likeness, as of
brothers in one family. There was a touch of the
334 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
ch. xvii. grotesque in the march of Sherman's legions which
May, 1865. was absent from the well-ordered corps of Meade.
A small squad of bummers followed each brigade,
in their characteristic garb and accessories; small
donkeys loaded with queer spoils ; goats and game
cocks, regimental pets, sitting gravely on the backs
of mules ; and pickaninnies, the adopted children
of companies, showed their black faces between
the ranks, their eyes and teeth gleaming with
delight.
As a mere spectacle, this march of the mightiest
host the continent has ever seen gathered together
was grand and imposing, but it was not as a spec-
tacle alone that it affected the beholder most deeply.
It was not a mere holiday parade ; it was an army
of citizens on their way home after a long and
terrible war. Their clothes were worn with toil-
some marches and pierced with bullets; their
banners had been torn with shot and shell and lashed
in the winds of a thousand battles ; the very drums
and fifes that played the ruffles as each battalion
passed the President had called out the troops to
numberless night alarms, had sounded the onset
at Vicksburg and Antietam, had inspired the
wasted valor of Kenesaw and Fredericksburg,
had throbbed with the electric pulse of victory at
Chattanooga and Five Forks. The whole country
claimed these heroes as a part of themselves, an
infinite gratification forever to the national self-
love ; and the thoughtful diplomatists who looked
on the scene from the reviewing stand could not
help seeing that there was a conservative force in
an intelligent democracy which the world had
never before known.
THE END OF REBELLION 335
With all the shouting and the laughter and the ch. xvii.
joy of this unprecedented ceremony there was one May, lses
sad and dominant thought which could not be
driven from the minds of those who saw it — that
of the men who were absent, and who had, never-
theless, richly earned the right to be there. The
soldiers, in their shrunken companies, were con-
scious of the ever-present memories of the brave
comrades who had fallen by the way ; and in the
whole army there was the passionate and unavail-
ing regret that their wise, gentle, and powerful
friend, Abraham Lincoln, was gone forever from
the house by the avenue, where their loyal votes,
supporting their loyal bayonets, had contributed
so much to place him.
The world has had many lessons to learn from
this great war : the naval fight in Hampton Eoads
opened a new era in maritime warfare; the marches
of Sherman disturbed all previous axioms of
logistics ; the system of instantaneous intrench-
ments, adopted by the soldiers of both sides in the
latter part of the war, changed the whole character
of modern field tactics. But the greatest of all
the lessons afforded to humanity by the Titanic
struggle in which the American Republic saved its
life is the manner in which its armies were levied,
and, when the occasion for their employment was
over, were dismissed. Though there were periods
when recruiting was slow and expensive, yet there
were others, when some crying necessity for troops
was apparent, that showed almost incredible speed
and efficiency in the supply of men. Mr. Stanton,
in his report for 1865, says: "After the disasters
on the Peninsula, in 1862, over 80,000 troops were
336
ABKAHAM LINCOLN
Ch. XVII.
Appendix,
44 Globe,"
1865-66,
pp. 10, 11.
enlisted, organized, armed, equipped, and sent into
the field in less than a month. Sixty thousand
troops have repeatedly gone to the field within
four weeks ; and 90,000 infantry were sent to
the armies from the five States of Ohio, Indiana,
Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin within twenty days."
This certainly shows a wealth of resources noth-
ing less than imperial, and a power of commanding
the physical and moral forces of the nation which
has rarely been paralleled. Even more important,
by way of instruction and example, was the lesson
given the nations by the quick and noiseless dis-
persion of the enormous host when the war was
done. The best friends of the Republic in Europe
feared for it in this crisis, and those who disbe-
lieved in the conservative power of democracy
were loud in their prophecies of the trouble which
would arise on the attempt to disband the army. A
million men, with arms in their hands, flushed with
intoxicating victory, led by officers schooled in
battle, loved and trusted — were they not ready for
any adventure ? Was it reasonable to believe that
they would consent to disband and go to work
again at the bidding of a few men in black coats at
Washington? Especially after Lincoln was dead,
could the tailor from Tennessee direct these myr-
iads of warriors to lay down their arms and melt
away into the everyday life of citizens ? In Amer-
ica there was no anxiety on this score among the
friends of the Union. Without giving the subject
a thought they knew there was no danger. The
war had been made to execute the laws and to save
the national existence, and when those objects were
attained there was no thought among the soldiers,
THE END OF REBELLION 337
from the general to the humblest file-closer, but to ch. xvii.
wait for the expected orders from the civil authori-
ties for their disbandment.
The orders came as a mere matter of course, and
were executed with a thoroughness and rapidity
which then seemed also a matter of course, but
which will appear more and more wonderful to
succeeding generations. The muster-out began on
the 29th of April, before Lincoln was borne to his lses.
grave, before Davis was caught, before the rebels
of the trans-Mississippi had ceased uttering their
boasts of eternal defiance. First the new recruits,
next the veterans whose terms were nearly expired,
next those expensive corps the cavalry and artillery,
and so on in regular order. Sherman's laurel-
crowned army was the first to complete its muster-
out, and the heroic Army of the Potomac was not
far behind it. These veterans of hundreds of bat-
tlefields were soon found mingled in all the pursuits
of civic activity. By the 7th of August 641,000
troops had become citizens; by the middle of
November over 800,000 had been mustered out —
without a fancy in any mind that there was any-
thing else to do.
The Navy Department had not waited for the
return of peace to begin the reduction of expenses.
As soon as Fort Fisher fell the retrenchment began,
and before Grant started on his last campaign con-
siderable progress had been made in that direction.
By the 1st of May the squadrons were reduced one-
half, and in July but thirty steamers comprised the
entire blockading squadron on the Atlantic and the
Gulf. The Potomac and Mississippi flotillas were
wholly discontinued in another month. When Mr.
Vol. X.— 22
338 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
ch. xvii. "Welles made his annual report, in December, he
could say : " There were in the several blockading
squadrons in January last, exclusive of other duty,
orSe 471 vessels and 2455 guns. There are now but 29
Sccrct9TV
offorei865Vy vesse^s remaining on the coast, carrying 210 guns,
p- x- exclusive of howitzers." Superfluous vessels were
sold by hundreds and the money covered into the
Treasury ; thousands of the officers and sailors who
had patriotically left the merchant service to fight
under the national flag went back to the pursuits
of peace.
For the purposes of pacification and the reestab-
lishment of the national authority the country was
divided into five grand divisions — that of the
Atlantic, commanded by Meade ; the Mississippi,
by Sherman ; the Gulf, by Sheridan ; the Tennes-
see, by Thomas; and the Pacific, by Halleck.
These again were subdivided into nineteen depart-
ments, and we print here the names of the generals
commanding them for the last time, as a roll of
the men who survived the war, most favored by
fortune and their own merits : Hooker, Hancock,
Augur, Ord, Stoneman, Palmer (J. M.), Pope, Terry,
Schofield, Sickles, Steedman, Foster (J. G-.), Wood
(T. J.),Wood (R. C), Canby, Wright, Reynolds (J. J.),
Steele, McDowell. The success or failure of these
soldiers in administering the trust confided to
them, their relations to the people among whom
they were stationed, and to the President who suc-
ceeded to the vacant chair of Lincoln, form no part
of the story we have attempted to tell.
M65. On the 13th of June the President proclaimed
the insurrection at an end in the State of Tennes-
see ; it was not until the second day of April, 1866,
THE END OF BEBELLION 339
that he proclaimed a state of peace as existing in ch. xvii
the rest of the United States, and then he excepted
the State of Texas ; on the 20th of August, in the i866.
same year, he made his final proclamation, an-
nouncing the reestablishment of the national
authority in Texas, and thereupon he concluded,
" I do further proclaim that the said insurrection is
at an end, and that peace, order, tranquillity, and
civil authority now exist in and throughout the
whole of the United States of America."
Thus the war ended. The carnage and the waste
of it had surpassed the darkest forebodings, the
most reckless prophecies. On the Union side
2,200,000 men had enlisted ; 1 on the Confederate,
about 1,000,000. Of these 110,000 Union soldiers
were killed or mortally wounded in battle ; 2 a quar-
ter of a million died of other causes. The total of
deaths by the war on the Northern side amounted
to 360,282. The number of the Confederate dead
cannot be accurately ascertained; it ranges be-
tween 250,000 and 300,000. The expense of the
war to the Union, over and above the ordinary ex-
penses of the government, was about $3,250,000,000;
to the Confederacy less than half that amount,
about $1,500,000,000.
It seems a disheartening paradox to the lovers of
peace that all this homicide and spoil gave only a
new impulse to the growth and the wealth of the
nation. We have seen how the quick eye of Lin-
coln recognized the fact, on the very night of elec-
tion, that the voting strength of the country was
1 There were 2,690,401 names 2 Sixty-seven thousand and fif-
on the rolls, but these included ty-eight killed* 43,012 died of
reenlistments. wounds.
340 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
ch. xvii. greater in 1864 than it had been in 1860, and the
census of 1870 showed a prodigious advance in
prosperity and population. The 31,443,321 of 1860
had in the ten troubled years of war and recon-
struction increased to 38,558,371; and the wealth
of the country had waxed in an astonishing pro-
portion, from $16,159,616,068 to $30,068,518,507.
Even the reconquered States shared in this enor-
mous progress.
CHAPTER XVIH
LINCOLN'S FAME
THE death of Lincoln awoke all over the world ch. xviii
a quick and deep emotion of grief and admi- im.
ration. If he had died in the days of doubt and
gloom which preceded his reelection, he would
have been sincerely mourned and praised by the
friends of the Union, but its enemies would have
curtly dismissed him as one of the necessary and
misguided victims of sectional hate. They would
have used his death to justify their malevolent
forebodings, to point the moral of new lectures
on the instability of democracies. But as he had
fallen in the moment of a stupendous victory, the
halo of a radiant success enveloped his memory
and dazzled the eyes even of his most hostile
critics. That portion of the press of England
and the Continent which had persistently vilified
him now joined in the universal chorus of elegiac
praise.1 Cabinets and courts which had been cold
1 One of the finest poems on the occasion of his death was that in
which the London " Punch" made its manly recantation of the slan-
ders with which it had pursued him for four years :
Beside this corpse that bears for winding-sheet
The Stars and Stripes he lived to rear anew,
Between the mourners at his head and feet,
Say, scurrile jester, is there room for you ?
Yes, he had lived to shame me from my sneer,
To lame my pencil, and confute my pen ;
To make me own this hind of princes peer,
This rail- splitter a true-born king of men.
341
342 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
ch. xviii. or unfriendly sent their messages of condolence.
The French Government, spurred on by their
Liberal opponents, took prompt measures to
express their admiration for his character and
their horror at his taking-off. In the Senate and
the Chamber of Deputies the imperialists and the
republicans vied with each other in utterances of
grief and of praise ; the Emperor and the Empress
sent their personal condolences to Mrs. Lincoln.
In England there was perhaps a trifle of self-
consciousness at the bottom of the official expres-
sions of sympathy. The Foreign Office searched
the records for precedents, finding nothing which
suited the occasion since the assassination of
Henry IV. The sterling English character could
not, so gracefully as the courtiers of Napoleon III.,
bend to praise one who had been treated almost
as an enemy for so long. When Sir George Grey
opened his dignified and pathetic speech in the
House of Commons, by saying that a majority of
the people of England sympathized with the North,
he was greeted with loud protestations and denials
on the part of those who favored the Confederacy.
But his references to Lincoln's virtues were cor-
dially received, and when he said that the Queen
had written to Mrs. Lincoln with her own hand,
" as a widow to a widow," the House broke out in
loud cheering. Mr. Disraeli spoke on behalf of the
Conservatives with his usual dexterity and with a
touch of factitious feeling. "There is," he said,
" in the character of the victim, and even in the
accessories of his last moments, something so
homely and innocent, that it takes the question,
as it were, out of all the pomp of history and the
LINCOLN'S FAME 343
ceremonial of diplomacy ; it touches the heart of ch. xvnt
nations and appeals to the domestic sentiment
of mankind."
In the House of Lords the matter was treated
with characteristic reticence. The speech of Lord
Eussell was full of that rugged truthfulness, that
unbending integrity of spirit, which appeared at
the time to disguise his real friendliness to America,
and which was only the natural expression of a
mind extraordinarily upright, and English to the
verge of caricature. Lord Derby followed him in
a speech of curious elegance, the object of which
was rather to launch a polished shaft against
his opponents than to show honor to the dead
President; and the address proposed by the
Government was voted. While these reserved and
careful public proceedings were going on, the heart
of England was expressing its sympathy with the
kindred beyond sea by its thousand organs of
utterance in the press, the resolutions of municipal
bodies, the pulpit, and the platform.
In Germany the same manifestations were seen of
official expressions of sympathy from royalty and
its ministers, and of heartfelt affection and grief
from the people and their representatives. Otto von
Bismarck, then at the beginning of the events which
have made his career so illustrious, gave utterance
to the courteous regrets of the King of Prussia;
the eloquent deputy, William Loewe, from his place
in the House, made a brief and touching speech.
" The man," he said, " who accomplished such great
deeds from the simple desire conscientiously to per-
form his duty, the man who never wished to be more
nor less than the most faithful servant of his people,
344 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
ch. xvin. will find his own glorious place in the pages of
history. In the deepest reverence I bow my head
before this modest greatness, and I think it is
especially agreeable to the spirit of our own nation,
with its deep inner life and admiration of self-sac-
rificing devotion and effort after the ideal, to pay
the tribute of veneration to such greatness, exalted
as it is by simplicity and modesty ."
Two hundred and fifty members of the Chamber
signed an address to the American minister in
Berlin, full of the cordial sympathy and admira-
tion felt, not only for the dead President, but for
the national cause, by the people of Germany.
" You are aware," they said, " that Germany has
looked with pride and joy on the thousands of her
sons who in this struggle have placed themselves
so resolutely on the side of law and right. You
have seen with what pleasure the victories of the
Union have been hailed, and how confident the
faith in the final triumph of the great cause and
the restoration of the Union in all its greatness has
ever been, even in the midst of calamity." Work-
ingmen's clubs, artisans' unions, sent numberless
addresses, not merely expressive of sympathy, but
conveying singularly just appreciations of the
character and career of Lincoln. His death seemed
to have marked a step in the education of the
people everywhere.
In fact it was among the common people of the
entire civilized world that the most genuine and
spontaneous manifestations of sorrow and appre-
ciation were produced, and to this fact we attribute
the sudden and solid foundation of Lincoln's fame.
It requires years, perhaps centuries, to build the
LINCOLN'S FAME 345
structure of a reputation which rests upon the ch. xviil
opinion of those distinguished for learning or in-
telligence ; the progress of opinion from the few to
the many is slow and painful. But in the case of
Lincoln the many imposed their opinion all at once;
he was canonized, as he lay on his bier, by the ir-
resistible decree of countless millions. The greater
part of the aristocracy of England thought little of
him, but the burst of grief from the English people
silenced in an instant every discordant voice. It
would have been as imprudent to speak slightingly
of him in London as it was in New York. Espe-
cially among the Dissenters was honor and rever-
ence shown to his name. The humbler people
instinctively felt that their order had lost its wisest
champion.
Not only among those of Saxon blood was this
outburst of emotion seen. In France a national
manifestation took place which the Government
disliked, but did not think it wise to suppress.
The students of Paris marched in a body to the
American Legation to express their sympathy. A
two-cent subscription was started to strike a mas-
sive gold medal ; the money was soon raised, but
the committee was forced to have the work done
in Switzerland. A committee of French Liberals
brought the medal to the American minister, to be
sent to Mrs. Lincoln. " Tell her," said Eugene
Pelletan, "the heart of France is in that little
box." The inscription had a double sense ; while
honoring the dead Eepublican, it struck at the
Empire. " Lincoln — the Honest Man ; abolished
slavery, reestablished the Union; Saved the Re-
public, without veiling the Statue of Liberty."
346 ABRAHAM LINCOLN
ch. xviii. Everywhere on the Continent the same swift
apotheosis of the people's hero was seen. An
Austrian deputy said to the writer, "Among my
people his memory has already assumed super-
human proportions ; he has become a myth, a type
of ideal democracy." Almost before the earth
closed over him he began to be the subject of
fable. The Freemasons of Europe generally regard
him as one of them — his portrait in Masonic garb
is often displayed; yet he was not one of that
brotherhood. The Spiritualists claim him as their
most illustrious adept, but he was not a Spiritualist ;
and there is hardly a sect in the Western world,
from the Calvinist to the atheist, but affects to
believe he was of their opinion.
A collection of the expressions of sympathy and
condolence which came to Washington from for-
eign governments, associations, and public bodies
of all sorts was made by the State Department,
and afterwards published by order of Congress.
It forms a large quarto of a thousand pages, and
embraces the utterances of grief and regret from
every country under the sun, in almost every
language spoken by man.
But admired and venerated as he was in Europe,
he was best understood and appreciated at home*
It is not to be denied that in his case, as in that of
all heroic personages who occupy a great place in
history, a certain element of legend mingles with
his righteous fame. He was a man, in fact, espe-
cially liable to legend. We have been told by
farmers in Central Illinois that the brown thrush
did not sing for a year after he died. He was gen-
tle and merciful, and therefore he seems in a cer-
LINCOLN'S FAME 347
tain class of annals to have passed all his time in ch. xvm.
soothing misfortune and pardoning crime. He had
more than his share of the shrewd native humor,
and therefore the loose jest-books of two centuries
have been ransacked for anecdotes to be attributed
to him. He was a great and powerful lover of man-
kind, especially of those not favored by fortune.
One night he had a dream, which he repeated the
next morning to the writer of these lines, which
quaintly illustrates his unpretending and kindly
democracy. He was in some great assembly ; the
people made a lane to let him pass. " He is a com-
mon-looking fellow," some one said. Lincoln in
his dream turned to his critic and replied, in his
Quaker phrase, " Friend, the Lord prefers common-
looking people : that is why he made so many of
them." He that abases himself shall be exalted.
Because Lincoln kept himself in such constant
sympathy with the common people, whom he
respected too highly to flatter or mislead, he was
rewarded by a reverence and a love hardly ever
given to a human being. Among the humble
working people of the South whom he had made
free, this veneration and affection easily passed into
the supernatural. At a religious meeting among
the negroes of the Sea Islands a young man
expressed the wish that he might see Lincoln. A
gray-headed negro rebuked the rash aspiration:
"No man see Linkum. Linkum walk as Jesus
walk — no man see Linkum." x
But leaving aside these fables, which are a natu-
ral enough expression of a popular awe and love,
1 Mr. Hay had this story from Captain E. W. Hooper immediately
after it happened. It has been told with many variations.
348 ABBAHAM LINCOLN
ch. xviii. it seems to us no more just estimate of Lincoln's
relation to his time has ever been made — nor per-
haps ever will be — than that uttered by one of
the wisest and most American of thinkers, Ealph
Waldo Emerson, a few days after the assassination.
We cannot forbear quoting a few words of this
remarkable discourse, which shows how Lincoln
seemed to the greatest of his contemporaries : "A
plain man of the people, an extraordinary fortune
attended him. Lord Bacon says, ' Manifest virtues
procure reputation; occult ones fortune.' . . His
occupying the chair of state was a triumph of the
good sense of mankind and of the public conscience.
. . . He grew according to the need ; his mind mas-
tered the problem of the day ; and as the problem
grew, so did his comprehension of it. Barely was
a man so fitted to the event. . . It cannot be said
that there is any exaggeration of his worth. If
ever a man was fairly tested, he was. There was
no lack of resistance, nor of slander, nor of ridicule.
. . . Then what an occasion was the whirlwind of the
war! Here was no place for holiday magistrate,
nor fair-weather sailor ; the new pilot was hurried
to the helm in a tornado. In four years — four
years of battle-days — his endurance, his fertility
of resources, his magnanimity, were sorely tried
and never found wanting. There by his courage,
his justice, his even temper, his fertile counsel, his
humanity, he stood a heroic figure in the center
of a heroic epoch. He is the true history of the
American people in his time ; the true representa-
tive of this continent — father of his country, the
pulse of twenty millions throbbing in his heart, the
thought of their minds articulated by his tongue."
LINCOLN'S FAME 349
The quick instinct by which the world recognized ch. xvra.
him, even at the moment of his death, as one of
its greatest men, was not deceived. It has been
confirmed by the sober thought of a quarter of a
century. The writers of each nation compare him
with their first popular hero. The French find
points of resemblance in him to Henry IV.; the
Dutch liken him to William of Orange; the cruel
stroke of murder and treason by which all three
perished in the height of their power naturally
suggests the comparison, which is strangely justi-
fied in both cases, though the two princes were so
widely different in character. Lincoln had the wit,
the bonhomie, the keen, practical insight into affairs
of the Bearnais; and the tyrannous moral sense,
the wide comprehension, the heroic patience of the
Dutch patriot, whose motto might have served
equally well for the American President — Sc&vis
tranquillus in undis. European historians speak of
him in words reserved for the most illustrious
names. Merle d'Aubigne says, " The name of Lin-
coln will remain one of the greatest that history
has to inscribe on its annals.'' Henri Martin pre-
dicts nothing less than a universal apotheosis:
" This man will stand out in the traditions of his
country and the world as an incarnation of the
people, and of modern democracy itself." Emilio
Castelar, in an oration against slavery in the
Spanish Cortes, called him "humblest of the
humble before his conscience, greatest of the great
before history."
In this country, where millions still live who
were his contemporaries, and thousands who knew
him personally, where the envies and jealousies
350
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
ch. xviii. which dog the footsteps of success still linger in
the hearts of a few, where journals still exist that
loaded his name for four years with daily calumny,
and writers of memoirs vainly try to make them-
selves important by belittling him, his fame has
become as universal as the air, as deeply rooted as
the hills. The faint discords are not heard in the
wide chorus that hails him second to none and
equaled by Washington alone. The eulogies of
him form a special literature. Preachers, poets,
soldiers, and statesmen employ the same phrases
of unconditional love and reverence. Men speak-
ing with the authority of fame use unqualified
superlatives. Lowell, in an immortal ode, calls
him " New birth of our new soil, the first Ameri-
can." General Sherman says, " Of all the men I
ever met, he seemed to possess more of the ele-
ments of greatness, combined with goodness, than
any other." General Grant, after having met the
rulers of almost every civilized country on earth,
said Lincoln impressed him as the greatest in-
tellectual force with which he had ever come in
contact.
He is spoken of, with scarcely less of enthu-
siasm, by the more generous and liberal spirits
among those who revolted against his election and
were vanquished by his power. General Long-
street calls him "the greatest man of rebellion
times, the one matchless among forty millions for
the peculiar difficulties of the period." An eminent
Southern orator, referring to our mixed Northern
and Southern ancestry, says : " From the union of
those colonists, from the straightening of their
purposes and the crossing of their blood, slowly
Sherman,
"Memoirs.'
Vol. II.,
p. 328.
" Battles
and
Leaders
Vol. II.,
p. 405.
LINCOLN'S FAME
351
H. W.
Grady.
perfecting through a century, came he who stands ch. xviii.
as the first typical American, the first who com-
prehended within himself all the strength and
gentleness, all the majesty and grace of this
republic — Abraham Lincoln."
It is not difficult to perceive the basis of this
sudden and world-wide fame, nor rash to predict
its indefinite duration. There are two classes of
men whose names are more enduring than any
monument — the great writers; and the men of
great achievement, the founders of states, the
conquerors. Lincoln has the singular fortune to
belong to both these categories ; upon these broad
and stable foundations his renown is securely
built. Nothing would have more amazed him
while he lived than to hear himself called a man
of letters ; but this age has produced few greater
writers. We are only recording here the judgment
of his peers. Emerson ranks him with iEsop and
Pilpay in his lighter moods, and says : " The
weight and penetration of many passages in his
letters, messages, and speeches, hidden now by the
very closeness of their application to the moment,
are destined to a wide fame. What pregnant defi-
nitions, what unerring common-sense, what fore-
sight, and on great occasions what lofty, and more
than national, what human tone ! His brief speech
at Gettysburg will not easily be surpassed by words
on any recorded occasion."
His style extorted the high praise of French
Academicians ; Montalembert commended it as a
model for the imitation of princes. Many of his
phrases form part of the common speech of man-
kind. It is true that in his writings the range of
"La
Victoire
du Nord,'
p. 133.
352 ABKAHAM LINCOLN
ch. xviii. subjects is not great ; lie is concerned chiefly with
the political problems of the time, and the moral
considerations involved in them. But the range
of treatment is remarkably wide ; it runs from the
wit, the gay humor, the florid eloquence of his
stump speeches to the marvelous sententiousness
and brevity of the letter to Greeley and the address
at Gettysburg, and the sustained and lofty grandeur
of the Second Inaugural.
The more his writings are studied in connection
with the important transactions of his age the
higher will his reputation stand in the opinion of
the lettered class. But the men of study and
research are never numerous ; and it is principally
as a man of action that the world at large will
regard him. It is the story of his objective life
that will forever touch and hold the heart of man-
kind. His birthright was privation and ignorance
— not peculiar to his family, but the universal en-
vironment of his place and time ; he burst through
those enchaining conditions by the force of native
genius and will ; vice had no temptation for him ;
his course was as naturally upward as the skylark's ;
he won, against all conceivable obstacles, a high
place in an exacting profession and an honorable
position in public and private life ; he became the
foremost representative of a party founded on an
uprising of the national conscience against a secular
wrong, and thus came to the awful responsibilities
of power in a time of terror and gloom. He met
them with incomparable strength and virtue. Car-
ing for nothing but the public good, free from envy
or jealous fears, he surrounded himself with the
leading men of his party, his most formidable
LINCOLN'S FAME 353
rivals in public esteem, and through four years of ch. xviii.
stupendous difficulties he was head and shoulders
above them all in the vital qualities of wisdom,
foresight, knowledge of men, and thorough compre-
hension of measures. Personally opposed, as the
radicals claim, by more than half of his own party
in Congress, and bitterly denounced and maligned
by his open adversaries, he yet bore himself with
such extraordinary discretion and skill, that he
obtained for the Government all the legislation it
required, and so impressed himself upon the na-
tional mind that without personal effort or solicita-
tion he became the only possible candidate of his
party for reelection, and was chosen by an almost
unanimous vote of the Electoral Colleges.
His qualities would have rendered his adminis-
tration illustrious even in time of peace ; but when
we consider that in addition to the ordinary work
of the executive office he was forced to assume
the duties of Commander-in-Chief of the National
forces engaged in the most complex and difficult
war of modern times, the greatness of spirit as
well as the intellectual strength he evinced in that
capacity is nothing short of prodigious. After
times will wonder, not at the few and unimportant
mistakes he may have committed, but at the intui-
tive knowledge of his business that he displayed.
We would not presume to express a personal opin-
ion in this matter. We use the testimony only of
the most authoritative names. General W. T. Sher-
man has repeatedly expressed the admiration and
surprise with which he has read Mr. Lincoln's
correspondence with his generals, and his opinion
of the remarkable correctness of his military views.
Vol. X— 23
354
ABEAHAM LINCOLN
Ch. XVIII.
" Lincoln
Memorial
Album,"
p. 555.
General W. F. Smith says : " I have long held to
the opinion that at the close of the war Mr. Lincoln
was the superior of his generals in his comprehen-
sion of the effect of strategic movements and the
proper method of following up victories to their
legitimate conclusions." General J. H. Wilson
holds the same opinion ; and Colonel Robert N.
Scott, in whose lamented death the army lost one
of its most vigorous and best-trained intellects,
frequently called Mr. Lincoln " the ablest strategist
of the war."
To these qualifications of high literary excellence,
and easy practical mastery of affairs of transcendent
importance, we must add, as an explanation of his
immediate and world-wide fame, his possession of
certain moral qualities rarely combined, in such
high degree, in one individual. His heart was so
tender that he would dismount from his horse in a
forest to replace in their nest young birds which
had fallen by the roadside ; he could not sleep at
night if he knew that a soldier-boy was under sen-
tence of death ; he could not, even at the bidding
of duty or policy, refuse the prayer of age or help-
lessness in distress. Children instinctively loved
him; they never found his rugged features ugly;
his sympathies were quick and seemingly unlimited.
He was absolutely without prejudice of class or con-
dition. Frederick Douglass says he was the only
man of distinction he ever met who never reminded
him by word or manner of his color ; he was as just
and generous to the rich and well born as to the
poor and humble — a thing rare among politicians.
He was tolerant even of evil : though no man can
ever have lived with a loftier scorn of meanness
LINCOLN'S FAME 355
and selfishness, he yet recognized their existence ch. xviii.
and counted with them. He said one day, with a
flash of cynical wisdom worthy of La Bochefou-
cauld, that honest statesmanship was the employ-
ment of individual meannesses for the public good.
He never asked perfection of any one ; he did not
even insist, for others, upon the high standards he
set up for himself. At a time before the word was
invented he was the first of opportunists. With
the fire of a reformer and a martyr in his heart he
yet proceeded by the ways of cautious and practical
statecraft. He always worked with things as they
were, while never relinquishing the desire and effort
to make them better. To a hope which saw the
Delectable Mountains of absolute justice and peace
in the future, to a faith that God in his own time
would give to all men the things convenient to
them, he added a charity which embraced in its
deep bosom all the good and the bad, all the vir-
tues and the infirmities of men, and a patience like
that of nature, which in its vast and fruitful activ-
ity knows neither haste nor rest.
A character like this is among the precious heir-
looms of the Eepublic ; and by a special good for-
tune every part of the country has an equal claim
and pride in it. Lincoln's blood came from the
veins of New England emigrants, of Middle State
Quakers, of Virginia planters, of Kentucky pioneers;
he himself was one of the men who grew up with
the earliest growth of the Great West. Every
jewel of his mind or his conduct sheds radiance on
each portion of the nation. The marvelous sym-
metry and balance of his intellect and character
may have owed something to this varied envi-
356
ABKAHAM LINCOLN
ch. xviii. ronment of his race, and they may fitly typify
the variety and solidity of the Republic. It may
not be unreasonable to hope that his name and
his renown may be forever a bond of union to
the country which he loved with an affection so
impartial, and served, in life and in death, with
such entire devotion.
INDEX
INDEX
Abbot, Dr. E. W., present at Lincoln's death-
bed, X, 300.
Abbott, Joseph C, Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : in second Port Fisher expedition,
X, 65.
Abercrombie, John J., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S.
A. : persuades Patterson not to attack,
IV, 346.
Adams, A. H., Capt. U. S. N. : in Lincoln's
visit to Richmond, X, 218.
Adams, Charles Francis, M. C, XL S. Min.
to England: Freesoil nominee for Vice-
President, I, 277 ; member of House Com-
mittee of Thirty-three, II, 417 ; resolution
in that committee, III, 216; sails for
Europe, IV, 268; first interview with
Lord John Russell, 276; warns Lord
Russell against receiving Southern com-
missioners, 277 ; answers about the block-
ade, V, 1 ; complains of governor of Nas-
sau for refusing coal to U. S. vessels,
VI, 50 ; notifies British government of the
building of the Oreto, 51, 52 ; interview
with Lord Russell about the Oreto, 52;
notifies Lord Russell of the building of
the 290 or Alabama, 53 ; directs Craven to
intercept the Alabama, 53; sends Lord
Russell legal opinion about the Alabama,
54 ; notifies Lord Russell of further Con-
federate naval enterprises in Great Brit-
ain, 57 ; dispatch to Seward on disposition
of British government, 57; correspon-
dence with Lord Russell on proposed
changes in the Foreign Enlistment Act,
58 ; presents evidence to Lord Russell of
proposed violation of British neutrality,
58 ; interview with Lord Russell, March 26,
1863, 59 ; correspondence with Lord Russell
about Confederate rams, VIII, 258, 259.
Adams, Charles Francis, Jr., Bvt. Brig. Gen.
U. S. Vols. : regiment of, enters Richmond,
X, 210.
Adams, Henry A., Capt. U. S. N.: ordered not
to land Vogdes's company, III, 168 ; re-
fuses to land Vogdes's company, IV, 7;
dispatch to Secretary of Navy, 7, 8 ; lands
reenforcements, 12, 13.
Adams, J. H., Comr. of S. C. : arrives in
Washington, III, 62 ; interview with Pres.
Buchanan, 70.
Adams, John, Conf. Brig. Gen. : killed at
Franklin, X, 20.
Adams, John Quincy, sixth Pres. U. S. : ad-
dress against Texas annexation, 1,230 ; dis-
patch embodyingtheMonroedoctrine,VII,
405 ; message about Monroe doctrine, 406.
Adrain, Garnett B., M. C. : plan of compro-
mise, II, 422.
Agnew, Daniel, Chief Justice Sup. Ct. of
Pa. : defeats and succeeds Chief Justice
Lowrie, VII, 13, 376.
Aiken, William, M. C. : votes for, for Speaker
of House of Representatives, I, 364.
Alabama, State of, secession movement in,
III, 185 ; joint resolutions authorizing con-
vention, 185; military appropriation in,
185; proclamation of Gov. Moore, 185;
election of delegates, 185; meeting and
resolutions of convention, 186 ; seizure of
Mount Vernon arsenal, and of Forts Mor-
gan and Gaines, 186; ordinance of seces-
sion passed Jan. 11, 1861, 188 ; Provisional
Congress of seceding States, 196-212; battle
of Mobile Bay, Aug. 5, 1864, IX, 230-239;
siege of Mobile, 239-242; surrender of
Mobile, April 11, 1865, 242; ratifies Thir-
teenth Amendment, X, 89; capture of
Selma, April 2, 1865, 240.
369
360
[NDEX
Alabama, The (or 290), Conf. cruiser:
built in Liverpool under builder's num-
ber 290, VI, 53 ; sails from Liverpool, 54 ;
receives armament and crew at Western
Islands, 55 ; commanded by Capt. Raphael
Semmes, 55 ; declared iu commission as a
Confederate cruiser, 55 ; procedure of, 55 ;
sinks the Ratteras, 56 ; correspondence
about, VIII, 254, 255 ; enters harbor of
Cherbourg, France, IX, 142 ; blockaded by
the Kearsarge, 144 ; sunk by the Kearsarge,
146-149.
Albemarle, The, Conf. ironclad : building
of, X, 38, 39 ; sinks the Southfield, 39-41 ;
battle with the Union fleet, 41-43 ; sunk by
Cushing, 49.
Albert, Prince Consort: draft of note to
Lord Russell, V, 28.
Alden, James, Rear Adm. U. S. N. : mis-
sion to Gosport navy yard, IV, 145, 146;
commands the Richmond in Farragut's
fleet, V, 261 ; commands the Brooklyn in
battle of Mobile Bay, IX, 232, 233.
Alexander, E. P., Conf. Col. : in battle of
Gettysburg, VII, 262; opinion about
Gettysburg, 271.
Alexandra, The, case of, VIII, 256, 257.
Allen, William F., member of commission
on New York enrollment, VII, 41.
Allison, William B., M. C, U. S. Sen. : votes
for re-passage of National Bank Act, VI,
245.
Almonte, Juan Nepomuceno, Mex. Gen. and
diplomatist : notification to the United
States concerning Texas, 1, 241 ; expulsion
demanded by Juarez, VI, 45 ; represen-
tations to the French, 46 ; member of Mexi-
can Provisional Government, VII, 398.
Alston, W., Conf. Lieut. : proposition to
Jefferson Davis, X, 287.
Altoona, Pa., meeting of governors at, Sept.
24, 1862, VI, 164-166.
Alvarez, Juan, Mex. Gen. : commands Mexi-
can reserves in Guerrero, VII, 396.
American Baptist Missionary Union, reso-
lutions supporting emancipation, VI, 316.
American Board of Foreign Missions, reso-
lutions supporting the war and emanci-
pation, VI, 317.
American Knights, Order of, VIII, 2-27.
American, or Know-Nothing, Party, influ-
ence on elections in 1854, I, 358 ; nomi-
nates Fillmore for President in 1856, II,
24 ; action in Illinois in 1856, 24, 25.
Ames, Adelbert, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. : at
battle of Bermuda Hundred, VIII, 398 ; in
siege of Richmond, IX, 431; in second
Fort Fisher expedition, X, 65 ; in assault
on Fort Fisher, 66 ; in advance on Wil-
mington, 69.
Ames, Edward R., D.D., Bish. M. E. Church :
appointed commissioner to visit Union
prisoners of war, VII, 449.
Ammen, Daniel, Rear Adm. U. S. N. : com-
mands U. S. monitor Patapsco in attack
on Charleston, VII, 67.
Ammen, Jacob, Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. : bri-
gade deployed under Are at Pittsburg
Landing, V, 333.
Ampudia, Pedro de, Mex. Gen. : opposed to
Gen. Taylor, I, 249.
Anderson, C. D., Conf. Brig. Gen. : sur-
renders Fort Gaines, IX, 238.
Anderson, Hiram, Jr., Col. U. S. Vols. : killed
at Cold Harbor, VIII, 405.
Anderson, J. R., Conf. Brig. Gen. : present
at interview of Lincoln and Campbell, X,
220-222.
Anderson, Larz, recommends McClellan for
command at Cincinnati, IV, 282.
Anderson, Mrs. Robert, valuable manu-
scripts from, II, 347 ; loyalty of, 347.
Anderson, Richard H., Conf. Lieut. Gen. : in
battle of Chancellorsville, VII, 101 ; in
march on Spotsylvania, VIII, 368 ; in battle
of Spotsylvania, 375, 381 ; in battle of Cold
Harbor, 391; in Shenandoah campaign,
IX, 293-295, 297 ; starts for Lee's army, 298 ;
in siege of Richmond, 432 ; in retreat to
Appomattox, X, 188.
Anderson, Robert, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
signs Lincoln's discharge in Black Hawk
war, I, 96 ; ordered to command Charles-
ton fonts, II, 346, 348 ; antecedents of,
346, 347 ; interview with Gen. Scott, 347 ; in-
terview with Floyd, 348; assumes com-
mand of Charleston Harbor, 349 ; asks re-
enforcements,351-354; visit to the mayor of
Charleston, 356, 357 ; Floyd's instructions
to, by Buell, 387, 388 ; suggests to Foster to
arm his workmen, 442 ; instructions from
Secretary of War, III, 36, 40; description
of Fort Moultrie, 37 ; letter reporting
guardboat, 44 ; asks for instructions, 45 ;
resolves to abandon Fort Moultrie, 46;
letter to his wife, 46 ; preparations to
occupy Fort Sumter, 47; transfers his
command to Sumter, 52 ; reports his
movement to Washington, 54 ; refuses
Gov. Pickens's demand that he return
to Moultrie, 57; reply to Floyd's in-
quiry, 65; calls council of war to con-
INDEX
361
sider the firing on the Star of the West,
105; letter demanding explanations and
threatening to close the harbor, 106 ; let-
ter deciding to refer the question to Wash-
ington, 108; letter refusing to surrender
Fort Sumter to Gov. Pickens, and propos-
ing to report the matter to Washington,
112, 113 ; reports beginning of Morris
Island battery, 123 ; opinion on reenfor-
cing Fort Sumter, 377 ; comment on Fox's
suggestion, 390 ; reported declarations of,
IV, 20 ; reply to Beauregard's conditions,
21, 22 ; letters about evacuation, 24, 25 ; let-
ter about his instructions, 26, 27 ; reply to
instructions, 40, 41 ; refuses to evacuate
Fort Sumter, 46 ; proposition about evacu-
ation, 47; agreement with Wigfall, 60;
capitulation of, 60; evacuates Fort Sumter,
61 ; sails for New York, 61 ; commissioned
to organize Kentucky troops, 235 ; letter to
Lincoln, 236, 237 ; invited by Kentucky leg-
islature to command, V, 46 ; moves head-
quarters to Louisville, 49 ; relieved from
command in Kentucky, 52 ; raises U. S. flag
over Fort Sumter, April 14, 1865, X, 278-280.
Anderson, Thomas L.,M. C. : plan of com-
promise, II, 424.
Anderson, W. G., letter to Lincoln demand-
ing explanations, I, 211.
Andersonville prison, situation of, VII, 465,
466 ; Col. Chandler's report on, 465, 466.
Andrew, John A., Gov. of Mass. : request to
Baltimore authorities, IV, 119 ; dispatch to
Cameron, 120; appoints B. F. Butler briga-
dier general, 133 ; correspondence with
Butler about slave insurrection, 385, 386 ;
obtains authority to raise colored troops,
VI, 462 ; regiments organized by, 463.
Andrews, George L., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : interrogates Col. J. L. Logan about
negro prisoners of war, VII, 454, 455.
Antietam, Md., battle of, Sept. 17, 1862, VI,
139-141 ; losses at, 141.
Appomattox, Va., Lee's surrender at, April
9, 1865, X, 195-197.
Archer, James J., Conf. Brig. Gen. : in bat-
tle of Gettysburg, VII, 240.
Arguelles, Jose Augustin, Lieut. Gov. of Co-
lon,Cuba : business of, inNew York, IX, 45;
charged with selling recaptured Africans
in Cuba, 45; extradition of, asked by Spain,
46; arrest and delivery of 46; Senate reso-
lution demanding information concern-
ing, 46; Seward's answer concerning, 46, 47.
Argyll, Duke of, alleged views on the Ala-
bama, VI, 54.
Arista, Mariano, Mex. Gen. : attacks Gen,
Taylor, 1, 242 ; defeated by Taylor at Palo
Alto, 261.
Arkansas, State of, admitted as a State, I,
324; response to Lincoln's proclamation,
IV, 90, 249 ; course of secession movement
in, 248, 249 ; convention called, 248 ; arsenal
at Little Rock seized, 249 ; conditional
secession ordinance voted down by the
convention, 249; the governor's revolu-
tionary acts, 249; secession ordinance
passed, May 6, 1861, 249 ; Battle of Pea
Ridge, March 6-8, 1862, V, 291, 292 ; John S.
Phelps appointed military governor, VI,
346 ; Lincoln's letter to Steele and Phelps,
Nov. 18, 1862, about reconstruction, 350;
condition of, described by Hindman, 372 ;
Hindman sent to command rebel troops
in, 373 ; Maj. Gen. T. H. Holmes assigned
to command rebel troops in, 380 ; battle of
Prairie Grove, Dec. 7, 1862, 383 ; capture of
Arkansas Post, Jan. 11, 1863, VII, 140 ; Gen.
Steele occupies Little Rock, VIII, 411;
Union regiments formed in, 412 ; Union
organization in, 412 ; State convention at
Little Rock, Jan. 8, 1864, 414 ; Constitution
amended, to abolish slavery, 415 ; provi-
sional State government inaugurated, 415 ;
Isaac Murphy appointed governor, 415 ;
election ordered by Gen. Steele, 415, 417 ;
vote on the Constitution, 416, 417 ; Murphy
elected governor, 417 ; State government
inaugurated, 417 ; legislature organized,
417 ; Fishback and Baxter elected to
U. S. Senate, 418 ; election for Congress,
418 ; ratifies Thirteenth Amendment,
X, 89.
Arkansas, The, Conf. ram : set on fire, VII,
122.
Arkansas Post, Ark., capture of, Jan. 11,
1863, VII, 140.
Arman, Jean L., French shipbuilder: re-
ceives assurances from Napoleon the
Third, VIII, 271 ; agreement with Bullock
about Confederate ships, 279 ; sells Con-
federate ships, 279; interview with Na-
poleon, 279.
Armies of the United States, strength of,
reported, April 5, 1861, IV, 65 ; numbers of,
spring of 1862, VII, 2 ; call for 300,000 vol-
unteers, July 2, 1862, 3 ; call for 300,000 nine-
months militia, Aug. 4, 1862, 3 ; statement
of successive calls for, 8 ; muster out and
reduction of, X, 329, 330, 337 ; grand review
of, at Washington, 331, 335; number of,
during the war, 339.
362
INDEX
Armistead, Lewis A., Conf. Brig. Gen. :
strength of brigade after Antietam, VI,
143 ; killed at Gettysburg, VII, 267.
Armstrong, Frank C, Conf. Brig. Gen. : in
battles of Atlanta, IX, 286.
Armstrong, Jack, wrestles with Lincoln, I,
80, 81.
Armstrong, James, Capt. U. S. N. : assists
Lieut. Slemmer, III, 163 ; surrenders Pen-
sacola navy yard, 164.
Arnold, Isaac N., M. C. : complaint about
Scripps, IX, 361.
Arnold, L. G., Bvt. Maj. U. S. A.: sent to
occupy Fort Jefferson, III, 134.
Arnold, Samuel, in conspiracy to assassi-
nate Lincoln, X, 289 ; tried and imprisoned,
312, 313.
Arthur, Chester A., twenty-first Pres. U. S. :
action on case of Gen. Fitz-John Porter,
VI, 13.
Asboth, Alexander, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : commands a division under Fre-
mont, IV, 429.
Ashley, James M., M. C. : favors Lincoln's
renomination, IX, 62 ; House bills on re-
construction, 449-453 ; House bill to abolish
slavery by Constitutional amendment, X,
74 ; changes vote on Thirteenth Amend-
ment, 78 ; calls up Thirteenth Amendment
for reconsideration, 81; interview with
Lincoln, 84, 85 ; interview with Nicolay, 84,
85.
Ashmore, John D., M. C. : signs secession
address, II, 436.
Ashmun, George, M. C. : amendment on the
Mexican war, I, 259 ; chairman of Chicago
Convention, 1860, II, 266.
Aspinwall, W. H., recommends McClellan
for command at Cincinnati, IV, 282; ad-
vises McClellan it is his duty to submit
to Lincoln's proclamation, VI, 180.
Atchison, David R., U. S. Sen., acting
Vice-Pres. under Pierce : remarks on Mis-
souri Compromise, I, 340, 341 ; interview
with Douglas, and proposition to him ;
346; organizes political conspiracy in
Missouri, 397 ; speech advising Missouri-
ans to vote slavery into Kansas, 399:
town named in his honor, 402 ; resigns of-
fice of President pro tem. of Senate, 408 ;
leads Platte County riflemen against Law-
rence in Wakarusa war, 443 ; sustains Law-
rence agreement, 447 ; takes part in
destroying Free State Hotel, 455; joins
third raid against Lawrence, II, 16 ; yields
to Gov. Geary's commands, 16.
Atherton, Sir William, opinion on the Ala*
bama, VI, 54.
Atkins, Smith D., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : in March to the Sea, IX, 481.
Atkinson, Henry, Brig. Gen. U. S. A. : sum-
mons Black Hawk to return, I, 89 ; com-
mands regulars in Black Hawk war, 91.
Atlanta, Ga., siege of, July 22 to Sept. 1,
1864, IX, 270-289 ; occupied by Sherman, 289.
Atlanta, The, rebel ram : captured by the
Weehawken, XII, 79-81.
Atzerodt, George A., in conspiracy to assas-
sinate Lincoln, X, 289; receives Booth's
directions to remove Andrew Johnson,
291, 292 ; tried and hanged, 312, 313.
Augur, C. C, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. : in-
structions about political arrests, VIII, 40;
present at Lincoln's deathbed, X, 300;
made Department commander, 338.
Averill, William W., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
A. : defeats Kamseur's division, IX, 175 ;
drives McCausland from Hancock, Md.,
178; defeats McCausland at Moorefield,
178; in Sheridan's army, 182; in Shenan-
doah campaign, 295, 296 ; in battle of Win-
chester, 303.
Avery, W. L., Capt. U. S. Vols. : in battle of
Chattanooga, VIII, 149.
Avery, William W., presents majority re-
port in Charleston Convention, II, 233,
234.
Ayres, Romeyn B., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
in march to Five Forks, X, 169 ; in battle
of Five Forks, 172; at grand review in
Washington, 332.
Bad Axe, battle of, I, 94, 95.
Bailey, Joseph, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
builds dams on Red River, VIII, 298-301.
Bailey, Joshua F., special Treasury agent:
action of, IX, 86, 87.
Bailey, Maj., commands battalion in Black
Hawk war, I, 91.
Bailey, Theodorus, Rear Adm. U. S. N. :
commands " Column of the Red " in pas-
sage of Forts Jackson and St. Philip, V,
261 ; destruction of rebel gunboats, 262, 263 ;
sent by Farragut to confer with mayor of
New Orleans, 267.
Baily, Joseph, M. C. : first vote for Thir-
teenth Amendment, X, 78 ; second vote for
Thirteenth Amendment, 83.
Baird, Absalom, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
command of, in Army of Kentucky, VIII,
44; withdraws from Bragg' s attack, 79;
in battle of Chickamauga, 85, 88, 89, 92-94,
INDEX
363
98, 104 ; in battle of Chattanooga, 135, 146,
151, 152, 155 ; In March to the Sea, IX, 481.
Baird, Mrs., Lincoln's letter concerning,
V, 143.
Baker, Edward D., M. C. : U. S. Sen., Bvt.
Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. : protest against the
Judicial Reform scheme, 1, 164, 165 ; nom-
inated for Illinois State Senate, 182;
oratorical powers, 220; elected to Con-
gress from Springfield district, 223 ; com-
mands regiment in Mexican war, 250;
speech in House of Representatives, 252-
255; resumes his seat in Congress, 255;
succeeds to command of Shields' s brigade
at Cerro Gordo, 255 ; elected to Congress
from Galena district, 290; introduces Lin-
coln at his first inauguration, III, 327;
killed at Ball's Bluff, IV, 456, 457.
Baldwin, Augustus C, M. C. : vote for
Thirteenth Amendment, X, 83.
Baldwin, John B., interview with Lincoln,
III, 423-426.
Baldwin, P. P., Col. U. S. Vols. : in battle
of Murfreesboro, VI, 286.
Ball's Bluff, Va., battle of, Oct. 21, 1861, IV,
455-457.
Baltimore, Md., condition of, in January
and February, 1861, III, 304-307 ; secession
feeling in, IV, 110 ; arrival of the 6th Mas-
sachusetts, 111 ; soldiers attacked by the
mob, 113 ; march across the city, 116 ; mass-
meeting in Monument Square, 119; rail-
road bridges burned, 121 ; railroads refuse
to transport troops, 124 ; transit of troops
through, reestablished, 172, 173 ; occupied
by Butler, 173, 174.
Baltimore Convention, 1852, Democratic
National : meets in June, I, 332 ; votes :
for Lewis Cass, 332— for William L. Mar-
cy, 332— for James Buchanan, 332 — for
Stephen A. Douglas, 332 ; nominates
Franklin Pierce, 332.
Baltimore Convention, 1864, Republican
National: adopts resolution affirming
Monroe doctrine, VII, 421; meeting of,
June 7, 1864, IX, 65 ; address of E. D. Mor-
gan, 65; Rev. R. J. Breckinridge made
temporary chairman, 65; Breckinridge's
speech, 65-67 ; William Dennison made
permanent chairman, 67, 68 ; action of
committee on credentials, 68, 69; Henry
J. Raymond reports platform, 69-71 ; Lin-
coln renominated for President, 71, 72;
Andrew Johnson nominated for Vice-
President, 72-74 ; resolution advocating
Thirteenth Amendment. X, 80.
Bancroft, George, Sec. of Navy under
Polk, historian, Min. to Prussia : re-
marks at a New York meeting, V, 202;
letter to Lincoln suggesting " an in-
crease of free States," 203 ; letter to
Lincoln about suspension of habeas cor-
pus, VIII, 36, 37.
Banks, Nathaniel P., Speaker H. R., Maj.
Gen. U. S. Vols. : chosen Speaker of House
of Representatives under plurality rule,
I, 364 ; receives votes for Vice-President
in Philadelphia Convention, II, 35; ap-
pointed major general of U. S. volunteers,
IV, 309; succeeds Gen. Butler at Balti-
more, 309 ; supersedes Patterson at Har-
per's Ferry, 356; assumes command at
Ball's Bluff, 457 ; assigned to command
Fifth Army Corps, V, 169; pursues Jack-
son up the Valley, 401; retreat to the
Potomac, 402 ; commands corps in Army
of Virginia, VI, 1 ; ordered to Culpeper
Court House, 5 ; attacks Jackson at Cedar
Mountain and is repulsed, Aug. 9, 1862, 6 ;
report of negro troops organized, 455 ;
expedition to Department of the Gulf,
VII, 311 ; sends Gen. Grover to occupy
Baton Rouge, 313; sends expedition to
Galveston, 313 ; makes demonstration
against Port Hudson, 314; expedition to
Alexandria, La., 314, 315 ; correspond-
ence with Grant about cooperation, 315-
317 ; expedition against Port Hudson,
317 ; effects junction with C. C. Augur,
317 ; first assault on Port Hudson, May 25,
1863, 317 ; second assault on Port Hudson,
June 14, 1863, 317 ; siege of Port Hudson,
May 25 to July 9, 1863, 317-322 ; ordered to
occupy some portion of Texas, VIII, 286 ;
sends expedition to Sabine Pass, 286 ; de-
feat of Franklin at Sabine Pass, Sept. 8,
1863, 287; expedition to the Rio Grande,
287, 288 ; occupies Brownsville and Point
Isabel, 287; captures works at Aransas
Pass, 287 ; occupies Fort Esperanza, Nov.
30, 1863, 287, 288; accepts Halleck's plan
for Red River campaign, 288 ; march
towards Shreveport, 291, 292; battle of
Sabine Cross Roads, April 8, 1864, 292-294 ;
battle of Pleasant Hill, April 9, 1864, 295 ;
retreats down Red River, 296-301 ; plan for
obtaining cotton, 305 ; replies to the Presi-
dent, 427 ; plan of reconstruction in
Louisiana, 428-430; orders election for
State officers in Louisiana, 431-433; orders
election for State convention in Louisi-
ana, 435.
364:
INDEX
Baptist Convention of New York, resolu-
tions supporting emancipation, VI, 315.
Baptist State Convention of Alabama, .reso-
lution supporting secession, VI, 331.
Barbour, James, M. C. : suggested for the
Cabinet, III, 365.
Barclay, Clement, information to Lincoln
about Hooker, VII, 200.
Barksdale, William, M. C, Conf. Brig. Gen.:
signs secession address, II, 436 ; in battle
of Ball's Bluff, IV, 458.
Barlow, Francis C, Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
wounded at Gettysburg, VII, 242 ; in Army
of Potomac, VIII, 353; in battle of the
Wilderness, 362, 364 ; in battle of Spotsyl-
vania, 376, 379, 380, 386 ; in battle of Cold
Harbor, 401 ; in attack on Petersburg, IX,
411 ; in march to Appomattox, X, 189 ; at
grand review in Washington, 332.
Barnard, J. G., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. : at-
tends council of war, V, 167; says York-
town should have been assaulted, 367;
says batteries should have been opened on
Yorktown as fast as completed, 372 ; com
ment on battle of Seven Pines, 391 ; criti-
cism on battle of Gaines's Mill, 429, 430;
advises McClellan's withdrawal from the
James, 457.
Barnes, Albert, resolutions offered at meet-
ing of American Board of Foreign Mis-
sions, VI, 317.
Barnes, James, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in battle of Gettysburg, VII, 254.
Barnes, Joseph K., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
A. : present at Lincoln's deathbed, X, 300.
Barney, Hiram, Collector of New York:
present at Lincoln's Cooper Institute
speech, II, 217.
Barnwell, R. W., Comr. of S. C. : arrives in
Washington, III, 62 5 interview with Pres.
Buchanan, 70.
Barry, William F., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
chief of artillery at Washington, IV, 441 ;
opinion about siege operations at York-
town, V, 372.
Barton, Seth M., Conf. Brig. Gen. : in battle
of Champion's Hill, VII, 191.
Bate, Wm. B., Conf. Maj. Gen. U. S. Sen. :
in battle of Chattanooga, VIII, 152 ; de-
feated by Milroy, X, 23.
Bates, Edward, M. C. : Atty. Gen. under Lin-
coln : candidate before Chicago Conven-
tion, 1860, II, 256, 263, 271 ; vote for, on first
ballot, 273 ; vote for, on second ballot, 274 ;
vote for, on third ballot, 275 ; visits Lin-
coln at Springfield, III, 351 ; accepts office
of Attorney General, 352 ; appointed At-
torney General, 372 ; extract from diary,
380, 381; first opinion on Sumter, 388;
second opinion on Sumter, 432 ; opinion
on Maryland matters, IV, 166 ; diary of, on
the Trent affair, V, 35, 36; signs remon-
strance against McClellan's continuance
in command, VI, 21 ; favors immediate an-
nouncement of first emancipation procla-
mation, 128 ; opinion on the admission of
West Virginia, 308, 309 ; suggestions for
final emancipation proclamation, 419, 420;
opinion on the Fort Pillow massacre, 482 ;
review of the Merryman case, VIII, 28 ;
resignation of, IX, 343-346 ; declines a dis-
trict judgeship, 344, 345; controversy with
Butler, 441, 442.
Bates, Lewis F., entertains Jefferson Davis,
X, 264, 265.
Bates, Richard, son of Edward Bates :
thanks to, for use of manuscripts, V, 36.
Baton Rouge, La., barracks and arsenal
seized, III, 192.
Battle, C. A., Conf. Brig. Gen. : in battle of
Winchester, IX, 301.
Baxter, Elisha, elected U. S. Senator from
Arkansas, VIII, 418.
Bayard, James A., U. S. Sen. : deprecates
making paper money legal tender, VI, 235.
Bazaine, Francois Achille, Marshal of
France : defeats Comonfort, VII, 397.
Beall,John Yates, takes possession of the
Philo Parsons, VIII, 19; scuttles the
Island Queen, 19; attempts to wreck a
railroad train, 19, 20; sentenced to death
by court martial, 20 ; petition for commu-
tation of sentence of, 20 ; respited by Pres.
Lincoln, 20 ; execution of, 20, 21.
Beatty, John, Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. : in
battle of Chickamauga, VIII, 92 ; in battle
of Chattanooga, 148.
Beauregard, G. T., Conf. Gen. : interview
with Fox, HI, 389 ; report on Sumter, 397 ;
telegram to commissioners, IV, 3 ; pro-
poses conditions to Anderson, 21 ; apolo-
gizes to Anderson, 22 ; letter to Walker,
23; reports batteries ready, 29; letter to
Anderson about mails, 30 ; permits Gov.
Pickens to open Anderson's mail, 39 ;
demands evacuation of Sumter, 46 ; sec-
ond proposition about evacuation, 46 ;
notice of attack, 47; ratifies WigfaU's
negotiations, 60, 61 ; sent to command
Manassas Junction, 322 ; in command
at Bull Run, 342; first plan of battle,
347 ; changes his plan, 347 ; battle of Bull
INDEX
365
Bun, July 21, 1861, 348-351 ; endeavors
to check Confederate defeat, 348 ; con-
gratulatory order about Ball's Bluff, 458 ;
council of war at Fairfax Court House, V,
153, 154 ; attends council of war at Bowl-
ing Green, 185; evacuates Columbus, 303;
joins Johnston near Corinth, 321; second
in command of Confederate army at Pitts-
burg Landing, 321 ; council of Confederate
commanders ; advises change of plan, 322;
attack on Union troops, April 6, 1862, 325 ;
advances his headquarters to Shiloh
Church, 325, 326 ; orders rebel attack to
cease, 333 ; force of, at Corinth, 338 ; evac-
uates Corinth, 341 ; plans to fortify Vicks-
burg, 346; preparations for defending
Charleston, VII, 66, 67 ; plan for a boarding
assault on the Union fleet, 82, 83 ; letter
about Vallandigham, 340 ; opposes Terry's
demonstration against James Island, 427 ;
correspondence with Gillmore about Gen.
Hunter, 437-439; correspondence with Gill-
more about bombardment of Charleston,
439-441 ; comments on defense of Charles-
ton, 442, 443 ; commands defense of Rich-
mond and Petersburg, VIII , 393 ; dispatches
to Seddon, 396; plan of campaign, 396,397 ;
battle of Bermuda Hundred, May 16, 1864,
397-399 ; defense of Petersburg, IX, 410, 411 ;
in siege of Petersburg, 428; given com-
mand over Hood and Taylor, 473; ap-
proves Hood's Tennessee campaign, 476 ;
directs Hood to take the offensive, X, 9 ;
suggests plan to Davis, 156,157; superseded
by Johnston, 233 ; interviews with Davis
and Johnston, 257-263.
Beaver Dam Creek, Va., rebels repulsed at,
June 26, 1862, V, 425 ; losses at, 425.
Bee, H. P., Conf. Brig. Gen. : defeated at
Cane River, VIII, 297.
Beecher, Rev. Henry "Ward, oration at
Fort Sumter flag-raising, X, 278, 280.
Bell, John, M. C, Sec. of War under W. H.
Harrison, U. S. Sen. : opposes first Ne-
braska Bill, 1, 340 ; nominated for President
by Constitutional Union Party, II, 253;
subsequent course on secession, 254; let-
ter of acceptance, 281 ; electoral votes for,
294.
Bell, Louis, Col. U. S. Vols. : killed in as-
sault on Fort Fisher, X, 66, 67.
Bellows, W. H., D. D., Pres. Sanitary Com-
mission: consults with Mr. Lincoln, VI, 330.
Belmont, August, Min. to The Hague : calls
Democratic National Convention to order,
IX, 254, 255.
Belmont, Mo., battle of, Nov. 7, 1861, V, 113,
114.
Benedict, Lewis, Col. U. S. Vols. : killed at
Pleasant HiU, VIII, 295.
Benham, Henry W., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
A. : leads pursuit against Garnett, IV,
337.
Benjamin, Judah P., U. S. Sen., Conf. Sec.
of State: comments on Douglas's recu-
sancy, II, 163, 164 ; signs address commend-
ing the Charleston disruption, 245, 246;
signs secession address, 436 ; signs the Sen-
atorial secession caucus resolutions, III,
181; appointed Confederate Attorney
General, 212 ; telegram about East Ten-
nessee bridge-burners, V, 77; instruc-
tions about bridge-burners, 78; sends
Brownlow within the Union lines, 80;
authorizes Slidell to submit propositions
to Napoleon III., VI, 77-79; accepts ar-
rangement about rebel privateers, VII,
450 ; interview with Jaquess and Gil more,
IX, 208-211 ; report of Jaquess-Gilmore
interview with Jefferson Davis, 211, 212 ,
suggests instructions to Peace Commis-
sioners, X, 111, 112 ; dispatch to Slidell,
154, 155; present at interview of Davi3
and Johnston, 257-263; leaves Davis's
party, 267.
Bennett, James Gordon, editor of N. Y.
" Herald : " interview with F. P. Blair,
Sr., IX, 248.
Benton, Thomas H., U. S. Sen. : votes
against Nebraska bill, I, 270.
Bermuda Hundred, Va., battle of, May 16,
1864, VIII, 397-399 ; losses at, 399.
Berry, Hiram G., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
killed at Chancellors ville, VII, 101.
Berry, Richard, signs Thomas Lincoln's
marriage bond, I, 23, 24.
Berry, William F., partner of Lincoln in a
store, 1, 110.
Berry, Wm. W., Col. U. S. Vols. : in battle
of Chattanooga, VIII, 151.
Berthier, Gen., defeated by Mexicans, VI,
47.
Biddle, Charles J., M. C. : opposes bill foi
draft, VII, 5.
Bidwell, Daniel D., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols.:
skirmish near Washington, IX, 172; killed
at Cedar Creek, 321.
Big Black, Miss., battle of, May 17, 1863.
VII, 192.
Bigler, William, Gov. of Penn., U. S. Sen. :
explains caucus action on the Toombs bill,
II, 94 ; speech in Charleston Convention,
366
INDEX
239; member of Senate Committee of
Thirteen, 414 ; propositions in that com-
mittee, in, 222.
Bingham, John A., M. C, Min. to Japan:
plan of compromise, II, 422 ; bill to aid
emancipation in Maryland, VIII, 457 ; as-
sistant judge advocate in trial of Lin-
coln's assassins, X, 312.
Binney, Horace, M. C. : comment on opinion
in Merryman case, IV, 175, 176 ; pamphlet,
"Writ of Habeas Corpus," VHI, 29-31.
Birney, David B., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. : in
battle of Chancellorsville, VII, 99, 101 ; in
battle of Gettysburg, 250, 251 ; testimony
about Gettysburg, 269 ; in Army of the
Potomac, VIII, 353 ; in battle of the Wilder-
ness, 362, 366 ; in battle of Spotsylvania,
376, 379, 380 ; in attack on Petersburg, IX,
411 ; in siege of Petersburg, 432 ; in siege
of Richmond, 427, 431.
Birney, James G., votes for, for President,
I, 231.
Birney, William, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols.:
in siege of Richmond, IX, 431.
Bismarck, Prince, Chancellor of German
Empire: speech on Lincoln's death, X,
344.
Bissell, George B. : marshals first Wide
Awakes, II, 285.
Bissell, J. W., Col. U. S. Vols. : canal of, at
Island No. 10, V, 297.
Bissell, William H., M. C, Gov. of 111. : com-
mands regiment in Mexican war, I, 250 ;
his political antecedents,II, 25-27; in battle
of Buena Vista, 26 ; challenged by Jeffer-
son Davis, 27 ; nominated for governor of
Hlinois, 29 ; elected governor, 43.
Blackburn's Ford, Va., engagement at, July
18, 1861, IV, 343.
Black, Jeremiah S., Atty. Gen. and Sec.
of State under Buchanan : controversy
with Douglas, II, 184, 185 ; opinions on dis-
union, 360-362 ; appointed Secretary of
State, in, 66 ; sustains Anderson's move-
ment, 67 ; announces his intention to
resign, 80 ; memorandum criticizing Buch-
anan's reply to South Carolina commis-
sioners, 80-82; letter to Gen. Scott, 157,
158 ; answer to Tyler about the Brooklyn,
166 ; circular to foreign governments, IV,
267 ; criticisms of Stanton, V, 131.
Black Hawk, Chief of Sac Indians : treaty
with,I,87, 88; crosses the Mississippi River
with his warriors into Illinois, 89; Gov.
Reynolds calls for volunteers to expel
them, 89 ; defeats Stillman, 91 ; defeated at
battle of Bad Axe, 95; capture of, 95;
speech to Pres. Jackson at Washington,
95 ; death of, 96.
Blaine, James G., U. S. Sen., Sec. of State
under Garfield and Benjamin Harrison :
votes for re-passage of National Bank Act,
VI, 245.
Blair, Francis P., Jr., M. C, Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols.: lecture in New York, II, 217; elected
to Congress, IV, 206 ; reelected in 1860, 207 ;
member of Union Safety Committee at St
Louis, 212 ; delivers the President's order
to Harney, 222 ; takes his seat in Congress,
404 ; quarrel with Fr6mont, 413, 414 ; mem-
ber of Select Committee on Emancipa-
tion, VI, 395 ; in assault on Chickasaw
Bluffs, VU, 133; march to Edwards's
Station, 188 ; candidate for Speaker of
House of Representatives, 381 ; returns
to the army, 393; in march to Chatta-
nooga, VIII, 132 ; in Sherman's march to
Knoxville, 182 ; joins Sherman's army, IX,
27; Congressional investigation of, 80;
speech attacking Chase, 80 ; in battle of
Atlanta, 272, 273, 286 ; comment on his
brother's resignation, 341, 342 ; in March to
the Sea, 481 ; in march to Columbia, X,
230 ; at grand review in Washington, 333.
Blair, Francis P., Sr., interview with R. E.
Lee, IV, 98 ; interview with Bryant, IX,
248; interview with Greeley, 248; inter-
view with Bennett, 248 ; interview with
McClellan, 248, 249 ; letters to Jefferson
Davis, X, 94, 95 ; visit to Richmond, 95, 96 ;
interview with Jefferson Davis, 96-106;
second interview with Davis, 109, 110.
Blair, H. P., suggests Wide Awake uniform,
II, 285.
Blair, Jacob B., M. C. : second interview
with Lincoln about compensated eman-
cipation, VI, 112.
Blair, Montgomery, P. M. Gen. under Lin-
coln: argument in Dred Scott case, n,
64; recommended for the Cabinet, III, 368 ;
selected for the Cabinet, 369 ; appointed
Postmaster General, 372 ; first opinion on
Sumter, 386 ; second opinion on Sumter,
432 ; statement about Lee, IV, 98 ; testi-
mony concerning Fremont, 402, 403 ; visits
Fremont, 313 ; deprecates policy of mili-
tary emancipation, VI, 129 ; comment on
preliminary emancipation proclamation,
161-163; opinion on admission of West
Virginia, 306-308; suggestions for final
emancipation proclamation, 419 ; opinion
on the Fort Pillow massacre, 482 ; conver-
INDEX
367
sation with Lincoln about Prank Blair,
VII, 392 ; political antecedents of, IX, 333-
335; opposes Henry Winter Davis, 335,
336 ; opposes Colfax for Speaker, 337 ; re-
lations to the Cabinet, 337; controversy
with Halleck, 338 ; Lincoln asks his resig-
nation, 340, 341 ; declines Spanish or
Austrian mission, 342.
Blake, George S., commodore U. S. N. :
commandant U. S. Naval Academy, IV,
136.
Blatchford, Richard M., authorized to make
government purchases, IV, 137 ; author-
ized to organize troops, 138 ; proposed for
Assistant Treasurer at New York, IX, 93.
Bledsoe, Albert T., Conf. Asst. Sec. of War :
prominent lawyer of Illinois, I, 213.
Blenker, Louis, Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. : at-
tends council of war, V, 167.
Bliss, Z. R., Lieut. Col. U. S. A. : censured
for Petersburg mine affair, IX, 425.
Blow, Henry T., Min. to Venezuela, M. C. :
approves Lincoln's message, IX, 110.
Blunt, James G., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
called to aid Missouri campaign, VI, 379 ;
battle of Prairie Grove, Dec. 7, 1862, 383.
Boggs, C. S., Rear Adm. U. S. N. : com-
mands the Yaruna in Parragut's fleet, V,
261 ; sinking of the Yaruna, 263.
Boggs, W. R., Conf. Capt. : sent to Pensa-
cola, IV, 11.
Bogue, Vincent, navigates Sangamon River
with steamboat Talisman, I, 85, 86.
Bogus Laws of Kansas, provisions about
slavery, etc., I, 419-421 ; ignored by Kan-
sas Free State party, 428, 429, 432.
Bogus Legislature of Kansas, vote electing,
I, 411 ; convened by the governor at Paw-
nee, 414 ; J. H. Stringfellow elected
Speaker of House, 415 ; Thomas Johnson
elected Speaker of Council, 415 ; passes Act
to remove seat of government to Shawnee
Mission, 415; reassembles at Shawnee
Mission, 415; petitions the President to
remove Gov. Reeder, 417; copies and
adopts Revised Statutes of Missouri, 419;
concurrent resolution " to know but one
issue, slavery," 425 ; analysis of vote for,
438, 439.
Bond, , favorably mentioned by Lincoln,
I, 292.
Bonds of United States, $10,000,000 nego-
tiated by Sec. Cobb, III, 239 ; authorized
by act of Feb. 8, 1861, 242; authorized
by Morrill Tariff Act, 243 ; issue of " Five-
twenty " bonds, VI, 240, 241.
Bonham, Milledge L., M. C, Conf. Brig.
Gen. : signs secession address, II, 436 ; ad-
vises with Trescott about withdrawing
Gov. Pickens's letter, HI, 6.
Bonzano, M. F., elected to Congress in
Louisiana, VIII, 437.
Boone, Anna, first cousin of Daniel Boone :
marries Abraham Lincoln of Pennsylva-
nia, 1, 4.
Boone, Anna, sister of Daniel Boone, I, 5.
Boone, Daniel, explorer and pioneer; ex-
plores Kentucky, I, 6 ; captured by the
Indians, 6 ; meets his brother Squire
Boone in Kentucky, 6 ; spends three
months alone in the wilderness, 7; disaster
near Cumberland Gap, 7 ; escorts a party
of surveyors through Kentucky, 8 ; com-
mands three garrisons, 8 ; personal char-
acteristics, 8, 9; report of battle of the
Blue Licks, 9; member of Henderson's
legislature, 9 ; deprived of his Kentucky
homestead, 13.
Boone, George, trustee of Mordecai Lincoln,
1,5.
Boone, Squire, father of Daniel Boone : ap-
praiser of Mordecai Lincoln's estate, I, 6.
Boone, Squire, younger brother of Daniel
Boone : meets Daniel Boone in Kentucky,
I, 6 ; returns to the eastern settlements, 7.
Boonville, Mo., battle of, June 17, 1861, IV,
224.
Booth, John Wilkes, personal description,
X, 289, 290 ; conspiracy to abduct Lincoln,
290 ; creates disturbance at Lincoln's sec-
ond inauguration, 290 ; conspiracy to as-
sassinate Lincoln, 291, 292 ; gives a letter to
Matthews, 293 ; shoots Pres. Lincoln, 296 ;
wounds Maj. Rathbone, 296 ; flight of, 297 ;
escape from Washington, 307 ; assisted by
Samuel Mudd, 307, 308 ; assisted by Samuel
Cox, 308 ; rowed across the Potomac by
Thomas Jones, 308, 309 ; diary of, 309-311 ;
assisted by William Jett, 311 ; goes to Gar-
rett's farm, 311 ; shot by Boston Corbett,
312.
Booth, L. W., Maj. U. S. Vols. : refuses to
surrender Fort Pillow, VI, 479 ; killed at
Fort Pillow, April 12, 1864, 479.
Boteler, A. R., M. C. : motion to appoint
House Committee of Thirty-three, II, 415.
Botts, John Minor, M. C. : interview with
Lincoln, III, 423 ; describes the Baldwin
interview, 424, 425.
Bouligny, John E., M. C. : loyalty of, III, 193 ;
retains his seat in House of Representa-
tives, 195 ; mission to New Orleans, VI, 349.
368
INDEX
Boutwell, George S., M. C, Sec. of Treas.
under Grant, U. S. Sen. : member of
Peace Convention, III, 230 ; reports Lin-
coln's statement about Altoona meeting,
VI, 164, 165 ; votes for re-passage of Na-
tional Bank Act, 245 ; approves Lincoln's
message, IX, 109.
Bowen,John S., Conf. Brig. Gen.: brigade
of, at Grand Gulf, VII, 165 ; defense of Port
Gibson, 170, 171 ; evacuates Grand Gulf,
172 ; in battle of Champion's Hill, 189-192 ;
advises capitulation of Vicksburg, 302 ;
sent with flag of truce to Grant, 302 ;
present at Pemberton's interview with
Grant, 303.
Bowie, James, Col. Tex. army : defense of
the Alamo, I, 233.
Boy ce, William W., M. C. : member of House
Committee of Thirty-three, II, 417; refuses
to attend its meetings, III, 214.
Boynton, H. V., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in battle of Chattanooga, VIII, 151.
Bradford, A. W., Gov. of Md. : complaints
about negro recruiting in Maryland, VI,
464 ; election of, VIII, 450; complaint about
negro enlistments, 459 ; complaints about
Maryland elections, 462 ; proclamation
about Schenck's election order, 464; procla-
mation declaring Constitution adopted,
468.
Bradley, L. P., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. A. : in
march to Franklin, X, 11, 12.
Bragg, Braxton, Conf. Gen. : dispatches
about Fort Pickens, IV, 9-11, 13; com-
mands Confederate right wing at Pitts-
burg Landing, V, 321 ; invades Kentucky,
VI, 274; march toward Louisville, 276;
move toward Lexington, 276 ; attempts
to inaugurate a Confederate government
at Frankfort, 277 ; attacked by Union
forces at Perry ville, 278 ; withdraws his
army to Harrodsburg, 279 ; retreats from
Kentucky, 279; pursued by Buell, 279 ;
takes position at Murfreesboro, Tenn.,
282 ; plan of battle at Murfreesboro, 284,
285 ; begins the battle, Dec. 31, 1862, 285 ;
dispatch announcing victory, 290 ; attacks
Rosecrans, Jan. 2, 1863, 292; retreats to
Tullahoma, 294 ; raids in Kentucky, VIII,
49, 50; organizes cavalry raid into northern
States, 52 ; retreats to Chattanooga, 62 ;
reenf orced, 63 ; retreat from Chattanooga,
73; prepares to take the offensive, 76;
gives orders to attack Thomas, 78 ; orders
movement against Crittenden, 79 ; blames
Polk, 80; battle of Chickamauga, Sept. 18-
20, 1863, 83-107 ; blockades the Tennessee
River, 113 ; comment on Longstreet's ad-
vice, 113, 114 ; opposes Union advance on
Lookout Valley, 126; interview with Jef-
ferson Davis, 127 ; battle of Chattanooga,
Nov. 23-25, 1863, 134-157; made chief of
staff to Jefferson Davis, 326; comment
on Beauregard's plan, 396, 397 ; proposes
plan to Johnston, IX, 5-8; in defense of
Goldsboro, X, 70.
Brainard, Cephas, present at Lincoln's
Cooper Institute speech, II, 217.
Braine, J. C, Conf. mutineer : in capture of
the Chesapeake, VIII, 14.
Bramlette,Thomas E., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols.,
Gov. of Ky. : occupies Lexington, V, 51 ;
objects to arming negroes, VI, 463.
Branch, Lawrence O'B., M. C, Conf. Brig.
Gen.: resolutions in House of Repre-
sentatives about quartering troops at the
Capital, III, 147; defeated by Porter, V,
385 ; joins J, R. Anderson, 386.
Brandy Station, Va., cavalry battle at, June
9, 1863, VII, 205, 206.
Brannan, J. M., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. : in
battle of Chickamauga, VIII, 85, 88, 92, 94,
95, 98-101, 104 ; reports against attack on
Missionary Ridge, 130.
Branson, Jacob, arrest and rescue of, I, 441.
Braxton, Carter M., Conf. Lieut. Col.: in
battle of Winchester, IX, 301.
Breckinridge, Judge, introduces bill in Mis-
souri Convention to accept compensated
abolishment, VI, 391.
Breckinridge, J. C, Vice-Pres. with Buchan-
an, Conf. Maj. Gen. and Sec. of War:
nominated for Vice-President, II, 39; cir-
culates Dred Scott decision, 73, 74 ; nom-
inated for President at Baltimore, 251;
letter of acceptance, 281 ; electoral votes
for, 294; popular vote for and against,
358; presides at the Presidential count,
III, 145 ; announces election of Lincoln,
146 ; call of ceremony on Lincoln, 317 ;
leaves Kentucky, to join the South, IV,
244; complains of usurpation, 383; flight
from Lexington, V, 51 ; commands Con-
federate reserve at Pittsburg Landing,
321; in battle of Murfreesboro, VI, 283,
292 ; defeat of, 292 ; threat of retaliation,
477 ; sent to attack Baton Rouge, VII, 122 ;
defeated at Baton Rouge, 122; fortifies
Port Hudson, 122 ; joins Johnston's army
in Mississippi, 294; in battle of Chicka-
mauga, VIII, 92, 106 ; in battle of Chat-
tanooga, 145 ; in battle of Cold Harbor,
INDEX
369
401 ; witnesses skirmish near Washington,
IX, 172 ; in battle of Winchester, 303 ; in
campaign of Cedar Creek, 312 ; appointed
Confederate Secretary of War, X, 153;
interview with Sherman and Johnston,
246-248 ; report on the Sherman-Johnston
agreement, 251 ; arrives at Greensboro,
259; present at interview of Davis and
Johnston, 260-263 ; interview with Davis
at Charlotte, 265 ; leaves Davis's party,
267.
Breckinridge, R. J., D.D., LL.D. : report to
Presbyterian General Assembly, VI, 219,
220 ; temporary chairman of Baltimore
Convention, IX, 65 ; speech of, 65-67.
Breese, K. Randolph, Capt. U. S. N. : in as-
sault on Fort Fisher, X, 66.
Breese, Sidney, Judge 111. Sup. Ct., IT. S.
Sen. : discussion at Illinois State Fair, I,
375.
Bridges, Lyman, Capt. U. S. Vols. : in march
to Franklin, X, 11, 12.
Briggs, James A. : present at Lincoln's
Cooper Institute speech, II, 217.
Bright, John, M. P. : remarks on the Ameri-
can war, VIII, 261.
Brinckerhoff, Jacob, M. C. : agrees to Wilmot
Proviso, I, 268.
Bristow, Francis M., M. C. : member of
House Committee of Thirty-three, II, 417.
Broadhead, James O. : member of Union
Safety Committee at St. Louis, IV, 212.
Broderick, David C, U. S. Sen. : votes
against Lecompton Constitution, II, 130 ;
opposes a Congressional slave code, 175.
Brooke, John R., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
wounded at Cold Harbor, VIII, 404.
Brooklyn, The, U. S. sloop of war : ordered
to reenforce Fort Pickens, III, 164 ; Tyler's
inquiries and Buchanan's answers con-
cerning, 166 ; ordered not to land Capt.
Vogdes's company, 168.
Brooks, Preston S., M. C. : assaults Sen.
Sumner, II, 49-51 ; House Committee
recommends his expulsion, 53; censured
by the House, 53; resigns his seat, is
reelected, and resumes his seat, 53 ; chal-
lenges Sen. Wilson, 54 ; challenges Bur-
lingame, 55; death, 56.
Brooks, T. B., Maj. U. S. Vols. : engineering
work against Fort Wagner, VII, 433, 434.
Brooks, W. T. H., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
brigade of, attacks Dam No. 1, V, 368.
Brough, John, Gov. of Ohio : nominated
governor of Ohio, VII, 355 ; in charge of
funeral cortege of Lincoln, X, 319.
Vol. X.— 24
Brown, , nominated for Congress, L
255.
Brown, Albert G., M. C, U. S. Sen.: de-
mands a Congressional slave code, II, 174 ;
remarks of, 174, 175 ; Senate discussion, 400,
407,410; signs secession address, 436; signs
Senatorial secession caucus resolutions.
Ill, 281.
Brown, B. Gratz, U. S. Sen. : telegram to
Lincoln about Missouri Senatorial elec-
tion, VI, 397 ; elected U. S. Senator, VIII,
470 ; statement about Schoneld, 471 ; signs
call for Cleveland Convention, IX, 32 ;
absent from Cleveland Convention, 34 ;
amendment to Reconstruction Act, 119.
Brown, George W., mayor of Baltimore,
starts for the scene of rioting, IV, 114;
heads the Massachusetts companies, 116 ;
speech in Monument Square, 119 ; order
to burn railroad bridges, 120; telegram
to Secretary of War, 123 ; requests that
transit of troops be stopped, 125 ; inter-
view with Lincoln, 130.
Brown, Harvey, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
commands troops to protect Washington,
III, 145 ; sails for Fort Pickens, IV, 6, 7 ;
takes command of Fort Pickens, 16.
Brown, John, revolt against Lawrence
agreement, I, 447 ; followers of, dispersed
by Col. Sumner, II, 2 ; biographical notice,
190, 191 ; Kansas guerrilla acts, 191; the Pot-
tawatomie massacre, 191 ; personal char-
acteristics, 192, 193; collects funds and
arms, 194 ; contract for pikes, 194 ; gathers
and drills recruits, 195; the Peterboro
council, 196-199; scheme of slave libera-
tion, 197, 198 ; the Chatham meeting, 200,
201 ; postponement and preparation, 202,
203; change of plan, 203; Harper's Ferry,
203, 204 ; the Kennedy farm, 204 ; his cam-
paign, 204-208 ; captured by Col. Lee, 208 ;
trial and execution, 208, 209; Senate in-
vestigation, 209, 210.
Brown, Joseph E., Gov. of Ga., U. S. Sen. :
reply to Gov. Gist about proposed seces-
sion, II, 310, 311 ; recommendations of, III,
189; orders seizure of Fort Pulaski, 190;
orders seizure of Augusta arsenal, 191;
withdraws Georgia militia from Hood's
command, IX, 470.
Brown, Owen, son of John Brown: con-
cerned in the Harper's Ferry invasion, n,
195.
Brown, Salmon, son of John Brown : state-
ment about Pottawatomie massacre, II,
191.
370
INDEX
Brown, William G., M. C. : second inter-
view with Lincoln about compensated
emancipation, VI, 112.
Browne, J. H., correspondent of New York
"Tribune": cruelly treated as prisoner
of war, VII, 458.
Brownell, Francis E., Lieut. U. S. A.; kills
the assassin of Ellsworth, IV, 314.
Brownell, H. H., acting ensign U. S. N. :
in battle of Mobile Bay, IX, 233.
Browning, Orville H., U. S. Sen., Sec. of
Int. under Johnson: opinion of Lincoln's
malady, I, 187; member of Bloomingtou
Convention, II, 28 ; suggestions for Lin-
coln's inaugural address, III, 319, 322,
333, 334.
Brownlow, William G., Gov. of Tenn., U.
S. Sen. : arrested, V, 80; sent into Union
lines, 80; signs call for Union Convention
at Nashville, VIII, 440 ; elected governor
of Tennessee, 449.
Brumfield, ; marries aunt of the Pres.
Lincoln, I, 23.
Brumfield, Nancy Lincoln, youngest child
of Abraham Lincoln, the President's
grandfather, I, 5.
Brune, John C, elected to Maryland legis-
lature, IV, 165.
Bruner, J. B., member of committee to dis-
tribute Union arms, IV, 237.
Bryant, William Cullen, editor of "New
York Evening Post " : leaves Democratic
party, I, 277; presides over Cooper Insti-
tute meeting, II, 217 ; letter to Lincoln, III,
257 ; signs memorial about Fremont and
colored troops, VI, 456 ; effort to postpone
Republican National Convention, IX, 57,
58; interview with F. P. Blair, Sr., 248.
Buchanan, Franklin, Capt. U. S. N, Adm.
Conf. navy : resigns from Washington
navy yard, IV, 141 ; on board the Tennes-
see, IX, 227 ; battle of Mobile Bay, Aug. 5,
1864, 230-239 ; wounded at Mobile Bay, 237.
Buchanan, James, fifteenth Pres. of U. S. :
votes for, in Baltimore Convention, 1852,
I, 332 ; nominated for President, II, 39 ;
elected President, 40; popular and elec-
toral vote for, 40, 41 ; vote of Illinois for,
43 ; inserts a new clause in his inaugural
address, 72 ; appoints R. J. Walker gov-
ernor of Kansas Territory, 93 ; approves
Walker's inaugnral address, 95 ; letter to
Gov. Walker about submitting Lecomp-
ton Constitution to popular vote, 102, 103 ;
letter to Gov. Walker about the Wash-
ington "Union," 110-112; quarrel with
Douglas, 120; letter to Silliman and
others, 121 ; message indorsing Lecomp-
ton Constitution, 122 ; transmits Lecomp-
ton Constitution to Congress, 125-127;
favors acquisition of Cuba, 129; sends
detachment of marines to capture John
Brown, 207 ; schism between himself and
Douglas, 228 ; speech at Washington, 282 ;
interview with Jefferson Davis, 326 ; com-
ments on Gen. Scott's " Views," 341 ; his
opportunity, 358, 359 ; Cabinet conference
on disunion, 360-363; annual message,
Dec. 4, 1860, 365-371 ; message unsatisfac-
tory, 372; declares Federal government
has no power to coerce a State, 375 ; ac-
quiescence in Gist's suggestion, 379 ; truce
with South Carolina Representatives, 383-
386 ; memorandum on Cass's resignation,
392, 393 ; Cabinet discussion with Floyd,
394, 395 ; answer to Cass, 396, 397 ; letter
to Cass, 397, 398 ; proclamation of fasting
and prayer, 435; letter to Gov. Pickens
refusing to give up Fort Sumter, III, 4;
sends Caleb Cushing to Gov. Pickens, 11 ;
informed of Floyd's secret orders to
Anderson, 39 ; issues a modifying order,
40 ; appoints interview with South Caro-
lina commissioners, 63 ; informed by com-
missioners of Anderson's movement, 64 ;
requests Floyd's resignation, 65; post-
pones interview with commissioners, 67 ;
determines to await official information
fi-om Anderson, 69 ; interview with com-
missioners, 70 ; draft of reply to com-
missioners, 74; special message of Jan.
8, 1861, 78, 140; authorizes Black to amend
his reply to South Carolina commissioners,
80; amended reply to commissioners, 82;
declines to receive the commissioners'
rejoinder, 86; authorizes Holt to act as
Secretary of War, 89 ; appoints Holt Sec-
retary of War ad interim, 89 ; nominates
Holt Secretary of War, 89 ; postpones or-
ders for expedition to relieve Sumter,
91; promises Secretary Thompson not to
renew the orders without Cabinet discus
sion, 92 ; says " reinforcements must be
sent," 93 ; note to Slidell, 131 ; nominates
Collector for Charleston, 133 ; authorizes
measures to protect Washington, 137 ; rec-
ommends restoration of Missouri Com-
promise line, 140 ; refuses to publish Holt's
report, 149; revokes orders for military
parade, Feb. 22, 1861, 150; renews the order,
151 ; letter to Tyler about parade, 152 ; in-
terview with Hayne, 153 ; reply to Sen.
INDEX
371
C. C. Clay, 159, 160 ; instructs Holt to re-
ply to secession Senators, 160 ; interview
■with Tyler, 165 ; reply to Tyler about
the Brooklyn, 166 ; reply to Hayne, 171 ;
special message transmitting Virginia
peace resolutions, 228 ; signs joint resolu-
tion for Constitutional Amendment, 236 ;
signs Morrill Tariff Act, 243 ; receives visit
of ceremony from Lincoln, 317; accom-
panies Lincoln at inauguration, 325 ; takes
leave of Lincoln at the White House, 344 ;
dismisses Gen. Twiggs from army, IV, 191 ;
foreign opinion of his non-coercion doc-
trine, 266, 267.
Buckingham, C. P., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
delivers to McClellan the order for his
removal, VI, 189; delivers to Burnside
order to take command of Army of the
Potomac, 196.
Buckley, Harrison, obtains peace warrant
against Branson, I, 441.
Buckmaster, Nathaniel, Brigade Maj. 111.
Vols. : musters out volunteers for Black
Hawk war, I, 96.
Buckner, Simon B., Conf. Lieut. Gen. : inter-
views with McClellan, IV, 202 ; organizes
Kentucky State Guard, 230 ; conference
with Davis, V, 43 ; made Conf. Brig. Gen.,
43; occupies Bowling Green, 45; sent to
reenforce Fort Donelson, 185 ; attacks Mc-
Clernand's division, 196 ; repulsed by Mc-
Clernand, 196; attends council of war
in Donelson, 198; advises capitula-
tion, 198 ; proposes armistice to Grant,
199 ; surrenders unconditionally, 199 ; plan
to capture Louisville, VIII, 52, 53 ; retreat
to Loudon, 72 ; called from the Hiawas-
see, 76 ; sent to execute orders issued to
Hill, 78; in battle of Chickamauga, 84,
88 ; in battle of Chattanooga, 145 ; expects
Burnside at Cumberland Gap, 162.
Buell, Don Carlos, Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
memorandum of instructions to Anderson,
II, 387, 388 ; assigned to command in Ken-
tucky, V, 65 ; answer to Johnson and May-
nard, 68; reply to McClellan, 68; suggests
plan, 69; asks for more troops for Ken-
tucky, 70 ; reply to Lincoln's inquiry, 70 ;
promises to obey instructions, 73 ; aban-
dons East Tennessee movement, 73 ; reply
to Lincoln about cooperation, 100; an-
swer to Lincoln about Bowling Green,
101; advises Tennessee and Cumberland
expedition, 101, 102 ; orders Thomas to
dislodge Zollicoffer, 116 ; reply to McClel-
lan about Tennessee movement, 188 ; re-
calls Nelson's division, 304; informs
Halleck of his intended advance on Nash-
ville, 304 ; advances opposite Nashville,
311 ; offers Halleck aid against Columbus,
313; ordered to march to the Tennes-
see, 317 ; delay at Duck River, 318 ; arrival
with his army on battlefield of Pittsburg
Landing, 333 ; directs placing of his army,
333; interview with Grant, 334; attacks
the enemy, April 7, 1862, 334 ; defeat and
retreat of Confederates, 335; ordered to
advance toward Chattanooga, 351 ; as-
signed to command center of Halleck's
army, 337; concentrates forces at Mur-
freesboro, VI, 276; march to Louisville,
276; relieved from command, 276; order
relieving him withdrawn, 277; appoints
Thomas second in command. 277; pre-
pares to attack Bragg, 277; battle of
Perry ville, Oct. 8, 1862, 278; pursuit of
Bragg, 279; moves toward western
Tennessee, 279 ; ordered to East Tennes-
see, 280; reply to Halleck's order, 280;
superseded by Rosecrans, 281.
Buell, George P., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S, A.:
in battle of Chickamauga, Vm, 98.
Buford, A., Conf. Brig. Gen. : threat at
Columbus, Ky, VI, 480.
Buford, Jefferson, arrives in Kansas, I, 448;
denounces sack of Lawrence, 456.
Buford, John, Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. : cav-
alry successes under, VII, 215 ; occupies
Gettysburg, 239.
Bullen, J. D., Col. U. S. Vols. : repulses
rebel attack on Donaldson ville, VII, 321.
Bullitt, Capt., survey of lands at the falls of
Ohio, 1, 15.
Bullock, James D., Commander Confederate
navy: makes provisional contracts for
building Confederate ships in Prance,
VIII, 272; letter to Mallory, 277, 278;
agreement with Arm an about Confeder-
ate ships, 279; reports action of French
Minister of Marine, 279 ; fits out Confed-
erate ram Stonewall, IX, 136; fits out
Confederate cruiser Shenandoah, 155.
Bull Run, Va. : battle of, July 21, 1861, IV,
348-351 ; summary of forces engaged, 351 ;
losses in, 357 ; second battle of, Aug. 30,
1862, VI, 10.
Bunch, Robert, Brit, consul at Charles-
ton: dispatch to Lord Lyons, TV, 279;
exequatur revoked, 280; carried home,
280.
Burbridge, S. G., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
defeats Morgan, VIII, 58.
372
INDEX
Burch, John C, M. C. : member of House
Committee of Thirty- three, II, 417.
Burgess, J. M., member of Lincoln's suite,
III, 290.
Burlingame, Anson, M. C, Min. to China:
denounces Brooks's assault, II, 54 ; chal-
lenged by Brooks, 55 ; accepts the chal-
lenge, 55; favors reelection of Douglas,
139.
Burnett, Henry C, M. C ; resolution of in-
quiry, III, 147.
Burnett, H. L., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
assistant judge advocate in trial of Lin-
coln's assassins, X, 312.
Burnham, Hiram, Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
killed at Richmond, IX, 431.
Burnside, Ambrose E., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
commands provisional brigades at Wash-
ington, IV, 441; organizes coast division,
V, 241 ; commands expedition against
Roanoke Island, 242 ; instructions from
McClellan, 242 ; assigned to command
Department of North Carolina, 242 ; ex-
pedition sails, Jan. 11, 1862, 242 ; attacks
Roanoke Island, 244; captures Roanoke
Island, Feb. 8, 1862, 245; captures Eliza-
beth City, Feb. 10, 1862, 246; captures
New Berne, March 14, 1862, 246 ; captures
Fort Macon, April 26, 1862, 247 ; recalled
to the James River in Virginia, 248;
crosses Antietam Bridge, VI, 140 ; attacks
Lee's right wing, 140; recommends re-
newal of the fight, 144 ; assigned to com-
mand Army of Potomac, Nov. 5, 1862,
189 ; receives order to command Army
of Potomac, 196 ; his feeling at the pro-
motion, 196, 197; proposes a new plan of
campaign, 198 ; refuses Sumner and
Hooker permission to cross the Rappa-
hannock, 199 ; arrives at Fredericksburg,
199 ; interview with the President, Nov. 27,
1862,200; crosses his army at Fredericks-
burg, 202 ; visit to his generals, 202 ; orders
sent to Franklin, 203 ; battle of Fredericks-
burg, Dec. 13, 1862, 203-208 ; controversy
with Franklin about his action, 204 ;
orders Sumner to assault Marye's Heights,
205; orders Hooker to assault Marye's
Heights, 206 ; assault on Marye's Heights
repulsed, 206-208; orders Ninth Corps to
assault Marye's Heights, Dec. 14, 1862, 208;
advised by Sumner against assaulting,
209 ; consults his officers, 209 ; withdraws
his army to Falmouth, Dec. 15, 1862, 209 ;
his report and magnanimity, 210, 211 ; the
army discouraged, 212; prepares for an-
other movement, 213; restrained by dis»
patch from the President, 213 ; interview
with Lincoln, 214 ; alleged letter to Lin-
coln, Jan. 1, 1863, 216 ; asks permission to
advance, 217 ; the " Mud March " of Jan.
21, 1863, 217; prepares order dismissing
certain general officers, 219, 220 ; tenders
resignation to the President, 220 ; takes
command of Department of the Ohio,
VII, 328; issues Order No. Thirty-eight,
328 ; arrests and imprisons Vallandigham,
332 ; tries Vallandigham bv military com-
mission, 333, 334; approves finding and
sentence, 334, 335 ; written address against
habeas corpus for Vallandigham, 335, 336;
starts for East Tennessee, VIII, 162 ; oc-
cupies Knoxville, 163 ; tenders his resig-
nation, 165 ; places his army on half
rations, 170 ; resigns a second time, 170 ; re-
port from East Tennessee, 172 ; correspon-
dence with Grant about Longstreet, 173 ;
withdraws to Knoxville, 174 ; forces of,
175 ; advises Sherman to return with part
of his force to Grant, 184 ; succeeded
in East Tennessee by Foster, 185 ; joins
Meade's army, 353 ; march to the Wilder-
ness, 358 ; in battle of the Wilderness, 363,
364 ; in battle of Spotsylvania, 375, 377, 378,
381, 383 ; in battle of North Anna, 389 ; in
battle of Cold Harbor, 391, 404 ; in siege of
Petersburg, IX, 412, 420; explosion of
Petersburg mine, 421, 422 ; assault at Pe-
tersburg mine, 422-425 ; relieved from com-
mand, 425 ; censured for Petersburg mine
affair, 425 ; exonerated by Committee on
Conduct of the War, 426.
Bushnell, Orsamus, signs memorial about
Fremont and colored troops, VI, 456.
Butler, A. P., U. S. Sen. : Sumner's personal
criticism of, II, 48, 49 ; death of, 56.
Butler, Benjamin F., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols.,
M. C. : report in Charleston Convention,
II, 235 ; appointed brigadier general of
Massachusetts militia, IV, 133 ; dispatch
from Philadelphia, 134; correspondence
with Gov. Hicks and mayor of Annapolis,
136 ; occupies railroad buildings at An-
napolis, 154 ; signifies his willingness to ar-
rest Maryland legislature, 166; assigned
to command Department of Annapolis,
169 ; occupies Relay House, 170 ; occupies
Baltimore, 173; seizes rebel arms, 173,174;
appointed major general of U. S. volun-
teers, 308; assigned to command Fort
Monroe, 308 ; offers Gov. Hicks aid against
slave insurrection, 385 ; correspondence
INDEX
373
with Gov. Andrew about sla^e insurrec-
tion, 385, 386 ; reply to Col. Mallory, 387 ;
employs and feeds fugitive slaves, 389;
asks instructions about fugitive slaves,
393 ; commands troops in Hatteras expe-
dition, V, 12 ; reports victory at Hatteras,
13 ; commands troops sent to Ship Island,
253 ; commands land forces in Farragut's
expedition against New Orleans, 271 ; ef-
fects a landing at quarantine, 272; occupies
Forts Jackson and St. Philip, 275 ; occu-
pies New Orleans, May 1, 1862, 275 ; supplies
New Orleans with provisions, 276 ; pro-
claims martial law, 276 ; proclaimed an
outlaw by Jefferson Davis, 277 ; orders ar-
rest, trial, and execution of Mumford, 278;
description of disloyalty in New Orleans,
281 ; publishes his " Woman Order," 281 ;
letter to mayor about Order No. Twenty-
eight, 281, 282 ; criticized by Lord Palmer-
ston, 282; reply to Lord Palmerston in
his farewell address, 282, 283 ; efficiency of
military government, 284; assessments
and charities, 284, 285 ; public health main-
tained, 285 ; quarantine and yellow fever,
285, 286 ; punishes rebel contumacy and
intrigue, 286, 287 ; arrests a Norfolk clergy-
man, VI, 334; letter about recruits in
New Orleans, 446, 447 ; refuses to sanction
Phelps's organization of negro troops,
448, 449 ; his regiment of free negroes, 450,
451 ; organizes three additional regiments,
451, 452 ; placed in charge of exchange of
prisoners at Fort Monroe, VII, 460; letter
to Ould demanding withdrawal of Con-
federate menace to negro troops and their
officers, 462 ; insists on his claim to com-
mand, VIII, 392 ; lands at Bermuda Hun-
dred, 393 ; battle of Bermuda Hundred,
May 16, 1864, 397, 399 ; receives votes for
Vice-President at Baltimore Convention,
IX, 72 ; sent to New York to preserve order
at Presidential election, 373-375 ; attack on
Petersburg, June 15-19, 1864, 407, 412 ; com-
mand at Bermuda Hundred, 412 ; in siege
of Richmond, 433, 434 ; controversy with
Peirpoint, 439-442 ; controversy with Ed-
ward Bates, 441, 442 ; plan of powder boat,
X, 58, 59; accompanies Fort Fisher ex-
pedition, 59, 60 ; returns from Fort Fisher
expedition, 63, 64; relieved by Grant, 64;
justified by Committee on Conduct of the
War, 64.
Butler, William, relates incident about
Lincoln, I, 101, 102; friendship for Lin-
coln, 153; challenged by Shields, 209;
recommended by Lincoln for pension
agent, 291.
Butterfield, Daniel, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. 8. A.:
in battle of Fredericksburg, VI, 206 ; order
to Sedgwick at Chancellorsville, VII, 105 ;
controversy about Meade's intention at
Gettysburg, 248.
Butterfield, Justin, appointed commis-
sioner of the General Land Office, 1, 293 ;
his wit, 293, 294.
Butz, Caspar, attends Cleveland Conven-
tion, IX, 34.
Byrnes, Richard, Col. U. S. A. : killed at
Cold Harbor, VIII, 404.
Cabell, W. L., Conf. Brig. Gen. : captured
by Pleasonton, VIII, 479.
Cadwalader, George, Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
refuses obedience to habeas corpus, IV,
174, 175 ; refuses obedience to writ of at-
tachment, 175.
Cadwalader, John, Judge U. S. Circ. Ct. :
decides draft law is constitutional, VII,
13.
Calderon Collantes, Saturnino, Spanish
statesman : reply to Great Britain about
joint intervention in Mexico, VI, 37 ; com-
ment on U. S. treaty with Great Britain
to suppress African slave trade, 61.
Caldwell, C. H. B., Commodore U. S. N. :
commands the Itasca in Farragut's fleet,
V, 261.
Calhoun, John, appoints Lincoln deputy
surveyor, 1, 115 ; speech in canvass of 1836,
130 ; defeated for Congress, 223 ; appointed
surveyor general of Kansas, 374 ; discus-
sion at Illinois State fair, 375 ; speech at
Leavenworth meeting, 440; arrested on
account of "candlebox" election fraud,
II, 106 ; presides over Lecompton Consti-
tutional Convention, 107; signs Lecomp-
ton Constitution, 108 ; proposal to Gov.
Walker, 109 ; proclaims votes cast for Le-
compton Constitution, 114, 115 ; authority
of, under Lecompton Constitution, 121;
declares it adopted, 125; carries it to
Washington, 125.
Calhoun, John C, Sec. of War under Monroe,
Vice-Pres. with J. Q. Adams : diplomatic
dispatch of, I, 227 ; attacks Pres. Polk's
policy, 262.
California, State of, territory of, acquired, I,
325 ; forms Free State Constitution, 327 ;
proposition to divide into two States, 327;
admitted as a free State, 328; ratifies
Thirteenth Amendment, X, 89.
374
INDEX
Calvert, Charles B., M. C. : second interview
with Lincoln about compensated emanci-
pation, VI, ill.
Cameron, R. A., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in battle of Sabine Cross Roads, VIII, 294 ;
in battle of Pleasant Hill, 295.
Cameron, Simon, U. S. Sen., Sec. of War un-
der Lincoln : candidate before Chicago
Convention, 1860, II, 256, 263, 271 ; votes
for. on first ballot, 273 — on second bal-
lot, 274 : letter to Lincoln, III, 250 ; invited
by Lincoln to Springfield, 355; tendered
Cabinet appointment, 355 ; tender re-
called, 355 ; epistolary contest about,
?60 ; appointed Secretary of War, 372 ; first
opinion on Sumter, 387 ; signs instructions
to Anderson drafted by Lincoln, IV, 28 ;
statement about Lee, 98 ; warning to Gov.
Hicks, 105 ; orders Annapolis route kept
open, 170; telegram to Gov. Yates, 194;
orders provisions stopped at Cairo, 111.,
200 ; letters to governors, 254, 255 ; reports
Washington safe, 357 ; instructions to
Butler about fugitive slaves, 389, 390;
rules about fugitive slaves, 394; visit to
Fremont, 429; reports Fremont's situa-
tion, 430; military consultation with
Sherman, V, 53, 54; views on arming
slaves, 125, 126; appointed Minister to
Russia, 128; censured by the House of
Representatives, 129, 130 ; defended by
Lincoln in a special message, 130; note
to Lincoln about renomination, IX, 53 ; in
Baltimore Convention, 71 ; advises against
the draft, 364.
Campbell, James H., M. C, Min. to Sweden :
member of House Committee of Thirty-
three, II, 417.
Campbell, John A., Assoc. Justice U. S. Sup.
Ct., Couf. Comr. : statement regarding
Dred Scott case, II, 67, 68, 71 ; opinion in
Dred Scott case, 72 ; letter against dis-
union, III, 186 ; becomes Confederate
commissioners' intermediary, 404, 405;
first visit to Seward, 406, 407 ; interviews
with Seward, 409, 410 ; report to Jefferson
Davis, 411, 412 ; note to Seward, IV, 36 ;
letter to the commissioners, 37 ; letter to
Jefferson Davis, 148, 149; resignation of,
261 ; warning to Jefferson Davis, 261,
262; appointed Peace Commissioner, X,
110; asks permission to go to Washing-
ton, 113; interview with Grant, 114-116;
interview with Lincoln, 118-129 ; report
to Davis, 129; interviews with Lincoln,
220-222 ; interview with Weitzel, 224-226 ;
letter about interview with Lincoln, 224,
225 ; indorsement on Alston's proposition,
287.
Camp Jackson, formed at St. Louis, IV, 209 ;
captured by Lyon, 213, 214.
Canada, Parliament suspends Judge Cour-
sol from office, VIII, 26 ; authorities re-
arrest St. Albans raiders, 26; refunds
money stolen by raiders, 26.
Canby, E. R. S., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
report on exchange of prisoners, VII, 445 ;
assigned to command Military Division of
the West Mississippi, VIII, 301 ; siege of
Mobile, IX, 239-242 ; receives Taylor's sur-
render, X, 327, 328; receives E. Kirby
Smith's surrender, 328, 329 ; made Depart-
ment Commander, 338.
Cantey, James, Conf. Brig. Gen. : arrives at
Resaca, IX, 12 ; in battles of Resaca, 13.
Carey, , receives votes for Vice-Presi-
dent in the Philadelphia Convention, II,
35.
Carlile, John S., M. C, U. S. Sen. : second
interview with Lincoln about compen-
sated emancipation, VI, 111.
Carlin, Thomas, Gov. of 111. : action on in-
ternal improvement system, 1, 160.
Carlin, Wm. P., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
reenforces Sheridan at Perry ville, VI, 278 ;
in battle of Murfreesboro, 286 ; in battle
of Chattanooga, VIII, 143, 148 ; in March
to the Sea, IX, 481.
Carpenter, , elected to Illinois legisla-
ture in 1834, I, 122.
Carr, , remarks in Cleveland Conven-
tion, IX, 36.
Carr, E. A., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. : in bat-
tle of Port Gibson, VII, 171; march to
Edwards's Station, 187 ; in battle of Cham-
pion's Hill, 191 ; in battle of the Big Black,
192.
Carrick's Ford, Va., battle of, July 13, 1861,
IV, 337.
Carrington, H. B., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. A.:
estimate of number of arms brought into
Indiana by American Knights, VIII, 2.
Carroll, Samuel S., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
in battle of Fredericksburg, VI, 206; in
battle of Gettysburg, VII, 258 ; wounded
in battle of the Wilderness, VIII, 363 ; in
battle of Spotsylvania, 377 ; wounded at
Spotsylvania, 382.
Carroll, W. H., Conf. Brig. Gen. : moves his
command to East Tennessee, V, 77.
Carter, Samuel P., Lieut. U. 8. N„ Bvt. Maj.
Gen. U. S. Vols.: organizes Union regi-
INDEX
375
ments of Tennesseeans, V, 59 ; in march to
East Tennessee, 162 ; welcomed to Knox-
ville, 163.
Cartter, David K., Chief Justice Sup. Ct. D.
C. : delegate to Chicago Convention, 1860,
II, 275 ; announces change of vote to Lin-
coln, 275.
Cartwright, Mrs., death of, I, 248.
Cartwright, Peter, elected to Illinois legis-
lature, I, 109 ; Democratic candidate
against Lincoln for Congress, 245 ; career
as a Methodist preacher, 246-248.
Casey, Samuel L., M. C. : second interview
with Lincoln about compensated emanci-
pation, VI, 112 ; member of Select Commit-
tee on Emancipation, 395.
Casey, Silas, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. : com-
mands provisional brigades at Washing-
ton, IV, 441 : division attacked by D. H.
Hill, V, 388.
Cass, Lewis, U. S. Sen., Min. to France, Sec.
of State under Buchanan : nominated for
President, I, 277 ; popular and electoral
votes for, 282 ; votes for, in Baltimore Con-
vention, 1852, 332; presents Topeka Con-
stitution to the Senate, 430 ; instructions
to Gov. Walker, II, 95 ; admonishes Acting
Gov. Stanton to conform to the views of
the President, 116; opinion on disunion,
361, 362 ; resignation of, 392 ; letter to Buch-
anan, 397 ; explanations to Holt, 398, 399.
Castelar, Emilio, President of the Spanish
Republic : eulogy of Lincoln, X, 349.
Castle Pinckney, S. C, condition of, II, 343;
inspected by Maj. Porter, 345; Anderson
sent to command, 346 ; thirty workmen
sent to, 442 ; occupied by the rebels, III,
60, 61.
Catholic Church, supports the government
and the war, VI, 325.
Cato, Sterling G., Assoc. Justice Kas. Ter. :
found in the Missouri camp, II, 19 ; issues
writ of mandamus, 105; issues writ of
habeas corpus in behalf of John Calhoun,
106.
Catron, John, Assoc. Justice U. S. Sup. Ct. :
opinion in Dred Scott case, II, 72.
Cedar Creek, Va., battle of, Oct. 19, 1864, IX,
316-326.
Cedar Mountain, Va., engagement at, Aug.
9, 1862, VI, 6.
Chaffee, C. C, M. C. : inherits ownership of
Died Scott, II, 81 ; emancipates Dred
Scott and his family, 81.
Chalmers, J. R., Conf. Brig. Gen., M. C. :
assists in capture of Fort Pillow, VI, 479.
Chamberlain, Joshua L., Bvt. Maj. Gen. V.
S. Vols. : in attack on Petersburg, IX, 411.
Chambersburg, Pa., burned byMcCausland,
July 30, 1864, IX, 176, 177.
Champion's Hill, Miss., battle of, May 16,
1863, VII, 189-192 ; losses at, 192.
Chancellorsville, Va., battle of, May 1-3,
1863, VII, 96-107 ; losses at, 111.
Chandler, D. T., Conf. Lieut. Col. : report on
Andersonville prison, VII, 465-468.
Chandler, Zachariah, U. S. Sen., Sec. of Int.
under Grant : interview with Lincoln, IV,
467 ; interview with McClellan, 467 ; offers
resolution to investigate battle of Ball's
Bluff, V, 150; member of Committee on
Conduct of the War, 150; urges active
army operations, 151 ; votes for National
Bank Act, VI, 244 ; criticism on Weed and
Morgan, VII, 388, 389; approves Lincoln's
message, IX, 109 ; interview with Lincoln
about Reconstruction Act, 120, 121 ; op-
poses recognition of Louisiana, 455.
Chantilly, Va., engagement at, Sept. 1, 1862,
VI, 11.
Chapman, G. H., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
wounded at Winchester, IX, 304.
Charleston Convention, i860, Democratic
National : meets April 23, 1860, II, 227 ; sen-
timents of delegates, 228-231 ; Caleb Cush-
ing made chairman, 232; Committee on
Platform, 232 ; majority report by Avery,
233, 234 ; minority report by Payne, 234, 235 ;
Butler's report, 235 ; speech of Yancey, 237;
speech of Pugh, 238 ; speech of Bigler, 239 ;
second majority and minority reports, 239,
240 ; minority report adopted, 240 ; Cotton
State delegates secede, 240-242 ; balloting
for candidates, 243, 244; adjourned to
meet in Baltimore, 244; Seceders' Con-
vention in Charleston, 244, 245; adjourns
to meet in Richmond, 245; address of
Southern Senators, 245, 246; reassembles
at Baltimore, 250 ; second disruption
251 ; original Convention nominates Doug-
las, 251 ; seceders' Convention nominates
Breckinridge, 251.
Charleston, S. C, public buildings seized
by Gov. Pickens, III, 59; attack on de-
fenses of, April 7, 1863, VII, 65-71 ; bom-
bardment Of, Aug. 23, 1863, 439-441 ; cap-
ture of, Feb. 18, 1865, X, 231 ; flag-raising
over Fort Sumter, 277-280.
Chase, Salmon P., U. S. Sen., Sec. of Treas.
under Lincoln, Chief Justice U. S. Sup.
Ct. : leaves the Democratic party, I, 277;
address against Nebraska bill, 360;
376
INDEX
speeches in Illinois, 369 ; candidate before
Chicago Convention, i860, II, 255, 263, 271 ;
votes for : on first ballot, 273 — on second
ballot, 274 — on third ballot, 275; mem-
ber of Peace Convention, III, 230; letter
to Lincoln, 245; invited by Lincoln to
Springfield, 359; visits Springfield, 359;
conference with Lincoln, 359; appointed
Secretary of Treasury, 372 ; first opinion
on Sumter, 385 ; second opinion on Sum-
ter, 430; letter to Lincoln about loan,
IV, 78; complaining note to Lincoln,
166, 167 ; loans negotiated by, 377 ; diary
of, on Trent affair, V, 36, 37; memoran-
dum of McCleilan's intention to attack,
164 ; visits Fort Monroe, 234 ; reconnoiters
landings opposite Fort Monroe, 235, 236 ;
accompanies advance on Norfolk, 236,
237 ; favors removal of McClellan from
commaud of Army of Potomac, VI, 3;
signs remonstrance against MoClellan's
continuance in command, 21; supervises
freedmen in the Department of the South,
93 ; favors employment of negro soldiers,
124; prefers emancipation through local
military commanders, 129 ; describes Lin-
coln's reading of preliminary emancipa-
tion proclamation, 158-160; comment on
emancipation proclamation, 163; early
loans negotiated by, 226; estimates for
fiscal year ending June 30, 1862, 227 ; con-
ference with New York bankers, 228, 229 ;
report of December, 1861, 229 ; asks in-
creased appropriations, 229; suspends
specie payments, 230; recommends mak-
ing paper money legal tender, 231-233;
legal-tender decision of, as Chief Justice,
235, 236; sales of cash gold by, 239; sys-
tem of temporary loans, 240 ; issues Five-
twenty bonds, 240, 241; urges system
of national banks, 242 ; report of De-
cember, 1862, 242, 243; comment on na-
tional-bank system, 245, 246 ; personal
attitude towards the President and
Cabinet, 254; letters and diary criticiz-
ing the Administration, 255-257 ; attitude
towards McClellan, 257, 258 ; attitude to-
wards Shields, 259 ; remarks to Hooker,
259 ; advice to Gen. Butler, 259, 260 ; con-
versation with Thurlow Weed, 262 ; pres-
ent at interview between Lincoln, Cabinet,
and Republican Senators, 266; tenders
his resignation, 267; Lincoln declines to
accept bis resignation, 268 ; letter to Sew-
ard about Cabinet crisis, 268; letter to
Lincoln about Cabinet crisis, 269 ; resumes
duty as Secretary of Treasury, 270 ; opinion
on admission of West Virginia, 301-303;
suggestions for final emancipation proc-
lamation, 416-418; opinion on the Fort
Pillow massacre, 481 ; announces fear of
financial embarrassment, VIII, 111; at
council of war, 112; at military confer-
ence, 236 ; letters : to Sprague, 311 — to
Spencer, 311 — to Leavitt, 312— to Dixon,
312, 313 — to Gilbert, 313 — to Ball, 313 —
to Hall, 314 — to Lincoln about Pomeroy's
circular, 321 — to Hall about Lincoln's
nomination, 324, 325 — criticizing Lin-
coln, IX, 81-83; action of, on appoint-
ments, 83-85; defends Special Agent
Bailey, 86, 87 ; asks renomination of How-
ard, 87 ; writes his resignation, 88 ; letter
to Lincoln about Howard, Dixon, and
Loomis, 88; tenders his resignation, 90;
urges M. B. Field for Assistant Treasurer
at New York, 92 ; resignation of, 94 ; com-
ments on his official life, 101-103; com-
ment on Lincoln's reconstruction veto,
123, 124 ; recommends suspension of draft,
364; opposed to Lincoln, 367; desire to
become Chief Justice, 386, 387 ; relations
to the President, 387-391; recommended
and opposed for Chief Justiceship, 391-
393 ; appointed Chief Justice, 394, 395 ; ad-
vice on reconstruction, 396-398 ; course of,
on politics, 398-401; judicial action of,
401 ; certificate of division in the Jefferson
Davis case, X, 275; administers oath to
Andrew Johnson, 317.
Chase, W. H., Conf. Col. : threatens Fort
Pickens, III, 164.
Chatfield, John L., Col. U. S. Vols. : killed in
second assault on Fort Wagner, VII, 431.
Chattanooga, Tenn. , occupied by Rosecrans,
Sept. 9, 1863, VIII, 73; battle of, Nov. 23-
25, 1863, 134-157.
Cheatham, B. F., Conf. Brig. Gen. : in battle
of Murfreesboro, VI, 293; in battle of
Chickamauga, VIII, 88, 91, 92, 101 ; in battle
of Chattanooga, 145 ; in battle of Atlanta,
IX, 273 ; in army of Hood, X, 7 ; in march
to Franklin, 12, 18; in battle of Franklin,
18; in campaign against Nashville, 23;
joins Johnston, 36.
Cheever, Rev. George B., signs calls for
Cleveland Convention. IX, 31 ; fails to
attend Convention, 34.
Chesapeake, The, U. S. merch. str. : captured
by Confederate mutineers, VIII, 14-16.
Chetlain, Augustus L., Capt. U. S. Vols.:
captain of Galena company, IV, 287.
INDEX
377
Chew, R. S., sent as messenger to Charles-
ton, IV, 35 ; report of, 35.
Chicago Convention, i860, Republican Na-
tional : meeting of, May 16, 1860, II, 255,
259, 265; leading candidates in, 255, 256,
263; the Wigwam, 265; organization of,
265, 266 ; platform reported, 266, 267 ; Gid-
dings's amendment, 268 ; Curtis's speech,
269; platform adopted, 269; ballotings,
272-275; Lincoln nominated for Presi-
dent, 275-277; Hamlin nominated for
Vice-President, 277.
Chicago Convention, 1864, Democratic Na-
tional: convened, Aug. 29, 1864, IX, 252,
253 ; called to order by August Belmont,
254, 255; Horatio Seymour made chair-
man, 256; James Guthrie chairman of
Platform Committee, 256, 257; adopts
Vallandigham's resolution declaring the
war a failure, 257 ; McClellan nominated
for President, 258 ; G. H. Pendleton
nominated for Vice-President, 258, 259;
adjourns subject to call of Executive Na-
tional Committee, 259.
Chickamauga, Tenn., battle of, Sept. 18-20,
1863, VIII, 84-107.
Chickasaw, The, Union monitor: in battle
of Mobile Bay, IX, 236-238.
Chickasaw Bluffs, Miss., assault on, Dec.
28, 29, 1862, VII, 133, 134.
Chicora, The, Conf. ram : attempts to break
blockade at Charleston, VII, 59-61.
Chipman, Norton P., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : carries Grant's dispatch to Sheri-
dan, IX, 293.
Chiriqui, District of, project for coloniza-
tion in, VI, 357, 358 ; Prof. Henry's report
on coal of, 358, 359.
Choctaw, The, Union gunboat, assists de-
fense of Milliken's Bend, VII, 293.
Christian Commission, work of, VI, 329.
Churchill, T. J., Conf.Brig. Gen.: surrenders
Fort Hindman,VII, 140 ; in battle of Pleas-
ant Hill, VIII, 295.
Cincinnati, The, Union gunboat: sunk at
Vicksburg, VII, 293.
Cisco, John J., Asst. Treas. in New York :
suggests system of temporary loans, VI,
240 ; resigns, IX, 91 ; withdraws his resig-
nation, 94,
Clanton, James H., Conf. Brig. Gen. : de-
feated by Steele, IX, 240.
Clark, Daniel, U. S. Sen.: substitute for
Crittenden compromise plan, III, 226 ; his
substitute adopted by the Senate, 227;
letter to Lincoln, VII, 375.
Clark, Edward, Gov. of Texas : succeeds
Houston as governor of Texas, IV, 187.
Clark, George Rogers, capture of Kaskas-
kia and Vincennes, 1, 15.
Clay, Cassius M., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols., Min.
to Russia : captured in Mexico, 1, 260 ; let-
ter advocating fusion, 368; speeches in
Illinois, 369 ; receives votes for Vice-
President in Philadelphia Convention,
II, 35; lecture in New York, 217; votes
for, in Chicago Convention, 1860 : on sec-
ond ballot, 274 — on third ballot, 275 ; es-
corted by first Wide- A wakes, 285; orga-
nizes Clay Battalion, IV, 106.
Clay, Clement C, Jr., U. S. Sen., Conf.
agent in Canada : supports demand for
Congressional Slave Code, II, 175; inter-
view with Buchanan, III, 159 ; signs the
Senatorial Secession Caucus resolutions,
181 ; offered safe-conduct to Washington,
IX, 190 ; replies he is not accredited from
Richmond, 191.
Clay, Henry, Speaker H. R., Sec. of State
under J. Q. Adams, U. S. Sen. : Whig
nominee for President in 1844, 1, 223-235 ;
political and official career, 223, 224 ; devo-
tion of his followers, 224 ; views on Texas
annexation, 228-230; defeated for Presi-
dent, 231, 235; leader of compromise of
1850, 328 ; comment on provision of fugi-
tive slave law, III, 25; dispatch about
Monroe doctrine, VII, 406.
Clayton, William, testimony about Ameri-
can Knights, VIII, 6, 7.
Cleburne, Patrick R., Conf. Maj. Gen. : in
battle of Chickamauga, VIII, 92, 101 ; in
battle of Chattanooga, 145, 154 ; in march
to Franklin, X, 10, 12, 18 ; killed at Frank-
lin, 20.
Clemens, Jere, U. S. Sen. : letter of, III, 188.
Clemens, Sherrard, M. C. : remarks on value
of slaves, I, 321.
Clemens, W. W., Bvt. Maj. U. S. A. : in
Lincoln's visit to Richmond, X, 218.
Clements, Andrew J., M. C. : elected to
Congress, V, 57; second interview with
Lincoln about compensated emancipa-
tion, VI, 112 ; member Select Committee
on Emancipation, 395.
Clendenin, D. R., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : member of military commission for
trial of Lincoln's assassins, X, 312.
Cleveland Convention, 1864, of "Radical
Democracy" : called to meet, May 31,
1864, IX, 29; meets in Chapin's Hall, 33 ;
presided over by John Cochrane, 34, 35;
378
INDEX
platform of, 37 ; nominates Fremont for
President, 39 ; nominates John Cochrane
for Vice-President, 39 ; criticism of Ar-
guelles case, 47.
Clingman, Thomas L., M. C, U. 8. Sen. : in-
terviews with Thompson, II, 325, 326;
Senate discussion, 400, 410; attacks Lin-
coln's inaugural as an announcement of
war, III, 399.
Clopton, David, M. C. : House discussion,
II, 416 ; signs secession address, 436.
Cobb, Howell, Sec. of Treas. under Buch-
anan, Conf. Maj. Gen. : instructions to
Martin, II, 109; prevents publication of
certain letters, ill; interviews with Floyd,
317 ; opinion on disunion, 361-363 ; resigna-
tion of, 391 ; letter to Buchanan, 391-392; se-
cession address, 392 ; elected chairman of
ProvisioDal Congress of seceding States,
III, 197; services to the rebellion, 204;
financial management of, 238; reports on
public debt, 239; negotiates $10,000,000,
239; buys up six per cents of 1868 at
sixteen per cent, premium, 241 ; says there
will be no war, IV, 261; financial acts
recapitulated, VI, 224, 225 ; meeting with
Wool to arrange exchange of prisoners,
VII, 449, 450 ; letter to Seddon suggesting
that Union prisoners opposed to Lincoln
be paroled, 462.
Cobb, Thomas R. R., insidious suggestion
of, III, 190.
Cobb, W. R. W., M. C. : House discussion,
II, 421.
Coburn, John, Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
defeated by Van Dorn and Wheeler, VIII,
50.
Cochrane, John, M. C, Brig. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : plan of compromise, II, 422 ; inter-
view with Lincoln, VI, 213 ; presides over
Cleveland Convention, IX, 34, 35 ; nomi-
nated for Vice-President by Cleveland
Convention, 39; accepts nomination, 42,
43 ; withdraws from Presidential cam-
paign, 44.
Cocke, P. St. George, Conf. Brig. Gen. : num-
ber of his command, IV, 162 ; suggestions
to Lee, 322.
Codding, Ichabod, member of Bloomington
Convention, II, 28.
Coffee, A. M., Maj. Gen. Kas. militia : driven
out of Kansas, II, 2.
Coffroth, Alexander H., M. C. : vote for
Thirteenth Amendment, X, 83.
Cogswell, Milton, Col. U. S. Vols. : in battle
Oi' Ball's Bluff, IV, 456, 457.
Cold Harbor, Va., battle of, June 1-12, 1864,
VIII, 391, 400-405 ; losses at, 404.
Cole, Charles H., plot to capture the Michi-
gan, VIII, 18, 19 ; capture of, 19.
Coles, Edward, Gov. of HI. : elected through
division of proslavery party, I, 143; in-
dicted and fined, 145„
Colfax, Mrs., valuable manuscripts from,
II, 180.
Colfax, Schuyler, M. C, Vice-Pres. with
Grant : interviews with Douglas, II, 139 ;
correspondence with Lincoln, 178-180;
recommended for Postmaster-General,
III, 353 ; candidate for Speaker of House
of Representatives, VII, 391 ; elected
Speaker of the Thirty-eighth Congress,
394 ; denies being in the Chase movement,
VIII, 315; interview with Lincoln, X,
285.
Collamer, Jacob, M. C, P. M. Gen. under
Taylor, U. S. Sen. : receives votes for Vice-
President in Philadelphia Convention,
II, 35; member of committee to investi-
gate the John Brown raid, 210 ; candidate
before Chicago Convention, 1860,271; votes
for, on first ballot, 273; Senate discus-
sion, 406; member of Senate Committee
of Thirteen, 414 ; remarks on legal tender,
VI, 234, 235 ; votes against National Bank
Act, 244 ; votes for re-passage of the Act,
244; present at interview between Lin-
coln, Cabinet, and Republican Senators,
266 ; defends bill for draft, VII, 4 ; dis-
courages opposition to Lincoln, IX, 367.
Collier, Robert, Lord Monkswell: legal
opinion on the building of the Alabama,
VI, 54.
Collins, Napoleon, Rear Adm. U. S. N. :
commands U. S. steamer Wachusett, IX,
129 ; challenges the Florida, 130 ; captures
the Florida at Bahia, 131-133 ; ordered
before a court martial, 133.
Colonization, appropriation for, V, 216;
discussed in Cabinet, VI, 124; Lincoln's
belief in, 354 ; his views as expressed in
the Lincoln-Douglas debates, 355 ; recom-
mendations concerning, in Lincoln's first
annual message, 355; Congressional ap-
propriations for, 356, 357 ; Seward's cir-
cular respecting, 357 ; offers from foreign
governments, 357 ; the district of Chiriqui,
357, 358; Prof. Henry's report on Chiriqui
coal, 358, 359; contract for a colony on
He A'Vache, Hayti, 360 ; Lincoln cancels
his contract, 362; new contract signed,
362; emigrants sail for He A'Vache, 363 j
INDEX
379
Bernard Kock as governor of the colony,
363; Kock driven from the island, 364;
arrival of Special Agent Donnohue at lie
A' Vache, 364 ; Donnohue's report, 365, 366 ;
relief to the colonists, 365; colonists
brought hack to the United States, 366 ;
recommended in Lincoln's annual mes-
sage Of Dec. 1, 1862, 400.
Colorado, Territory of, organized as a Ter-
ritory, III, 237 ; instructs delegates in
favor of Lincoln's renomination, IX, 56.
Colquitt, Alfred H., Conf. Brig. Gen., U.
S. Sen. : in battle of Bermuda Hundred,
VIII, 398.
Colston, R. E., Conf. Brig. Gen. : in battle
of Chancellorsville, VII, 103.
Columbia, S. C, occupied by Sherman, Feb.
17, 1865, X, 232.
Colvin, Andrew J., reads letter from Robin-
son to Cleveland Convention, IX, 38.
Committee on the Conduct of the War, ap-
pointed, V, 150; report on Fort Pillow
massacre, VI, 479; exonerates Burnside,
IX, 426 ; justifies Butler's action at Fort
Fisher, X, 64 ; calls on President Johnson,
316.
Comonfort, Ignacio, Mex. Gen.: defeated
by Bazaine, VII, 397 ; captured and killed,
400.
Comstock, C. B., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols.:
reconnoiters Fort Fisher, X, 62, 66.
Confederate Commissioners, arrive at Wash-
ington, III, 397, 398; theory of Seward's
intentions, 398, 399; plan of action, 399,
400 ; ask an unofficial interview of Seward,
401; demand an official interview, 402;
report to Toombs, March 12, 1861, 402,
403— March 15, 1861, 408; ask further in-
structions, 413; telegrams about expedi-
tions, IV, 2, 3 ; ask an official answer, 37 ;
report failure of their mission, 37.
Confederate Congress, authorizes organi-
zation of provisional government, III,
212, 213; authorizes provisional army
and navy, 212, 213 ; appoints commission-
ers to Washington, 213 ; Davis transmits
correspondence with Campbell, 405 ; ses-
sion of April 29 to May 21, 1861, IV, 263 ;
Acts of, 263, 264 ; removes seat of Confed-
erate government to Richmond, 264 ; law
to punish Union officers of negro troops,
VI, 472; law authorizing negro soldiers
for rebel service, 487; peace resolutions
in, VII, 364, 365 ; resolutions on Mexican
affairs, 422, 423 ; suspends writ of habeas
corpus, VIII, 42.
Confederate States of America, government
formed by seceding States, III, 198 ; Pro-
visional Constitution adopted Feb. 8, 1861,
198; name of, adopted by Provisional
Congress, 198 ; permanent Constitution
adopted March 11, 1861, 198; summary of
laws by the Provisional Congress, 212;
league wTith Virginia, IV, 159.
Confiscation Acts, amendment to, First Ses-
sion Thirty-seventh Congress, freeing
slaves, IV, 380-382 ; amendment to, Second
Session Thirty-seventh Congress, VI, 98;
new Act, Second Session Thirty-seventh
Congress, 100-102 ; discussed at Hampton
Roads Conference, X, 123.
Congregational Conference of Massachu-
setts, resolutions supporting the war,
VI, 317, 318.
Congregational General Association of New
York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, reso-
lutions supporting the war and emancipa-
tion, VI, 318.
Congress, The, Union sailing frigate: at
Newport News, V, 223; prepares for
action, 223; shelled and burned by the
Merrimac, 225 ; surrender of, 225.
Congress of the United States, authorizes
50,000 volunteers for Mexican war, I,
250 ; Robert C. Winthrop chosen Speaker,
259; slavery question in, 263-266; Wil-
mot Proviso, 279, 280; rejects Jefferson's
draft of Ordinance of 1784, 316; adopts
Ordinance of 1877, 316 ; Nebraska Bill
passed by the House, 338 ; Nebraska Bill
introduced in Senate, 339; Senate cau-
cus agreement on slavery, 344 ; Dixon's
amendment, 346 ; Douglas's amendments,
349, 350 ; Kansas-Nebraska Act passed,
351 ; party division in Thirty-fourth, 362,
364; Republicans support Topeka Con-
stitution, 430; Douglas's report in Sen-
ate against Topeka Constitution, 431;
sends investigating committee to Kansas,
431, 432, 451 ; attack on Sumner by Preston
S. Brooks, II, 50, 51 ; Wilson's announce-
ment, 52 ; Seward moves for a committee
of investigation, 52 ; Mason proposes to
elect the committee by ballot, 52 ; report
of committee, 52; House committee re-
port, 53 ; House censures Brooks, 53 ; re-
jects Lecompton Constitution, 130, 131 ;
Crittenden-Montgomery substitute for
Lecompton Constitution, 131; English
bill passed, 133 ; Senate committee ap-
pointed to investigate John Brown raid,
209; Wm. Pennington elected Speaker,
380
INDEX
Congress of the United States — continued.
215 ; Senate Committee of Thirteen ap-
pointed, 414 ; House Committee of Thirty-
three appointed, 417 ; propositions sub-
mitted to that committee, 422-426 ; passes
Fugitive Slave law of 1850, III, 26 ; Holt
confirmed as Secretary of War, 89 ; select
Committee of Five appointed by House of
Representatives, 141 ; reports of that com-
mittee, 143, 144 ; proceedings of Presiden-
tial count, 145 ; Branch's House resolution
about quartering troops at the Capital, 147;
Burnett's resolution of inquiry in House
of Representatives, 147 ; Sickles's House
resolution to celebrate Feb. 22, 148;
action of House Committee of Thirty-
three, 214-217; action of Senate Commit-
tee of Thirteen, 219-222 ; Senate action on
Crittenden Compromise, 225 ; Senate ac-
tion on Clark substitute, 226, 227 ; Senate
action on resolutions of Peace Conven-
tion, 233; Constitutional Amendment
(Thirteenth) proposed by, 235; admits
Kansas as a State, 237 ; organizes Terri-
tories of Dakota, Colorado, and Nevada,
237 ; financial measures, 240, 242-244 ; con-
vened in extra session, July 4, 1861, by
Lincoln's proclamation, IV, 77 ; convenes
July 4, 1861, under the President's procla-
mation, 370; Galusha A. Grow elected
Speaker, 370; Lincoln's message to, 371-
375; war measures of, 375, 378; financial
legislation, 377, 378 ; the Crittenden reso-
lution, 379 ; first Confiscation Act, 380-382 ;
the President's acts legalized, 382-384 ; ad-
journed, Aug. 6, 1861, 384 ; House of Repre-
sentatives censures Cameron, V, 129, 130 ;
Joint Committee on the Conduct of the
War appointed, 150; passes Lincoln's
joint resolution for compensated abolish-
ment, 214 ; passes Act of immediate eman-
cipation in District of Columbia, 216 ; ap-
propriation for colonization, 216 ; Act of,
restoring and retiring Gen. Porter, VI, 13;
Senate ratifies and House approves treaty
with Great Britain to suppress African
slave trade, 61 ; resolutions declaring
foreign intervention useless, mischievous,
and unfriendly, 88, 89 ; antislavery enact-
ments, 97 ; army forbidden to return fugi-
tive slaves, 98 ; virtual amendment of
Fugitive Slave law, 98; Act for recognition
of Hayti and Liberia, 99 ; prohibition of
slavery in the Territories, 99 ; Act abolish-
ing slavery in District of Columbia, 100 ;
provisions of Confiscation Act emanci-
pating slaves, 100, 101; provisions for
emancipation through military service,
101, 102; Lincoln's draft of veto message
on the Confiscation Act, 102, 103 ; attitude
of Border State representatives, 105, 106 ;
Yeaman offers resolution censuring eman-
cipation proclamation, 171; Fessenden
offers resolution indorsing emancipation
proclamation, 171; loan of $250,000,000,
227 ; direct tax of $20,000,000, 227 ; demand
notes authorized, 228 ; Act to make paper
money legal tender, 235, 236; demand
notes made legal tender, 236 ; Act to pre-
vent speculations in gold, 239 ; repeal of
the Act, 239 ; system of temporary loans,
240; authorizes certificates of indebted-
ness, 240 ; authorizes Five-twenty bonds,
241; bill for National Bank Act intro-
duced, 241; National Bank Act passed,
243, revised and re-passed, 244; applica-
tion of West Virginia for admission to the
Union, 298, 299 ; report of Senate Commit-
tee on Territories thereon, 299 ; conditions
of bill to admit the new State, 299 ; Senate
bill passed, 299; passage of bill by the
House, 299; action touching reconstruc-
tion, 348 ; Flanders and Hahn admitted to
seats in, 353 ; appropriations for coloniza-
tion, 356, 357; repeal of appropriations
for colonization, 367 ; White's select com-
mittee on emancipation, 395 ; committee
reports bill to aid emancipation in Dela-
ware, Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Ten-
nessee, and Missouri, 395 ; Henderson in-
troduces bill in Senate to aid Missouri
emancipation, 396; Noell introduces bill
in House to aid Missouri emancipation,
396 ; House bill passed, Jan. 6, 1863, 396 ;
Senate amendment to House bill passed
Feb. 12, 1863, 396 ; failure of amended bill in
the House, 397 ; laws authorizing colored
soldiers, 441, 442 ; Hunter's answer to the
Wickliffe resolution, 443 ; Act including
colored men in enrollment for draft, 467 ;
bill introduced for enrolling and calling
out national forces, VII, 4 ; Senate bill for
draft introduced in House, 4; Colfax
elected Speaker, 394 ; G. C. Smith's reso-
lutions in House of Representatives sup-
porting the war, 395 ; Henry Winter
Davis's resolution on Mexico passed by
the House, 408 ; Senate action on Trum-
bull's resolution about political prisoners,
VIII, 31 ; Act to indemnify the President
for suspending writ of habeas corpus,
33-36 ; passes Act authorizing the Presi-
INDEX
381
dent to suspend writ of habeas corpus,
33-36 ; Powell's Senate resolution about
political prisoners, 39, 40 ; passes bill to
revive grade of lieutenant general, 334,
335 ; refuses to admit Senators and Rep-
resentatives from Arkansas, 418 ; Senate
resolution demanding information con-
cerning Arguelles case, IX, 46; passes
Reconstruction Act, 120; admits Joseph
Segar to seat in House of Representa-
tives, 437 ; House of Representatives de-
feats Ashley's reconstruction bills, 449-
453; resolution of thanks to Sherman,
494 ; Trumbull reports Thirteenth Amend-
ment, X, 75; Senate adopts Thirteenth
Amendment, 77 ; House rejects Thirteenth
Amendment, 77, 78; House reconsidera-
tion of Thirteenth Amendment, 81 ; House
adopts Thirteenth Amendment, 85, 86;
joint resolution about electoral votes,
139, 140; Presidential count, Feb. 8, 1865,
141, 142.
Conkling, James C, invites Lincoln to Re-
publican mass meeting at Springfield,
VII, 379.
Conkling, Roscoe, M. C, U. S. Sen. : offers
resolution to investigate battle of Ball's
Bluff, V, 150; introduces Lincoln's joint
resolution recommending compensated
abolishment, 214; deprecates making
paper money legal tender, VI, 235; de-
clines to join opposition to Lincoln, IX,
367.
Connecticut, State of, instructs delegates in
favor of Lincoln's renomination, IX, 55;
ra+ifles Thirteenth Amendment, X, 89.
Conrad, C. M.,U. S. Sen., Sec. of War under
Fillmore, Conf. Brig. Gen. : appointed
Confederate commissioner to negotiate
exchange of prisoners, VII, 449.
Conrad, Joseph, Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in march to Franklin, X, 12.
Constitution of the United States, origin of
compromises of, 1, 318 ; allowed each State
two Senators, 318 ; relative representation
of North and South in Congress when
Constitution was formed, 318 ; provisions
concerning slave trade, 318 ; alleged viola-
tion by Fugitive Slave law of 1850, III, 28.
Constitutional Amendments offered in
House of Representatives by Mr. Corwin,
III, 235 ; adopted by House of Representa-
tives, Feb. 28, 1861, 235 ; adopted in Senate,
March 2, 1861, 235 ; approved by Buchanan,
236; commended in Lincoln's inaugural,
236; not acted on by the States, 236;
Thirteenth Amendment adopted, X, 75, 77,
78, 80, 81, 85-89, 125, 126.
Constitutional Union Party, National con-
vention of, meets at Baltimore, May 9,
1860, II, 252, 253 ; nominates John Bell for
President and Edward Everett for Vice-
President, 253, 254 ; candidates and plat-
form, 280; electors chosen by, 294.
Contrabands, origin of the term, IV, 388,
389; Lincoln modifies War Department
instruction about employing, V, 124=.
Cook, B. C, M. C. : speech in Illinois legis-
lature against Nebraska bill, I, 366, 367;
nominates Lincoln in Baltimore Conven-
tion, IX, 71, 72.
Cook, Daniel Pope, M. C. : defeated for
Congress, I, 64 ; relates frontier incident,
145.
Cooke, J. W., Commander Conf. navy:
commands the Albemarle, X, 39.
Cooke, P. St. George, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
A. : military measures of, II, 7 ; " cannon "
argument to the Border Ruffians, 17.
Cooper, Peter, signs memorial about Fre-
mont and colored troops, VI, 456.
Cooper, Samuel, Conf. Adj. Gen. : issues
general order that Generals Hunter and
Phelps be treated as outlaws, VI, 471.
Corbett, Sergt. Boston, shoots Booth, X,
312.
Corinth, Miss., captured by Halleck, May
30, 1862, V, 340, 341; battle of, Oct. 3, 4,
1862, VII, 116-118.
Corse, J. M., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. : in
battle of Chattanooga, VIII, 146 ; sent to
Rome, Ga., IX, 281 ; wounded at Allatoona,
474 ; in March to the Sea, 481.
Corwin, Thomas, M. C, U. S. Sen., Sec. of
Treas. under Fillmore, Min. to Mexico:
chairman of House Committee of Thirty-
three, II, 417 ; character of, III, 215 ; sub-
mits report from House Committee of
Thirty- three, 216 ; letters to Lincoln, 218,
255; offers Constitutional amendment in
House of Representatives, 235 ; heads pro-
test against insult to French legation,
VI, 32 ; proposes guarantee by the United
States of interest on the Mexican debt, 38.
Cosby, George B., Conf. Brig. Gen. : sent to
reen force Early, IX, 327 ; sent to Breck-
inridge, 328.
Cotton, cultivation in Southern States, I,
319 ; increased production of, 321 ; embar-
rassments to international relations from
want of, VI, 62 ; Lincoln's letter about,
IX, 447, 448.
382
INDEX
Couch, Darius N., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
repulses Huger's brigade at Malvern Hill,
V, 438 ; in battle of Chancellorsville, VII,
104 ; second in command during Hooker's
accident, 104; present at council of war,
109 ; militia force under, in Pennsylvania,
221; in battle of Nashville, X, 30; in ad-
vance on Wilmington, 68, 69; in advance
on Goldsboro', 70.
Course, M. D., Conf. Brig. Gen. : captured
in retreat to Appomattox, X, 187.
Coursol, Michel J. C, Canadian judge : dis-
charges St. Albans raiders from custody,
VIII, 24 ; suspended from office by Cana-
dian Parliament, 26.
Covode, Johns M. C. : member of Committee
on Conduct of the War, V, 150.
Cowan, Edgar, U. S. Sen. : votes against
National Bank Act, VI, 244.
Cowley, Earl, Brit. Ambass. in Paris : com-
municates reports concerning intentions
of France and Spain in Mexico, VI, 42.
Cox, J. D., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. : commands
under Burnside at Antietam, VI, 140 ; ad-
vance north of Dalton, IX, 11 ; in battle
of Kenesaw Mountain, 25; in march to
Franklin, X, 10, 11, 13, 16; in battle of
Franklin, 19 ; in battle of Nashville, 30, 33 ;
in advance on Wilmington, 68, 69 ; in ad-
vance on Goldsboro', 70.
Cox, Samuel, assists Booth and Herold, X,
308.
Cox, Samuel S., M. C, Min. to Turkey : plan
of compromise, II, 422; opposes bill for
draft, VII, 5 ; candidate for Speaker of
House of Representatives, 391 ; seconds
motion to nominate McClellan for Presi-
dent, IX, 258.
Craige, Burton, M- C. : signs secession ad-
dress, II, 436.
Crane, Charles, Brig. Gen. U. S. A. : present
at Lincoln's deathbed, X, 300.
Craven, Tunis A. M., Commander U. S. N. :
death of, in Mobile Bay, IX, 232.
Craven, T. T., Rear Adm. U. S. N. : ordered
to collect boats on the Potomac, IV, 451 ;
requests sea-service, 452 ; commands the
Brooklyn in Farragut's fleet, V, 261 ; re-
port Of, 264.
Crawford, A. M. L., Bvt. Maj. U. S. Vols. :
directs Lincoln's removal from Ford's
Theater, X, 296.
Crawford, Andrew, teacher of Pres. Lin-
coln, I, 34.
Crawford, Martin J., M. C, Conf. Conor. :
signs secession address, II, 436 ; arrives in
Washington, III, 397; interview with
Campbell, 405, 406; dispatch to Beaure-
gard, IV, 26-29.
Crawford, Samuel W., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
A. : remains with rearguard in Moultrie,
III, 50, 51 ; in battle of Gettysburg, VII,
255, 268; captures prisoners from Hood,
269; in Army of Potomac, VIII, 353; in
battle of the Wilderness, 361 ; in battle of
Five Forks, X, 172, 173.
Crisfield, John W., M. C. : report of Lin-
coln's interview with Border Slave State
Representatives, V, 212-214 ; second inter-
view with Lincoln about compensated
emancipation, VI, 111 ; remarks on Mary-
land emancipation, VIII, 452, 457.
Crittenden, Geo. B., Conf. Maj. Gen. : com-
mands under Zollicoffer, V, 116.
Crittenden, John J., Atty. Gen. under W. H.
Harrison and Fillmore, U. S. Sen., M. C. :
originates Crittenden-Montgomery sub-
stitute, II, 131 ; correspondence with Lin-
coln, 142; calls Baltimore Convention to
order, 253 ; loyalty of, 254 ; Senate discus-
sion, 404 ; member of Senate Committee of
Thirteen, 414 ; propositions in House Com-
mittee of Thirty-three, II r, 221 ; services
of, 223, 224; renews propositions of com-
promise in Senate, 224 ; plan voted on by
Senate, 225 ; telegram of, 227 ; moves to
substitute resolutions of Peace Conven-
tion for his own, 233 ; position on seces-
sion, IV, 228; letter to Gen. Scott, 233;
his conspicuous example of loyalty, 371 ;
offers the Crittenden resolution, 379;
speech on Confiscation Act, 381 ; position
as leader of Border State Representa-
tives, VI, 106 ; second interview with
Lincoln about compensated emancipa-
tion, 111.
Crittenden, Thomas L., Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : commands division of Buell's
army in battle of Pittsburg Landing, V,
333 ; appointed by Rosecrans to command
left wing of Army of the Cumberland, VI,
281 ; in battle of Murfreesboro, 292 ; march
on Chattanooga, VIII, 71 ; sent towards
Ringgold, 75; withdraws from Bragg's
attack, 80 ; in battle of Chickamauga, 84,
85, 96, 103 ; in battle of Chattanooga, 135.
Crocker, M. M., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols.:
division of, added to McPherson's corps,
VII, 172 ; in engagement at Raymond,
178; in battle of Champion's Hill, 189-192.
Crockett, David, M. C. : defense of the
Alamo, I, 233.
INDEX
383
Crook, George, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
command of, in Army of Kentucky, VIII,
44 ; defeated by Early, IX, 175 ; in Sheri-
dan's army, 182; in Shenandoah cam-
paign, 295, 297 ; in battle of Winchester,
aOl ; in battle of Fisher's Hill, 307, 309 ; in
battle of Cedar Creek, 316, 317, 320, 324;
sent to Grant, 329; in march to Appo-
mattox, X, 187, 188 ; at grand review in
Washington, 332.
Crosby, Pierce, Commodore U. S. N. : com-
mands the Pinola in Farragut's fleet, V,
261 ; in siege of Mobile, IX, 242.
Cross, Edward E., Col. U. S. Vols. : killed at
Gettysburg, VII, 255.
Croxton, J. T., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in battle of Chickamauga, VIII, 88.
Cruft, Charles, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in battle of Chattanooga, VIII, 140, 141, 152.
Crume, Ralph, marries aunt of the Presi-
dent, I, 23.
Cullom, Shelby M., Gov. of 111., U. S. Sen. :
prominent lawyer of Illinois, I, 214.
Cumberland, The, Union razeed frigate : at
Newport News, V, 223; prepares for
action, 223 ; rammed and sunk by the
Merrimac, 223, 224 ; heroism of officers and
crew, 224.
Curry, J. L. M., M. C. : signs secession ad-
dress, II, 436.
Curtin, A. G., Gov. of Penn., Min. to Russia,
M. C. : appoints Patterson major general
of Pennsylvania militia, IV, 315 ; confer-
ence with Seward about recruiting, VI,
117 ; originates Altoona meeting of gov-
ernors, 165 ; reports organization in Penn-
sylvania for resisting the draft, VII, 3 ;
reelected governor of Pennsylvania, 13,
375, 376; information to Lincoln about
Hooker, 200 ; care of Gettysburg dead and
wounded, VIII, 189.
Curtis, Benjamin R., Assoc. Justice U. S.
Sup. Ct. : dissenting opinion in Dred Scott
case, II, 77-79 ; pamphlet against Lincoln's
administration, VII, 370.
Curtis, George Ticknor, argument in Dred
Scott case, II, 64.
Curtis, George William, speech in Chicago
Convention, 1860, II, 269 ; letter to Lincoln
announcing his renomination, IX, 77.
Curtis, N. M., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
action at Fort Fisher, X, 63; in second
Fort Fisher expedition, 65 ; in assault on
Fort Fisher, 66 ; wounded, 67.
Curtis, Samuel R., M. C, Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : member of House Committee of
Thirty-three, II, 417 ; opinion on Fremont,
IV, 431 ; sends order of removal to Fre-
mont, 435 ; commands in sonthwest Mis-
souri, V, 92 ; midwinter campaign of, 288 ;
reports that he is capturing prisoners and
materials, 289; congratulatory order of
Feb. 18, 1862, 289 ; advances to Cross Hol-
low, 289; retires to Sugar Creek, 291;
battle of Pea Ridge, March 6-8, 1862, 291,
292 ; defeats Van Dora's army, 292 ; march
down the White River, VI, 381 ; assigned
to command of Department of Missouri,
381; assumes command, Sept. 24, 1862,
382 ; battle of Prairie Grove, Dec. 7, 1862,
383; interview with Gov. Gamble, 388,
389 ; explains system of provost marshals
in Missouri, 389, 390.
Cushing, Alonzo H., Lieut. U. S. A. : killed
at Gettysburg, VII, 267.
Cushing, Caleb, Atty. Gen. under Pierce,
Min. to Spain: comment on Reeder's
action, I, 413 ; address before U. S. Su-
preme Court, II, 70 ; presides over Charles-
ton Convention, 232 ; construction of the
" two-thirds rule," 243 ; resigns chairman-
ship of Charleston Convention, 251 ; mes-
senger from Buchanan to Gov. Pickens,
III, 11 ; interview with Gov. Pickens, 12 ;
invited by South Carolina legislature to
attend signing of ordinance of secession,
13.
Cushing, William B., Commander U. S.N. :
daring of, X, 45, 46 ; prepares expedition
against the Albemarle, 46-48 ; destroys the
Albemarle, 49 ; escape of, 49-51.
Custer, George A., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A :
made brigadier general of U. S. volun-
teers, VII, 232 ; in battle of Gettysburg,
268 ; in Sheridan's expedition to join But-
ler, VIII, 370 ; in battle of Yellow Tavern,
371 ; in Shenandoah campaign, IX, 295 ;
in battle of Cedar Creek, 317, 323-325 ; in
battle of Waynesboro, 330; in march to
Appomattox, X, 185, 191 ; at grand review
in Washington, 332.
Cutler, Lysander, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : in battle of Gettysburg, VII, 210.
Cutler, R. King, elected U. S. Senator from
Louisiana, VIII, 437.
Cutts, J. M., Jr., Bvt. Lieut. Col. U. S. A. :
comment on Burnside's Order No. 38,
VII, 329.
Dabney, R. L., D. D., Conf. Major: adjutant
and biographer to Stonewall Jackson, V,
384
INDEX
Dahlgren, John A., Rear Adm. U. S. N. :
in charge of Washington navy yard, IV,
141, 142 ; ordered to make preparations to
obstruct the Potomac, V, 227 ; relieves Du
Pont in command of Charleston fleet,
VII, 85 ; assumes command of naval
forces at Charleston, 424, 425 ; bombard-
ment of Fort Sumter, August to October,
1863, 435, 441, 442 ; council of war, 442 ; in-
terview with Sherman, IX, 489 ; captures
Charleston, X, 231 ; festivities at Sumter
flag-raising, 278, 280.
Dahlgren, Ulric, Col. U. S. Vols. : death
of, VIII, 252.
Dakota, Territory of, organized as a Terri-
tory, II, 237.
Dallas, Ga., battles of, May 25 to June 4,
1864, IX, 17-19.
Dallas, George M., Vice-Pres. with Polk,
Min. to England : receives Lord Russell's
answer, IV, 268.
Daly, Judge Charles P., letter about pris-
oners of war, VII, 448.
Dana, Charles A., Asst. Sec. of War under
Lincoln: dispatches about Rosecrans,
VIII, 117-120.
Dana, N. J. T., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
wounded at Antietam, VI, 139; com-
mands expedition to the Rio Grande,
VIII, 287.
Daniel, Junius, Conf. Brig. Gen.: killed at
Spotsylvania, VIII, 382.
Daniel, Peter V., Assoc. Justice U. S. Sup.
Ct. : opinion in Dred Scott case, II, 72.
D'Aubigne, Jean Henri Merle, Swiss histo-
rian : eulogy of Lincoln, X, 349.
Davidson, John W., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
receives Hood's surrender, X, 37.
Davies, H. E., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols.: in
march to Appomattox, X, 187.
Davis, Charles H., Rear Adm. U. 8. N. : suc-
ceeds Foote in command of Union gun-
boat flotilla, V, 302 ; advances gunboats
upon Memphis, 342 ; river battle at Mem-
phis, June 6, 1862, 344 ; joins Farragut
above Vicksburg, 348 ; represents Secre-
tary of Navy at Lincoln's funeral, X, 320.
Davis, David, Justice U. S. Sup. Ct., U. S.
Sen. : opinion of Lincoln as a lawyer, I,
301-303 ; member of Bloomington Conven-
tion, II, 28; member of Mr. Lincoln's
suite, III, 290; attends meeting of Lin-
coln's suite, 314.
Davis, Garrett, M. C, U. S. Sen. : Union dec-
larations, IV, 236 ; advice about organiz-
ing Kentucky troops, 236, 237 ; member of
committee to distribute Union arms, 237:
describes rebel proceedings in Kentucky
243, 244; second interview with Lincoln
about compensated emancipation, VI,
111; Senate resolution for National Con-
vention, VII, 365.
Davis, George, Conf. Atty. Gen. : arrest
of, X, 151.
Davis, G. T. M., declares in favor of Clay,
1, 260.
Davis, Henry 'Winter, M. C. : member of
House Committee of Thirty-three, II, 417 ;
suggested for the Cabinet, III, 364, 369;
announces himself a Union candidate for
Congress, IV, 94; resolutions about Mex-
ico, VII, 408 ; report on diplomatic corre-
spondence about Mexico, 410; relations
to Lincoln, IX, 112-115; reconstruction
bill of, 115-117 ; speech on reconstruction
bill, 117-119 ; signs Wade-Davis manifesto,
124-127; opposed to Lincoln, 367; advo-
cates Ashley's reconstruction bills, 452.
Davis, Jefferson, Sec. of War under Pres.
Pierce, U. S. Sen., Conf. Pres. : relates
interview of Democratic Senators with
Pres. Pierce, I, 349; instructions of, on
rebellion, II, 5 ; indorsement on Gen.
Smith's report, 9 ; challenges Wm. H.
Bissell, 27 ; supports demand for Con-
gressional slave code, 175 ; member of
committee to investigate John Brown
raid, 210; Senate resolutions of, 229, 230;
voted for in Charleston Convention,
244; signs address commending Charles-
ton disruption, 245, 246; Senate debate
with Douglas, 247-250; inconsistency of,
249; interview with Buchanan, 326 ; advice
on Buchanan's message, 365; statement
about orders to Anderson, 389; claims
the suggestion to leave an ordnance ser-
geant in charge of Charleston forts, 395 ;
called by Floyd to influence Buchanan,
395 ; Senate discussion, 402, 407, 410, 411 ;
member of Senate Committee of Thirteen,
414 ; signs secession address, 436 ; refuses
to serve on Senate Committee of Thir-
teen, 437; reconsiders his refusal, 437;
prints South Carolina Commissioners' re-
joinder to Buchanan in Senate speech, III,
86, 141 ; member of caucus committee of
secession Senators, 180, 181 ; signs Sena-
torial secession caucus resolutions, 181 ;
speech at Vicksburg, 183, 184 ; elected
President of the Confederate States, Feb.
9, 1861, 198 ; inaugurated, Feb. 18, 1861, 198 ;
theory of, on State equality, considered,
INDEX
385
200 ; biographical summary, 204 ; States-
rights fanaticism of, 205-207 ; compared
and contrasted with Lincoln, 207-210;
opposing declarations on disunion, 210-
212; Cabinet of, 212; assumes control of
military operations in seceded States,
212 ; sundry executive acts of, 212 ; sends
commissioners to Washington, 213, 396;
asks to be excused from serving on
Senate Committee of Thirteen, 219; is
persuaded to serve, 219; proposition in
that committee, 220 ; transmits Camp-
bell's statement to Confederate Congress,
405 ; answer to Campbell, 412, 413 ; letter
to Campbell, IV, 32 ; proclamation offering
letters of marque to privateers, 88 ; tele-
gram to Gov. Letcher to sustain Balti-
more, 160; attitude and confidence of,
262, 263; convenes rebel Congress, 263;
recommendations for Southern armies,
264; negotiations with Mr. Bunch, 279;
sends Johnston to command Harper's
Ferry, 317 ; arrives on Bull Run battlefield,
350; letter to Lincoln about Savannah
privateersmen, V, 10 ; approves Confeder-
ate invasion of Kentucky, 44 ; direction to
prevent persecution in East Tennessee,
60; approves Benjamin's orders about
bridge-burners, 78 ; council of war at
Fairfax Court House, 153, 154; directs
Johnston to draw back to a less exposed
position, 163 ; uncertain about McClellan's
destination, 176 ; message of approval to
mayor of New Orleans, 269 ; proclamation
of outlawry against Butler and his officers,
277, 278; comment on, 279; criticism of
Butler's " Woman Order," 283 ; comment
on, 283, 284; sends his family to a place of
safety, 379 ; baptized and confirmed, 379 ;
friendship for Lee, 422 ; criticism on Lee's
plan for attacking McClellan, 424 ; present
on battlefield of Gaines's Mill, 428 ; present
with Lee at Malvern Hill, 438 ; censure of
Hindman, VI, 373 ; proclaims Butler and
his officers outlaws, 471 ; language of his
message, 472 ; on employing rebel negro
troops, 485, 486; letter to Gov. Smith,
March 30, 1865, about colored recruits for
the rebel army, 486, 487 ; appoints John-
ston to command Confederate armies in
the West, VII, 129; visits Chattanooga,
Jackson, and Vicksburg, 130 ; orders rein-
forcements from Bragg to Pemberton,
130 ; holds conference with Johnston and
Pemberton at Grenada, Miss., 131 ; contro-
versy with Johnston, 183; correspondence
Vol. X.— 25
with Johnston about Vicksburg, 296 ; con-
ference with his Cabinet and Stephens
about peace mission to Washington, 371,
372; authorizes Stephens to proceed to
Washington, 372 ; refers suggestions about
prisoners to his Secretary of War, 447 ; de-
clares rebel soldiers paroled at Vicksburg
exchanged, 457 ; proclamations establish-
ing martial law, VIII, 41 ; proclamation
of banishment, 41 ; requests Confederate
Congress to suspend habeas corpus, 41t 42 j
visit to Bragg, 127 ; speeches after visit-
ing Bragg, 128 ; advises Bragg to send ex-
pedition against Burnside, 167 ; directs
Longstreet to join Bragg, 180; comments
on action of England, 262-264; sugges-
tions to Johnston, 327; directions to
Johnston, 333 ; instructions to Johnston,
IX, 5 ; comment on case of the Bappahan-
nocJc, 142; interview with Jaquess and
Gilmore, 208-211 ; comment on Northern
politics, 245 ; accepts Hood's plan, 281 ;
interview with Hood, 471-473 ; gives Har-
dee command of South Carolina and
Florida, 472; gives Beauregard com-
mand over Hood and Taylor, 473; inter-
view with F. P. Blair, Sr., X, 96-106 ; letter
to Blair about peace negotiations, 107;
second interview with Blair, 109, 110 ; ap-
points peace commissioners, HO ; instruc-
tions to peace commissioners, 111, 112;
speech in Richmond, 130, 131 ; appoints
Johnston to command rebel Western ar-
mies, 153, 157 ; comment on Lee's report,
156; conference with Lee, 159, 160; last
message of, 199, 200; receives news at
St. Paul's Church, 201; departure from
Richmond, 202, 203; dictates proposal of
armistice to Sherman, 244, 263 ; approves
the Sherman-Johnston agreement, 251,
265; instructions to Johnston, 251, 252,
266; arrives at Danville, 255; proclama-
tion of, 256; goes to Greensboro, 257;
interviews with Johnstou and Beaure-
gard, 257-263; goes to Charlotte, N. C,
263, 264 ; interview with Breckinridge at
Charlotte, 265; goes to Abbeville, S. C,
266, 267 ; camps near Irwinville, Ga., 268;
captured with his family, May 10, 1865, 270-
274; statement about his capture, 271;
indictment of, 274, 275; indictment dis-
missed, 276; death of, 276; comment on
Lincoln's assassination, 312, 313.
Davis, Mrs. Jefferson, captured with her
husband, X, 274.
Davis, Jefferson C, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S, A.:
386
INDEX
assists Capt. Foster in destroying mate-
rial in Fort Moultrie, III, 55 ; in engage-
ment near Milford, V, 91; in battle of
Murfreesboro, VI, 285 ; in battle of Chicka-
mauga, VIII, 89, 95, 96; in battle of Chat-
tanooga, 135 ; in battle of Kenesaw Moun-
tain, IX, 22, 23 ; in March to the Sea, 481 ;
in march to Columbia, X, 230 ; at grand
review in Washington, 333.
Davis, Reuben, M. C. : member of House
Committee of Thirty-three, II, 417 ; House
discussion, 421 ; signs secession address,
436.
Dawes, E. C, Maj. U. S. Vols. : statement
about Chickaniauga, VIII, 106.
Dawes, Henry L., M. C, U. S. Sen. : state-
ment about Stanton, II, 365 ; member of
Select Committee of Five, III, 142 ; votes
for re-passage of National Bank Act, VI,
245 ; opposes Ashley's reconstruction bills,
IX, 450.
Dawson, John, elected to Illinois legislature
in 1834, I, 122 ; one of the " Long Nine,"
128; recommended for marshal by Lin-
coln, 183.
Dayton, William L., U. S. Sen., Min. to
France: nominated for Vice-President,
II, 35 ; candidate before Chicago Conven-
tion, 1860, 255, 263, 271 ; votes for : on first
ballot, 273 — on second ballot, 274 — on
third ballot, 275 ; sails for France, IV, 268 ;
interview with Drouyn de l'Huys about
mediation, VI, 63 ; interviews with Drouyn
de l'Huys, VII, 403, 409, 410; presents let-
ters to Drouyn de l'Huys about Confed-
erate shipbuilding in France, VIII, 277 ;
correspondence about the Rappahan-
nock, IX, 138 ; correspondence about the
Alabama, 143.
De Camp, John, Rear Adm. U. S. N. : com-
mands the Iroquois in Farragut's fleet, V,
261.
De Courcy, John F., Col. U. S. Vols.: bri-
gade of, assaults Chickasaw Bluffs, VII,
134.
De Jarnette, Daniel C, M. C. : remarks in
House of Representatives, III, 147 ; reso-
lutions in Confederate Congress about
Mexico, VII, 422, 423.
Delafield, Richard, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A.:
expected in Washington, IV, 96.
Delahay, Mark W., U. S. Dist. Judge: re-
ceives votes for delegate, I, 430.
Delano, Columbus, M. C, Sec. of Int. under
Grant : in Baltimore Convention, IX, 71.
Delaware, State of, attitude on Lincoln's
proclamation, IV, 92, 93; Lincoln's plan
for compensated emancipation in, V, 206^
207; action of legislature on Lincoln's
plan, 208.
De Leon, E., sent to Europe by Confeder-
ate government to subsidize the press, VI,
79.
Demers, George W., effort to nominate
Grant in Cleveland Convention, IX, 39.
Democratic Party, the Cincinnati Conven-
tion, II, 38; the Cincinnati platform,
39, 40 ; defeats and victories, 227 ; conven-
tion of, at Charleston, 227-244 ; differences,
North and South, 228, 230; adjourned
meetings of Charleston Convention at
Baltimore, 250 ; candidates and platforms
in 1860, 279, 280; electors chosen by, 294;
nominates Vallandigham for governor of
Ohio, VII, 350, 351 ; National Convention
at Chicago, Aug. 29, 1864, IX, 252-259 ; Mc-
Clellan nominated for President, 258;
Pendleton nominated for Vice-President,
258, 259.
Dennison, William, Gov. of Ohio, P. M.
Gen. under Lincoln: dispatch to Cam-
eron, IV, 283; appoints McClellan major
general of Ohio militia, 285; permanent
chairman of Baltimore Convention, IX, 67,
68 ; notifies Lincoln of his renomination,
75; appointed Postmaster General, 342,
343 ; at Cabinet meeting, April 14, 1865, X,
284; present at Lincoln's deathbed, 300.
Denver, J. W., appointed Secretary of Kan-
sas Territory, II, 116.
De Peyster, Livingston, hoists flag Over
Richmond State House, X, 209.
Derby, Earl of, Prime Min. of Eng. : speech
on Lincoln's death, X, 343.
De Saussure, W. G., Conf. Lieut. Col. : re-
ports Fort Moultrie untenable, III, 118,
119.
Devens, Charles, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols.,
Atty. Gen. under Hayes : in battle of Ball's
Bluff, IV, 455, 456 ; brigade from division
of, occupies Richmond, X, 209.
Devin, Thomas C, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : in battle of Cedar Creek, IX, 325.
Dickey, W. H., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in Red River expedition, VIII, 292; in
battle of Pleasant Hill, 295.
Dickinson, Daniel S., U. S. Sen. : voted for,
in Charleston Convention, II, 244; signs
memorial about Fremont and colored
troops, VI, 456 ; receives votes for Vice-
President at Baltimore Convention, IX,
72-74 ; opposed to Lincoln, 367.
INDEX
387
Disraeli, Benjamin, Lord Beaconsfield, Eng-
lish Prime Minister, speech on Lincoln's
death, X, 342, 343.
District of Columbia, militia called out, IV,
67 ; slave trade prohibited in 1850, V, 215 ;
Act to emancipate slaves in, 216 ; Lincoln's
special message, April 16, 1861, 216, 217;
Washington threatened by Early, IX, 169-
173.
Diven, A. S., M. C. : appointed provost
marshal general for New York, VII, 15.
Dix, Miss Dorothea, Supt. of hospitals : re-
port about Confederate prisoners, VII,
465.
Dix, John A., U. S. Sen., Sec. of Treas. under
Buchanan, Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols., Min. to
France : appointed Secretary of Treasury,
III, 132 ; telegram of " Shoot him on the
spot," 133 ; letter to Mrs. Blodgett, 133 ;
awards $3,230,000 Treasury notes, 242 ; au-
thorized to make government purchases,
IV, 137 ; appointed major general of U. S.
volunteers, 309 ; assigned to command at
Baltimore, 356; intention to resign, 363;
transferred to Fort Monroe, V, 413 ; sends
ten regiments to McClellan, 413 ; loans ne-
gotiated by, VI, 225; answer to Lincoln
about colored troops, 453 ; letters to Sey-
mour about the draft, VII, 36, 37 ; creates
a panic in Richmond, 221 ; arranges cartel
with D. H. Hill for exchange of prisoners,
451 ; instructions about pursuing Confed-
erate raiders from Canada, VIII, 24, 25 ;
appointed by Lincoln to examine cases of
State prisoners, 33.
Dixon, Archibald, U. S. Sen. : offers amend-
ment repealing Missouri Compromise, I,
344 ; Douglas proposes to adopt his amend-
ment, 347 ; opinion on slavery, 357.
Dixon, James, M. C, U. S. Sen. : votes
against National Bank Act, VI, 244 ; criti-
cism on Sumner, VII, 388 ; favors rejection
of Howard, IX, 87; recommends Good-
man for Collector, 87; interview with
Chase, 88; approves Lincoln's message,
109.
Doblado, Manuel, Mex. statesman: exe-
cutes Convention of Soledad with Prim,
VI, 44.
Dodge, Grenville M., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
raid through northern Alabama, VIII, 51 ;
in march to Chattanooga, 132 ; in battles
of Atlanta, IX, 270, 272.
Doherty, E. P., Lieut. U. 8. A.: arrests
William Jett, X, 311 ; arrests Herold, 311,
312.
Doles, George, Conf. Brig. Gen. : killed at
Cold Harbor, VIII, 400.
Donaldson, Edward, Rear Adm. U. S. N. :
commands the Sciota in Farragut's fleet,
V, 261.
Donaldson, J. B., Marshal Kas. Ter. :
issues proclamation calling for help to
execute the law, 1, 453 ; refuses to protect
Lawrence, 454.
Donelson, Andrew J., Min. to Russia and
Germany: letter about Texas, I, 241;
nominated for Vice-President, II, 24.
Doniphan, Col. Alexander W., speech con-
demning Polk administration, I, 260.
Donnohue, D. C, special agent to examine
colony at He A'Vache, VI, 364 : report to
the government, 365, 366; relief to the
colonists, 365; brings colonists back to
the United States, 366.
Doolittle, James R., U. S. Sen. : member of
committee to investigate the John Brown
raid, II, 210 ; member of Senate Committee
of Thirteen, 414 ; votes for re-passage of
National Bank Act, VI, 245; advocates
recognition of Louisiana, IX, 455.
Dorsey, Hazel, teacher of Pres. Lincoln, I,
34.
Doubleday, Abner, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
ordered to take his company to Fort Sum-
ter, III, 50; takes possession of the fort,
53 ; statement about notice of relief expe-
dition, 103 ; letters of, from Fort Moultrie,
forwarded to Lincoln, 248 ; fires first gun
from Sumter, IV, 51 ; in battle of Gettys-
burg, VII, 239, 240, 242 ; wounded at Gettys-
burg, 269; testimony about Gettysburg,
269.
Douglas, Stephen A., M. C, U. S. Sen. :
legal fee of, I, 62 ; present at Vandalia,
1834, 124 ; made Circuit Attorney, 126 ; de-
feated for Congress in 1838, 157 ; appointed
Judge of Illinois Supreme Court, 163;
first meeting with Lincoln, 163 ; bill of, to
reform the judiciary, 164 ; rencontre with
Francis, 181 ; rencontre with Stuart, 182 ;
elected U. S. Senator, 251, 252; votes
against Wilmot Proviso, 269; political
career, 330, 331 ; personal characteristics,
330, 331 ; choice of " Young America " for
Presidential candidate, 331-333 ; chairman
of Senate Committee on Territories, 331,
335 ; votes for, in Baltimore Convention,
332 ; declarations against renewing si avery
agitation, 333, 334 ; defends Missouri Com-
promise, 334, 335 ; reports second Nebraska
bill, 343 ; reply to Atchison's proposition
388
INDEX
346; interview with Dixon; proposes to
adopt his amendment, 347; introduces
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 349; conversation
with Hamlin, 350 ; retort to petition of
New England clergymen, 361 ; speech at
Chicago, September, 1854, 371 ; speech in
Springfield, 111., at State fair, Oct. 3,
1854, 375, 379; speech at Peoria, 111., Oct.
16, 1854, 380 ; Senate report against Topeka
Constitution, 431 ; defeated in Cincinnati
Convention, II, 38 ; speech at Springfield,
111., defending the Dred Scott decision,
82-84 ; introduces enabling bill for Kansas,
93 ; indorses Walker's Kansas policy, 95 ;
quarrel with Buchanan, 120 ; denounces
Lecompton Constitution, 123-125; votes
against Lecompton Constitution, 130;
opposes English bill, 133; candidate for
Senator, 135 ; begins the Senatorial cam-
paign, 144 ; agrees to joint discussion, 145;
skill in debate, 147 ; criticism of Lincoln's
" House divided against itself " speech,
148 ; questions to Lincoln at Ottawa, 156,
157; answers to Lincoln, 160, 161; the
Freeport doctrine, 160, 161; reelected
Senator, 165 ; deposed from chairmanship
of Senate Committee on Territories, 170 ;
speech at Memphis, 172, 173; speech at
New Orleans, 173 ; speech at Baltimore,
174; answers Sen. Brown's questions, 175;
letter to Dorr, 176 ; allusions to Lincoln's
views, 183; " Harper's Magazine " article,
184 ; controversy with Black, 184, 185 ; ad-
vocates a law to punish conspiracies, 210,
211 ; schism between himself and Buchan-
an, 228 ; attitude as a Presidential candi-
date, 229; position at Charleston, 231;
voted for in Charleston Convention, 243,
244; fails to receive nomination at
Charleston, 244 ; Senate debate with Jef-
ferson Davis, 247-250; nominated for
President at Baltimore, 251 ; letter of ac-
ceptance, 281 ; campaign tour, 282, 283 ;
repudiates fusion, 290 ; electoral votes for,
294 ; Senate discussion, 404, 405 ; member
of Senate Committee of Thirteen, 414;
motion at Presidential count, III, 145;
propositions in Senate Committee of Thir-
teen, 221 ; call of ceremony on Lincoln, 317 ;
calls Lincoln's inaugural a manifesto of
peace, 399; interview with Lincoln, IV,
80 ; Senate speech, 81 ; speech at Bellair,
O., 82 ; announces his support of the war,
85 ; speech before legislature of Illinois, 84;
death of, June 3, 1861, 84 ; statement about
Gen Scott, 103.
Douglass, Frederick, Min. to Hayti: present
at John Brown's council, II, 196 ; assists
in raising colored troops in Massachu-
setts, VI, 463 ; statement about Lincoln's
reply about retaliation, 474; eulogy of
Lincoln, X, 354.
Downes, John, Commander U. S. N. : com-
mands monitor Nahant in attack on
Charleston, VII, 69; sent to attack the
Atlanta, 79.
Draft Act, approved March 3, 1863, VII, 5 ;
provisions of, 5, 6; National forces sub-
ject to, 7; quotas and deficiencies, 8;
decided constitutional by Judge Cad-
walader, 13 ; decided unconstitutional by
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, 13 ; Su-
preme Court of Pennsylvania reverses its
decision, 13 ; opposition to commutation
clause, 26.
Draft in insurrectionary States, Confederate
law for, VII, 29, 30.
Draft riots, in New York, VII, 17-26; re-
marks of Gov. Seymour, July 4, 1863, 17 ;
comments of newspapers, 17, 18 ; riot of
July 13, 1863, 18-23; attack on colored
orphan asylum, 21 ; attack on " Tribune "
office, 21 ; murder of Col. H. T. O'Brien,
21, 22 ; remarks of Gov. Seymour, July 13,
1863,22, 23; Gov. Seymour's proclamation
of July 14, 1863, 23 ; riot of July 16, 1863,
24 ; address of Archbishop Hughes, July
17, 1863, 24, 25 ; riot in Boston, 26.
Drake, C. D., U. S. Sen., Chief Justice U. S.
Ct. of Claims : reads address of radical
committee to Lincoln, VIII, 215 ; letter to
Lincoln about Missouri politics, 477.
Draper, Lyman C, Sec. of Wis. Hist. Soc. :
information about lands owned by Abra-
ham Lincoln, grandfather of the Presi-
dent, 1, 11.
Drayton, Percival, Capt. U. S. N. : com-
mands Union monitor Passaic in attack
on Charleston, VII, 67; commands the
Hartford in Mobile Bay, IX, 231.
Drayton, Thomas F., letters to Gov. Gist :
NOV. 3, 1860, II, 319, 320 — NOV. 6, 1860, 320 —
NOV. 8, 1860, 320 — Nov. 16, 1860, 321 — Nov.
19, 1860, 321, 322, 323 — Nov. 23, 1860, 323,
324.
Dred Scott decision, its origin, II, 59; the
St. Louis local court declares Dred Scott
free, 61; decision reversed by Supreme
Court of Missouri, 61 ; suit renewed in the
U. S. Circuit Court, 63; Scott and his
family declared slaves, 63 ; appeal to the
U. S. Supreme Court, 63 ; counsel in the
INDEX
389
case, 64 ; argument and re-argument, 64 ;
opinion of Justice Nelson, 66 ; Mr. Buch-
anan's announcement, 72; decision an-
nounced, 72 ; opinions by all the justices,
72, 73; points of the decision, 73-76; dis-
senting opinions, 77-80; effect of, on
politics, 81. See also Scott, Deed.
Dresser, Rev. Charles, marries Abraham
Lincoln and Mary Todd, I, 200.
Drouyn de l'Huys, French Min. of Foreign
Affairs : interview with Dayton about
mediation, VI, 63; dispatch to Mercier
proposing a conference between North
and South, 68-70 ; interviews with Dayton
about Mexico, VII, 403, 409, 410 ; relations
with Slidell, VIII, 269, 270; interview
with Slidell, 276, 277 ; interview about the
Alabama, IX, 143 ; protests against com-
bat of Kearsarge and Alabama, 145 ; inter-
view with Slidell, 153-155.
Drum, R. C, Adjt. Gen. U. S. A. : statement
concerning mustering out of Lincoln's
regiment, I, 96, 97.
Drummond, Thomas, U. S. Circ. Judge :
opinion of Lincoln as a lawyer, I, 303,
304.
Dubois, Jesse K., relates Lincoln's influence
in the legislature, 1, 138.
Duer, Denning, offered appointment of
Assistant Treasurer at New York, IX,
91, 92.
Duffie, Alfred N., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in Sheridan's army, IX, 182.
Duke, Basil W., Conf. Brig. Gen.: state-
ments about Morgan's raid, VIII, 53-56.
Duncan, J. K., Conf. Brig. Gen. ; statement
about ironclad Louisiana, V, 274.
Duncan, Joseph, M. C, Gov. of 111. : elected
to Congress, I, 64 ; refers slavery resolu-
tions to legislature, 149, 150.
Duncan, William, Capt. U. S. Vols. : in
March to the Sea, IX, 488.
Dunlap, George W., M. C. : second inter-
view with Lincoln about compensated
emancipation, VI, 111.
Dunn, "William McKee, M. C. : member of
House Committee of Thirty-three, II, 417 ;
resolution in that committee, 433.
Dupanloup, Mgr., Bishop of Orleans : com-
ment on Lincoln's second inaugural, X,
146.
Du Pont, Samuel F., Rear Adm. U. S. N. :
ordered to gather a fleet, V, 14 ; commands
fleet in Port Royal expedition, 16 ; com-
mands expedition to occupy coast of
Florida, 250, 251 ; directs Fort McAllister to
be attacked, VII, 61, 64 ; assaults defenses
of Charleston, April 7, 1863, 65-71 ; report
on the attack on Charleston, 71, 72 ; asks
to be relieved, 75, 76 ; relieved by Dahl-
gren, 85.
Durant, Thomas J., president of Free State
General Committee in New Orleans, 419 ;
appointed attorney general for Louisi-
ana, VIII, 419.
Durrett, Col. Reuben T., information from,
concerning the settlement of the Lincolns
in Kentucky, 1, 11.
Duval, Hiram F., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : in the battle of Winchester, IX,
303.
Duval, Isaac H., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
wounded at Winchester, IX, 304.
Eads, James B., civil engineer: authorized
to build Western gunboats, V, 118.
Early, Jubal A., Conf. Lieut. Gen. : lays
York, Pa., under contribution, VII, 220 ;
marches to join Ewell, 233 ; in battle of
Gettysburg, 242 ; losses at Rappahannock
Station, VIII, 245 ; in battle of the Wilder-
ness,361, 367 ; in battle of Spotsylvania, 375
376, 381, 385 ; in battle of Cold Harbor, 391
400; begins campaign against Washing-
ton, IX, 160; advance to Winchester, 161
moves through passes of South Mountain
161 ; advance into Maryland, 164, 165
battle of Monocaey, July 9, 1864, 165
orders attack on Washington, 169, 170
council of war, 171 ; retreat from Wash
ington, 173, 174; defeats Crook at Kerns
town, 175; Shenandoah campaign, A.ug,
10 to Sept. 19, 1864, 291-299; battle of
Winchester, Sept. 19, 1864, 299-305 ; battle
of Fisher's Hill, Sept. 22, 1864, 306-310;
retires to Brown's Gap, 310 ; comment on
his defeat, 311, 312 ; campaign of Cedar
Creek, Oct. 6-18, 1864, 312-315; battle of
Cedar Creek, Oct. 19, 1864, 316-326 ; return
to Cedar Creek, 327, 328 ; winter quarters
at Staunton, 329 ; battle of Waynesboro,
March 2, 1865, 329-331; superseded by
Echols, 331.
Eastport, The, Union gunboat: blown up
in Red River, VIII, 297.
Echols, John, Conf. Brig. Gen. : supersedes
Early, IX, 331.
Eckert, Thomas T., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : sent to meet peace commissioners,
X, 113 ; ultimatum to peace commission-
ers, 116 ; present at Lincoln's deathbed,
300.
390
INDEX
Ector, M. D., Conf. Brig. Gen. : joins John-
ston's army in Mississippi, VII, 294.
Edmundson, Henry A., M. C. : acquainted
with Brooks's design, II, 49 ; course disap-
proved by the House, 53.
Edwards, B. F., recommended for marshal
by Lincoln, 1, 183.
Edwards, Cyrus, candidate for governor of
Illinois, I, 160 ; favorably mentioned by
Lincoln for appointment, 293.
Edwards, Ninian, Gov. of 111. : assists E.
D. Baker, 1, 221.
Edwards, Ninian W., one of the "Long
Nine," 1, 128 ; speech in canvass of 1836,
130.
Egan, T. W., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. : in
battle of Hatcher's Run, IX, 434.
Eighth Massachusetts Militia, arrival in
Philadelphia, IV, 133; arrives before
Annapolis, 135 ; landed at Annapolis,
154; march to Annapolis Junction, 155.
Ekin, James A., Brig. Gen. U. S. A. : member
of military commission for trial of Lin-
coln's assassins, X, 312.
Elkin, David, preacher in Indiana, I, 31.
Elkin, Col. "William F., one of the " Long
Nine," 1, 128 ; nominated for sheriff, 183.
Ella and Annie, The, Union gunboat : starts
to take the Chesapeake to the United
States, VIII, 15 ; returns to Halifax un-
der orders, 15.
Ellet, Alfred W., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
succeeds Charles Ellet, Jr., in command of
ram fleet, V, 348; joins Farragut above
Vicksburg, 348; assists defense of Milli-
ken's Bend, VII, 293.
Ellet, Charles, Jr., Col. U. S. Vols. : employed
by Stanton to extemporize a ram fleet, V,
343; description of his rams, 343; joins
Davis in advance against Memphis, 343 ;
river battle at Memphis, 344 ; wounded at
Memphis, 344 ; death, 345.
Ellis, John W., Gov. of N. C. : reply to Gov.
Gist about proposed secession, II, 307,
308; answer to Lincoln's call for troops,
IV, 90.
Ellsworth, E. E., Col. U. S. Vols. : member
of Lincoln's suite, III, 290; commands
expedition to occupy Alexandria, IV, 312 ;
assassination of, 313 ; funeral honors to,
314.
Ely, Alfred, M. C. : captured at Bull Run,
I V, 354.
Ely, Ralph, Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
receives surrender of Petersburg, X,
183.
Emancipation, Fremont's proclamation of,
in Missouri, IV, 416, 417 ; Lincoln revokes
Fremont's proclamation, 420 ; discussed
in President's message of Dec. 3, 1861, V,
204, 205 ; Lincoln's plan for compensated
emancipation in Delaware, 206, 207 ; action
of Delaware legislature, 208 ; Lincoln's
message of March 6, 1862, recommending
compensated abolishment, 209, 210; Lin-
coln's interview with Border Slave State
Representatives, 212-214 ; Congress passes
Lincoln's joint resolution for compen-
sated abolishment, 214 ; emancipation in
District of Columbia, 215-217; Hunter's
order of, in Georgia, Florida, and South
Carolina, VI, 90 ; President revokes Hun-
ter's order, 94-96 ; Act abolishing slavery
in District of Columbia, 100 ; provisions
of Confiscation Act emancipating slaves,
100, 101 ; provisions for, through military
service, 101, 102 ; Lincoln's draft of veto
message on Confiscation Act, 102, 103;
Lincoln's second interview with Border
State Representatives, 108-111 ; Lincoln
decides to adopt military emancipation,
121 ; Lincoln reads draft of his first proc-
lamation to the Cabinet, 125 ; Lincoln
postpones first proclamation, 130; Lin-
coln's preliminary proclamation issued,
164; provisions of West Virginia Con-
stitution respecting, 299; conditions of
Senate bill to admit West Virginia, 299 ;
gradual emancipation in the new State,
312; legislative acts concerning, 312, 313 ;
slavery abolished in West Virginia, 313 ; in-
dorsed : by American Baptist Missionary
Union, 316 — by American Board of For-
eign Missions, 317 — by Congregational
General Association of New York, New
Jersey, and Pennsylvania, 318 — by Lu-
theran General Synod, 318, 319— by Mo-
ravian Synod, 319 — by Presbyterian
General Assembly, 319-321 — by United
Presbyterian Church General Assembly,
321 — by Reformed Presbyterian Church,
322 — by New School Presbyterians, 322,
323— by Protestant Episcopal Church,
Diocese of Pennsylvania, 323, 324 ; action
on, of Society of Friends, 326 - 329 ;
Breckinridge's bill in Missouri Conven-
tion of 1862 for compensated abol-
ishment, 391 ; bill laid on the table, 391 ;
mass convention of emancipationists
at Jefferson City, Mo ., 392, 393; victory
in November election, 1862, in Missouri,
394 ; bill in Congress to aid, in Delaware,
INDEX
391
Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennes-
see, and Missouri, 395 ; Henderson's Sen-
ate bill to aid, in Missouri, 396; Noell's
House bill to aid, in Missouri, 396, 397 ; dis-
cussed in Lincoln's annual message of
Dec. 1, 1862, 399-401 ; emancipation proc-
lamation of Jan. 1, 1863, 429; ordinance
of prospective emancipation in Missouri,
VIII, 209; adopted by Arkansas, 415;
adopted by Louisiana, 435, 436; adopted
by Tennessee, 447, 448 ; Tennessee legisla-
ture ratifies Thirteenth Amendment, 449 ;
adopted : by Maryland, 466 — by Mis-
souri, 484 — in Virginia, IX, 438, 439 ; Lin-
coln's message of Dec. 8, 1863, about, X,
73, 74 ; Trumbull reports Thirteenth Am-
endment, 75 ; Senate adopts Thirteenth
Amendment, 77 ; House rejects Thirteenth
Amendment, 77, 78 ; House adopts Thir-
teenth Amendment, 85, 86; Thirteenth
Amendment ratified, 88, 89 ; discussed at
Hampton Roads Conference, 123-125 ; Lin-
coln's draft of message, Feb. 5, 1865,
133-135.
Emerson, Dr., owner of Dred Scott, II, 58.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, remarks on John
Brown's execution, II, 211; criticism of
Lincoln's style, X, 351.
Emory, W. H., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
left in command at New Orleans, VII,
320, 321 ; in Red River expedition, VIII, 292 ;
in battle of Sabine Cross Roads, 294 ; in
battle of Pleasant Hill, 295 ; arrives in
Washington, IX, 171 ; in battle of Win-
chester, 303 ; in battle of Fisher's Hill,
307, 309 ; in battle of Cedar Creek, 317, 320,
321, 324.
England, public opinion favorable to the
South, IV, 266 ; reply to Black's circular,
267 ; proclamation of neutrality, 268 ; in-
direct negotiations with Jefferson Davis,
279; alleged causes of intervention in
Mexico, VI, 33; signs tripartite conven-
tion, 38 ; withdraws from Mexican expe-
dition, 45 ; interpretation of the Queen's
proclamation of neutrality, 50; permits
building of Confederate cruisers, 51;
treaty with the United States to suppress
African slave trade, 60, 61 ; invited by
France to mediate in American affairs,
63 ; refuses to join France in effort to ob-
tain armistice in the United States, 65 ;
instructions to the governor-general of
Canada about Confederate raiders, VIII,
25.
English, James E., M. C, Gov. of Conn.,
U. S. Sen. : vote for Thirteenth Amend-
ment, X, 83.
English, Dr. R. W., mediator in the Lin-
coln-Shields duel, I, 207.
English, William H., M. C. : plan of com-
promise, II, 423.
Ericsson, John, civil engineer : plan of the
Monitor, V, 219, 220.
Erwin, W. R., G. R. Sec. of Union League :
transmits resolution of Union League to
Lincoln, IX, 75.
Estrada, Gutierrez de, Mex. diplomatist :
sent to offer the crown of Mexico to
Maximilian, VII, 398, 399 ; notifies Maxi-
milian of the action of the Mexican
notables, 411.
Etheridge, Emerson, M. C, Clerk of H. R. :
alleged plot of, VII, 389-391.
Eustis, George, Sec. to Confederate Com-
missioners, V, 23; removed from the
Trent, 23, 24.
Evans, Nathan G., Conf. Brig. Gen. : re-
port about Ball's Bluff, IV, 458 ; strength
of command after Antietam, VI, 143;
joins Johnston's army in Mississippi, VII,
294.
Evarts, William M., Sec. of State under
Hayes, U. S. Sen. : chairman of New
York delegation in Chicago Convention,
II, 262 ; nominates Seward, 271 ; moves
to make Lincoln's nomination unan-
imous, 277 ; authorized to organize
troops, IV, 138 ; eulogy of Chase, VI,
223, 225, 226.
Everett, Edward, M. C, Min. to England,
Sec. of State under Fillmore, U. S. Sen. :
nominated for Vice-President by Con-
stitutional Union party, II, 254; bio-
graphical notice, VIII, 192, 193; oration
at Gettysburg, 194-199 ; letter to Lincoln,
203.
Ewell, Richard S., Conf. Lieut. Gen.:
commands under Lee on the Peninsula,
V, 428 ; in battle of Cedar Mountain, VI,
6 ; with Lee at Sharpsburg, 139 ; commands
corps of Lee's army, VII, 201 ; corps of,
moves northward, 205 ; invests Winches-
ter, 208; crosses the Potomac, 217, 218;
occupies Carlisle, Pa., 220; marches to-
wards Gettysburg, 233 ; in battle of Get-
tysburg, 242, 244, 246, 249, 258 ; commands
Confederate left at Gettysburg, 249 ; com-
mands right wing of Army of Northern
Virginia, VIII, 352; marches to attack
Grant, 358 ; in battle of the Wilderness,
360, 361, 363 ; in battle of Spotsylvania,
392
INDEX
375, 380, 385; in siege of Richmond, IX,
431 ; captured in retreat to Appomattox,
X, 186-188 ; evacuates Richmond, 201,
206.
Ewing, Hugh, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in battle of Chattanooga, VIII, 134, 139.
Ewing, Gen. "William L. D., elected U. S.
Senator, 1, 126.
Fairfax, D. M., Rear Adm. U. S. N. : sent on
board the Trent, V, 22 ; commands gunboat
JVantucJcet in attack on Charleston, VII,
69.
Fannin, James W., killed at Goliad, I, 233.
Farnsworth, E. J., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
made brigadier general, VII, 232 ; killed
at Gettysburg, 268.
Farnsworth, John F., Brig. Gen. U. S.
Vols. ; present at Lincoln's deathbed, X,
300.
Farragut, David G., Adm. U. S. N. : selected
to command expedition against New
Orleans, V, 255 ; service and loyalty, 255,
256; his confidence and enthusiasm, 257 ;
instructed to capture New Orleans, 258 ;
leads " Column of the Blue " in the pas-
sage of Forts Jackson and St. Philip, 261 ;
passage of the forts, April 24, 1862, 262; Con-
federate gunboats destroyed, 262, 263 ; the
Hartford on fire, 264, 265 ; the fleet at New
Orleans, 266 ; sends Bailey to confer with
the mayor, 267 ; correspondence with the
mayor, 267, 268 ; orders Morris to raise the
flag over the Mint, April 27, 1862, 268;
threatens to bombard the city, 269 ; raises
Union flag over New Orleans, April 29,
1862, 269; places Butler in command of
New Orleans, 275; ascends Mississippi
Itiver to Vicksburg, 346 ; demand for sur-
render of Vicksburg refused, 347 ; returns
to New Orleans, 348; reascends Missis-
sippi River to Vicksburg, 348; passes
Vicksburg batteries, 348 ; applies to
Halleck for land forces, 349; descends
river to New Orleans, 350 ; passes batteries
at Port Hudson, VII, 314 ; joins Banks's
expedition at Alexandria, La., 314, 315;
on board the Hartford in Mobile Bay, IX,
231 ; battle of Mobile Bay, Aug. 5, 1864, 231-
239; lashes himself to the mast, 233; of-
fered command of Fort Fisher expedition,
X, 55.
Farrand, Ebenezer, Capt. Conf. navy:
surrenders Confederate steamers, IX,
242 ; surrenders Confederate naval forces
to Thatcher, X, 328.
Fellows, J. Q. A., receives votes for gov-
ernor of Louisiana, VIII, 432.
Felton, S. M., Pres. P., W.,and B. R. R. :
precautions to protect Philadelphia, Wil-
mington, and Baltimore railroad, III,
304, 306; employs Detective Pinkerton,
304 ; railroad services, IV, 128, 129.
Ferrandini, C, conspiracy and testimony,
III, 306.
Ferrero, Edward, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : censured for Petersburg mine af-
fair, IX, 421, 425.
Ferry, Orris S., M. C, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols., U. S. Sen. : member of House Com-
mittee of Thirty-three, II, 417.
Fessenden, S. C, M. C. : resolution in House
of Representatives indorsing emancipa-
tion proclamation, VI, 171.
Fessenden, William P., U. S. Sen., Sec. of
Treas. under Lincoln: attends meeting
at Seward's house, III, 263; remarks on
legal tender, VI, 234 ; votes for National
Bank Act, 244; present at interview be-
tween Lincoln, Cabinet, and Republican
Senators, 266 ; appointed Secretary of
Treasury, IX, 99-101; resignation of, X,
348; recommends Chase for Chief Jus-
tice, 391.
Field, A. P., elected to Congress in Louisi-
ana, VIII, 437.
Field, Charles W., Conf. Maj. Gen. : in siege
of Richmond, IX, 427, 433.
Field, David D., M. C. : present at Lincoln's
Cooper Institute speech, II, 217 ; member
of Peace Convention, III, 230.
Field, M. B., Asst. Sec. of Treas.: appoint-
ment as Assistant Treasurer at New
York asked by Chase, IX, 92 ; present at
Lincoln's deathbed, X, 300.
Filley, O. D., member of Union Safety
Committee at St. Louis, IV, 212.
Fillmore, Millard, thirteenth Pres. U. S. :
nominated for Vice-President, I, 276;
elected Vice-President, 282 ; nominated for
President by Know-Nothing party, II, 24 ;
popular and electoral vote for, 40, 41; signs
Fugitive Slave law of 1850, III, 26.
Finances of the U. S., financial measures,
III, 238-244; suspension of specie pay-
ments, VI, 230; Act to make paper money
legal tender, 235, 236 ; demand-notes made
legal tender, 236; speculation in gold,
238, 239 ; system of temporary loans, 240 ;
Five-twenty bonds, 240, 241; National
Bank Act, 241-243 ; review of Confederate
finances, 247-252.
INDEX
393
Fish, Hamilton, Gov. of N. Y., U. S. Sen.,
Sec. of State under Grant : appointed com-
missioner to visit Union prisoners of war,
VII, 449.
Fishback, Wm. M., elected U. S. Senator
from Arkansas, VIII, 418.
Fisher, George P., M. C, Judge Sup. Ct.
D. C. : elected to Congress, V, 206 ; urges
Delaware to accept Lincoln's plan of
compensated emancipation, 206, 207;
second interview with Lincoln about
compensated emancipation, VI, 112 ;
member of Select Committee on Eman-
cipation, 395.
Fisher's Hill, Va., battle of, Sept. 22, 1864,
IX, 306-310.
Fitch, Graham N., M. C, U. S. Sen. : mem-
ber of committee to investigate John
Brown raid, II, 210.
Five Forks, Va., battle of, April 1, 1865, X,
172-174.
Flagg, W. J., recommends McClellan for
command at Cincinnati, IV, 282.
Flanders, B. F., M. C, Gov. of La. : elected
to Congress, VI, 353 ; admitted to a seat,
353; receives votes for governor of
Louisiana, VIII, 437.
Fletcher, Job, one of the " Long Nine," 1, 128.
Fletcher, Thomas C, Gov. of Mo. : procla-
mation about law and order, VIII, 486;
declines to commit himself for Lincoln,
IX, 368.
Florida, State of, admitted as a State, 1, 324 ;
secession ordinance passed, Jan. 10, 1861,
III, 163, 183 ; forts and navy yard at Pen-
sacola surrendered, Jan. 12, 1861, 163, 164,
183 ; secession movement in, 182 ; popula-
tion in 1860, 182 ; seizure of arsenal at Ap-
palachicola, 183 ; seizure of Fort Marion,
183; Fort Pickens reenforced, IV, 12, 13, 16 ;
secession intrigues at Key West, 15 ; east-
ern coast occupied by Union troops, V,
251; Gillmore's expedition to, VIII, 281-
285 ; Lincoln's letter about reconstruction
in, 282, 283 ; Major Hay's mission to, 282,
283 ; failure of reconstruction in, 283 ;
battle of Olustee, Feb. 20, 1864, 285 ; rati-
fies Thirteenth Amendment, X, 89.
Florida, The, Conf. cruiser: burns Ameri-
can trading- vessels, IX, 128, 129 ; captured
by the Wachxisett, 131-133 ; sinks at Hamp-
ton Roads, 133.
Floyd, John B., Sec. of War under Buchanan,
Conf. Brig. Gen. : extracts from diary of,
II, 316, 317, 360, 363 ; interviews with Tres-
cott, Thompson, Cobb, and others, 317 ;
interviews with Drayton, 319, 321; sug-
gestions about sale of arms, 323, 324 ; ap-
proves Foster's requisition, 344; ignores
Gen. Scott, 347 ; interview with Ander-
son, 348; reply to Anderson, 355, 356;
opinion on disunion, 362, 363 ; sends Buell
to Anderson, 387 ; approves the Buell
memorandum, 388; Cabinet discussion
with Buchanan, 394, 395; approves re-
quisition for forty muskets, 441 ; refuses
requisition for one hundred muskets, 442 ;
orders Foster to return the muskets, 446 ;
requested by Buchanan to resign, III, 65 ;
telegram of inquiry to Anderson, 65 ; de-
mands withdrawal of Anderson and his
garrison from Charleston, 67; Stanton's
statement about, 73, 74 ; resignation of, 74 ;
favors of, to secessionists, 128 ; orders
heavy guns from Pittsburg to the South,
128; sends Hardee to drill and inspect a
camp of instruction in Virginia, 418 ; sent
to reenforce Fort Donelson, V, 185 ; at-
tends council of war in Fort Donelson,
198; relinquishes command to Pillow,
198 ; leaves Fort Donelson, 198.
Flusser, Charles W., Lieut. Comm. U. S. N. :
commands Union gunboat Miami, X, 39;
killed at Plymouth, 41.
Fogg, George G., Min. to Switzerland, U. S.
Sen. : letter to Lincoln, III, 256.
Follansbee, Albert S., Capt. 6th Mass.
Militia : in Baltimore riot, IV, 115.
Foot, Solomon, M. C, U. S. Sen. : votes
against National Bank Act, VI, 244 ; votes
for re-passage of the Act, 244.
Foote, Andrew H., Bear Adm. U. S. N. :
gunboat reconnaissance to Fort Henry, V,
106 ; asks permission to attack Fort Henry,
119 ; capture of Fort Henry, 120-122 ; arrives
at Fort Donelson, 195 ; attacks with gun-
boats, 195 ; wounded, 195 ; conference with
Grant, 196 ; declines to attack Island No.
10 at close range, 296 ; sends gunboats past
Island No. 10, 298; receives surrender of
Island No. 10, April 7, 1862, 299 ; directed
to bombard Fort Pillow, 301 ; relinquishes
command of gunboat flotilla, 302 ; helps
Grant to occupy Clarksville, 310; desig-
nated to relieve Du Pont, VII, 85 ; death, 85.
Foote, Henry S., U. S. Sen., Gov. of Miss. :
defeats Davis for governor in Mississippi,
III, 206 ; peace resolution in Confederate
Congress, VII, 364, 365.
Foote, John A., presents resolutions of New
School Presbyterians to the President, VI,
394
INDEX
Forbes, B., member of Lincoln's suite, III,
290.
Forbes, Hugh, adventurer employed by
John Brown, II, 195 ; discloses John
Brown's projects, 201.
Force, M. F., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
comment on battle of Pittsburg Landing,
V, 324; estimate of troops engaged at
Pittsburg Landing, 326.
Ford, Thomas, Gov. of HI. : statement about
tbe effect of slavery in Illinois, I, 51 ; his-
torian of Illinois, 133.
Ford, Thomas H., receives votes for Vice-
President in Philadelphia Convention, II,
35.
Forey, Elie Frederic, Marshal of France:
sent to Mexico with 35,000 men, VI, 46 ;
defeated before Puebla, 47 ; siege of
Puebla, VII, 396, 397; occupies City of
Mexico, 397 ; organizes provisional gov-
ernment, 397, 398.
Forman, Colonel, in Mexican war, I, 250.
Forney, John H., Conf. Maj. Gen. : advises
capitulation of Vicksburg, VII, 302.
Forney, John W., editor of Philadelphia
" Press : " favors Lincoln's renomina-
tion, IX, 63.
Forquer, George, prominent lawyer of
Illinois, I, 213.
Forrest, Nathan B., Conf. Lieut. Gen. :
captures Fort Pillow, April 12, 1864, VI,
479 ; first report about capture of Fort Pil-
low, 479 ; threat at Paducah, 480 ; letter
to Washburn, 480; raid against Grant's
line of communications, VII, 127 ; cap-
tures prisoners at Brentwood, VIII, 50;
captures Col. Streight, 52 ; defeats W.
8. Smith, 331 ; in army of Hood, X, 7 ;
in march to Franklin, 10, 11 ; expedi-
tion against Murfreesboro, 23; in re-
treat of Hood, 34; defeated by Wilson,
239, 240.
Forsyth, John, Conf. Comr. : arrives in
Washington, III, 398; letter to Walker,
404.
Fort Delaware, Del., reenforced, III, 135.
Fort Donelson, Term., garrison of, Feb. 8,
1862, V, 192 ; reenforced by Buckner, Floyd,
and Pillow, 192 ; invested by Grant, Feb.
12, 1862, 193 ; description of, 193 ; attacked
by Foote's gunboats, 195 ; council of Con-
federate commanders, 197 ; flight of Floyd
and Pillow, 198 ; surrender, Feb. 16, 1862,
199, 200.
Fort Fisher, N. C, situation and strength
of, X, 53, 55-58 ; first expedition against,
organized, 54, 55 ; failure of first expedi-
tion against, 60, 61; capture of, Jan. 15,
1865, 67.
Fort Henry, Tenn., capture of, Feb. 6, 1862,
V, 121, 122.
Fort Jackson, La., seized by governor of
Louisiana, III, 192 ; situation on the Mis-
sissippi, V, 254 ; armament and defenses,
259 ; bombardment by mortar flotilla
begun, April 18, 1862, 260 ; Union fleet
passes the fort, April 24, 1862, 261-266 ;
mutiny in, 273; surrender of, April 28,
1862, 273 ; occupied by Butler, 275.
Fort Macon, N. C, captured by Union forces
April 26, 1862, V, 247.
Fort McAllister, Ga., attacked by Union
monitor Montauk, Jan. 27 and Feb. 1, 1863,
VII, 61-63.
Fort McHenry, Md., reenforced, III, 135.
Fort Monroe, Va., importance and condi-
tion, III, 94; defensive preparations of,
135.
Fort Moultrie, S. C, condition of, II, 343,
440; inspected by Maj. Porter, 345: An-
derson sent to command, 346 ; intrigue to
possess, 379, 380 ; temporary defenses, 440 ;
dismantled and abandoned by Anderson,
III, 55 ; occupied by the rebels, 61.
Fort Pickens, Fla., occupied by Lieut. Slem-
mer, III, 163; truce at, 168; joint instruc-
tions concerning, 168; situation of, 437:
plan to reenforce, 437, 438 ; reenforced by
Vogdes's company and marines, IV, 12, 13 ;
reenforced by the Meigs expedition, 16.
Fort Pillow, Tenn., Lincoln's address con-
cerning, VI, 478 ; report of Committee on
Conduct of the War, 479 ; capture of, by
Forrest, April 12, 1864, 479 ; massacre of
negro troops, 479; Forrest's first report,
479.
Fort Pulaski, Ga., seized by governor of
Georgia, III, 190; description of, V, 248;
operations against, by Gen. Gillmore, 249,
250; surrender, April 11, 1862, 250.
Fort St. Philip, La., seized by governor of
Louisiana, III, 192 ; situation on the Mis-
sissippi, V, 254 ; armament and defenses,
259; bombardment by mortar flotilla be-
gun, April 18, 1862, 260 ; Union fleet passes
the fort, April 24, 1862, 261-266 ; surrender
of, April 28, 1862, 273; occupied by Butler,
275.
Fort Sumter, S. C, condition of, II, 343;
inspected by Maj. Porter, 345; Anderson
sent to command, 346; workmen prove
untrustworthy, 442; occupied by Ander-
INDEX
395
son, III, 53 ; plans and orders to relieve,
90 ; expedition postponed, 91 ; expedition
in the Star of the West, 96 ; possession of,
demanded by commissioners from Gov.
Pickens, 111; surrender refused to Pick-
ens by council of war, 111 ; siege of, begun,
126; plan to relieve, under Capt. Ward,
172; preparations for bombardment, IV,
47, 48 ; condition of, 49 ; bombardment be-
gun, 50; returns Are, 51; barracks catch
fire, 53 ; course of the fleet, 54-56 ; fire on
second day, 57, 58 ; negotiations for sur-
render, 59-61; evacuated by Anderson,
April 14, 1861, 61 ; news of attack upon,
69, 70, 76; attacked by Du Pont's iron-
clads, April 7, 1863, VII, 65, 66, 67-71;
Anderson raises flag over, April 14, 1865,
X, 278.
Fort Wagner, S. C, siege operations
against, July, 1863, VII, 425-437 ; first as-
sault, July 11, 1863, 427; second assault,
July 18, 1863, 429-431 ; evacuated, Sept. 7,
1863, 437.
Foster, John G., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. : sent
to repair Charleston forts, II, 343, 439 ; re-
quisition for forty muskets, 344, 441 ; in-
spects Charleston forts with Anderson,
349 ; report about Fort Sumter, 351 ; con-
structs temporary defenses in Fort Moul-
trie, 440; letter to War Department, 442,
443; receives forty muskets, 443; corre-
spondence about them, 444, 445 ; interview
with Charlestonians, 445, 446 ; reply to
the Secretary of War, 446, 447 ; reports
movement of guard-steamer, III, 44;
remains with a rearguard in Fort Moul-
trie, 50, 51; destroys material in Moul-
trie, 55; final visit to Charleston, 55;
withdraws with rearguard from Moul-
trie, 56 ; comment on Maj. Anderson's
delay, 109; reports military operations
against Fort Sumter, 126; defensive
preparations in Sumter, IV, 19; plants
mines at Sumter, 20; prepares for the
expected relief ship, 41; reports obser-
vations on Sumter bombardment, 52, 53;
report of Wigf all's interview with Ander-
son, 60; commands division under Burn-
side, V, 242 ; commands center in attack
on Roanoke Island, 244 ; report of victory
of Feb. 8, 1862, 245 ; report of victory at
New Berne, 246, 247 ; sent to relieve Burn-
side, VIII, 175 ; succeeds Burnside in East
Tennessee, 185; interview with Grant,
332 ; in March to the Sea, IX, 487 ; made
Department commander, X, 338.
Foster, Lafayette S., U. S. Sen. : Senate
discussion, II, 406.
Foster, Robert S., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols.:
in assault on Petersburg, X, 179 ; member
of military commission for trial of Lin-
coln's assassins, 312.
Fox, Gustavus V., Asst. Sec. of Navy under
Lincoln : plan to reenforce Fort Sumter,
III, 383-385 ; visits Sumter, 389 ; report to
the President, 389 ; memorandum for Sum-
ter expedition, 433; sails for Sumter,
IV, 28, 29 ; disappointed at non-arrival of
the Powhatan and tugs, 55 ; qualifica-
tions, V, 4; called to council at the White
House, 221 ; opinion on Potomac rebel
batteries, 221, 222 ; sent to Fort Monroe,
222 ; witnesses fight of Monitor and Merri-
mac, 222 ; present at council about expedi-
tion against New Orleans, 254 ; testimony
about operations against Yorktown, 361 ;
precaution for Lincoln's safety, IX, 169.
France, public opinion favorable to the
South, IV, 266 ; reply to Black' s circular,
267; follows England's proclamation of
neutrality, 268 ; indirect negotiations with
Jefferson Davis, 279 ; insult to legation of,
in Mexico, VI, 32 : alleged causes of inter-
vention in Mexico, 33; signs tripartite
convention, 38; apprehensions of dis-
turbed relations with the United States
on account of French expedition to
Mexico, 63 ; invites England and Russia
to mediate between the United States
and the rebels, 63 ; proposes to England
and Russia joint effort to obtain armistice
in the United States for six months, 64.
Francis, D. G., suggests Wide Awake uni-
form, II, 285.
Francis, Simeon, editor of " Sangamo Jour-
nal " : assaulted by Douglas, 1, 181.
Franciscus, G. C, conference with Judd,
Pinkerton, and Sanford, III, 310.
Franklin, Tenn., battle of, Nov. 30, 1864, X,
18-21; losses at, 21.
Franklin, W. B., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
invited to a conference with Lincoln, V,
156 ; recommends movement against the
rebels, 157 ; attends council of war, 167 ;
division of, sent to the Peninsula, 365;
assigned by McClellan to command pro-
visional army corps, 382 ; established
north of the Chickahominy, 385; moves
towards the James River, 433 ; interview
with Lincoln at Harrison's Landing, 453 ;
advises McClellan's withdrawal from the
James, 457; storms the crest of South
396
INDEX
Mountain, VI, 136; corps engaged at
Antietam, 140; recommends renewal of
the attack, 144; commands Union left at
Fredericksburg, 202; in battle of Fred-
ericksburg, 203, 204; controversy with
Burnside, 204; advice against the "Mud
March," 217, 218 ; letter to Halleck, crit-
icizing Burnside, 218; relieved from
command, 221 ; commands expedition to
Sabine Pass, VIII, 286 ; defeat at Sabine
Pass, 287; organizes Red River expe-
dition, 289; in battle of Sabine Cross
Roads, 293, 294; suggested for command
of Middle Military Division, IX, 179.
Frazer, J. W., Conf. Brig. Gen. : surrenders
to Burnside, VIII, 165.
Fredericksburg, Va., campaign of, begun,
VI, 199 ; the Rappahannock crossed, 202 ;
battle of, Dec. 13, 1862, 203-208 ; army with-
draws to Falmouth, 209 ; Union and Con-
federate loss, 210.
Free-soil Party, influence in politics, 1, 352-
356 ; address of Free-soilers in Congress,
360.
Free State Party of Kansas, beginnings of,
in Lawrence, I, 427 ; non-conformity to
bogus laws, 427-429; ex-Gov. Reeder
nominated for Territorial delegate, 428 ;
elects delegates to Constitutional Con-
vention, 429; elects State officers under
Topeka Constitution, 429, 430 ; mass Con-
vention at Topeka, II, 97 ; refuses to vote
for delegates, 100 ; resolves to vote at Oc-
tober election, 1857, 104; elects majority
of legislature, 104.
Frelinghuysen, Frederick T., U. S. Sen.,
Sec. of State under Garfield : member of
Peace Convention, III, 230.
Frelinghuysen, Theodore, U. S. Sen. : Whig
nominee for Vice-President in 1844, 1, 225.
Fremont, John C, U. S. Sen., Maj. Gen. U.
S. A. : nominated for President, II, 32 ; his
career, 33, 34 ; popular and electoral vote
for, 40, 41 ; vote for, in Chicago Conven-
tion, 1860, on first ballot, 273; suggested
for Secretary of War, III, 362; orders
Grant's regiment to Missouri, IV, 294; his
national prominence, 401, 402 ; appointed
major general of U. S. army, 402 ; assigned
to command the Western Department, 402 ;
steamboat expedition to Cairo, 406; de-
clares martial law and fortifies St. Louis,
411, 412; defective administration, 412;
quarrel with F. P. Blair, Jr., 413, 414; pro-
claims military emancipation in Missouri,
416, 417 ; issues deeds of manumission, 417 ;
letter to Lincoln explaining hie proclama-
tion, 418, 419 ; takes the field in Missouri,
428 ; organizes his army in five divisions,
429 ; removed from command, 435 ; design
to occupy Columbus, V, 48 ; reports Jack-
son's advance to attack him, 404; ordered
to Harrisonburg, 404 ; promises to be at
Strasburg May 31, 1862, 408 ; chooses wrong
route, 408; explains his delay, 408, 409;
pursues Jackson up the Valley, 410 ; battle
of Cross Keys, June 8, 1862, 411 ; refuses to
serve under Pope, 412 ; relieved from com-
mand, 412 ; commands corps in Army of
Virginia, VI, 1; succeeded by Sigel, 1;
reply to Sumner about colored troops,
457-459 ; nominated for President by Cleve-
land Convention, IX, 39 ; accepts nomina-
tion of Cleveland Convention, 41, 42 ; with-
draws from Presidential campaign, 43, 44.
Fremont, Mrs., visit to President Lincoln,
IV, 413-415 ; letter to Lamon, 434, 435.
French, S. G., Conf. Maj. Gen.: attack on
Allatoona, IX, 473, 474.
French, William H., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
A. : in battle at Fredericksburg, VI, 205 ;
losses in his division, 206; assigned to
command Third Corps, VIII, 231 ; crosses
the Rappahannock at Kelly's Ford, 243 ;
in movement at Mine Run, 248, 249.
Friend, Jesse, married great aunt of the
President, I, 24.
Frost, D. M., Conf. Brig. Gen. : commands
Camp Jackson, IV, 209 ; surrenders Camp
Jackson, 214.
Fry, James B., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A.,
Prov. Mar. Gen. : relates interview be-
tween Lincoln and Stanton, V, 145, 147;
criticism of Lord Wolseley's article and
Gen. McClellan, 384; report of, VII, 1;
appointed provost marshal general, 6;
criticisms on Enrollment Act, 41-48.
Fry, Speed S., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. : kills
Zollicoffer in battle, V, 116, 117.
Fugitive Slave Law, origin of Act of 1793,
III, 20, 21 ; decision of U. S. Supreme Court
in 1842 concerning, 23 ; Webster's proposed
amendment to Act of 1850, 25 ; Clay's pro-
posed amendment to Act of 1850, 25 ; Win-
throp's comment on provision of, 25, 26 ;
bill prepared by Mason, 26; passed by
Congress, 26 ; signed by Fillmore, 26 ; pro-
visions of, 26, 27; incidents attending en-
forcement of, 29 ; declared constitutional
by U. S. Supreme Court, 31; Lincoln's
opinion on, 33; virtual amendment of,
VI, 98.
INDEX
397
Fugitive slaves, Constitutional provisions
respecting, I, 318; active pursuit of, III,
29; Cameron's instructions to Butler
about, IV, 389, 390; Lincoln's instructions
to Gen. Scott about, 391 ; Cameron's rules
about, 394 ; Wool's regulations about, 396 ;
law forbidding army to return, VI, 98.
Fuller, W. P., describes origin of Wide
Awakes, II, 284, 285.
Gaines, The, Conf. gunboat: burned in
Mobile Bay, IX, 234.
Gaines's Mill, Va., battle of, June 27, 1862,
V, 428-430.
Galena, The, Union ironclad: in battle of
Mobile Bay, IX, 234.
Gamble, Hamilton R., appointed provision-
al governor of Missouri, IV, 225; organ-
izes Missouri State Militia, V, 96; order
creating Enrolled Missouri Militia, VI,
375; registration of rebel sympathizers,
376; general order correcting errors in
enrolled militia, 376 ; provisional regi-
ments organized, 377 ; interview with
Gen. Curtis, 388; message to Convention
about compensated abolishment, 392;
message to legislature about emancipa-
tion, 394; conditions about colored re-
cruiting in Missouri, 464; calls Missouri
Convention together, VIII, 207 ; offers his
resignation, 207; letter to Lincoln de-
manding protection for provisional State
government, 226 ; proclamation to people
of Missouri, 226, 227 ; death, 470.
Ganson, John, M. C. : vote for Thirteenth
Amendment, X, 83.
Gantt, E. W., M. C. : made prisoner of war,
VIII, 410 ; withdraws from secession, 410.
Gardiner, Henry C. : signs memorial about
Fremont and colored troops, VI, 456.
Gardner, Franklin, Conf. Maj. Gen. : forces
of, under Pemberton, VII, 164 ; directed to
evacuate Port Hudson, 295; besieged in
Port Hudson, May 25, 1863, 317 ; surrenders
Port Hudson, July 4, 1863, 323.
Gardner, John L., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. A. :
commands Charleston forts, II, 343 ; asks
reinforcements, 344 ; complaints concern-
ing, 345; removed from command, 346;
satisfied with Foster's temporary de-
fenses, 441.
Gardner, Wm. M., Conf. Brig. Gen. : report
on desertions, X, 151 ; defeated by Stone-
man, 238.
Garesche, Julius P., Lieut. Col. U. S. A. :
killed at Murfreesboro, VI, 289.
Garfield, James A., M. C, Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols., twentieth Pres. U. S. : votes for
re-passage of National Bank Act, VI, 245 ;
dissents from opinions of Rosecrans's
council of war, VIII, 59 ; letter to Chase,
63, 64; in battle of Chickamauga, 102;
approves Lincoln's message, IX, 109.
Garnett, Richard B., Conf. Brig. Gen.:
strength of brigade after Antietam, VI,
143.
Garnett, Robert S., Conf. Brig. Gen. : sent
to western Virginia, IV, 332, 333 ; fortifies
Laurel Hill and Rich Mountain, 333 ; com-
mands pass at Laurel Hill, 333; retreat,
336 ; killed at Carrick's Ford, 337.
Garrard, James, Gov. of Ky. : patent of
lands to Abraham Lincoln, the President's
grandfather, 1, 11.
Garrard, J. H., member of committee to dis-
tribute Union arms, IV, 237.
Garrett, J. W., Pres. of B. & O. R. R. : tele-
gram from, II, 131 ; in charge of funeral
cortege of Lincoln, X, 319.
Garrison, "William Lloyd, editor of " The
Liberator " : anti-slavery editorials of, I,
148.
Gartrell, L. J., M. C. : signs secession ad-
dress, II, 436.
Gasset, Manuel, Span. Gen. : commands
troops of Spanish expedition to Mexico,
VI, 41.
Gaulden, W. B., speech in Charleston Con-
vention, II, 268.
Gay, Thomas S., U. S. N. : in expedition
against the Albemarle, X, 47.
Geary, John W., Gov. of Kas. Ter., Bvt.
Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols., Gov. Penn. : ap-
pointed governor of Kansas, II, 9; arrival
at Leavenworth, 11; letter to Secretary
Marcy, 11, 12; inaugural address, 13;
proclamations disbanding Missourians,
13 ; military measures of, 14-20 ; speech to
Border Ruffians, 16; vetoes the Conven-
tion Act, 91 ; resignation of, 91 ; flight in
disguise, 91 ; in march on Lookout Valley,
VIII, 125 ; engagement in Lookout Valley,
126 ; in battle of Chattanooga, 140-143, 152 ;
in battles of Dallas, IX, 18 ; in March to
the Sea, 481.
Gentry, James, employs Lincoln to go to
New Orleans, I, 44.
Gentry, Meredith P., M. C. : suggested for
the Cabinet, III, 364.
Georgia, State of, popular vote at Presi-
dential election, I860, III, 189; electors
chosen by legislature, 189; military ap-
398
INDEX
propriation, 190 ; Convention bill passed,
190; election for delegates, 190; seizure of
Fort Pulaski ordered, 190; meeting of
Convention, 190; secession ordinance
passed, Jan. 19, 1861, 191 ; seizure of Augus-
ta arsenal by Gov. Brown, 191 ; contest in,
over secession, III, 266 ; speeches of
Toombs and others at Milledgeville, 266 ;
Stephens's Union speech in reply, 266;
platform of 1850, 269; Fort Pulaski cap-
tured by Union army, April 11, 1862, V,
250 ; Brunswick occupied by Union troops,
251; battles of Resaca, May 13-16, 1864,
IX, 13, 14 ; battles of Dallas, May 25 to
June 4, 1864, 17-19 ; battles of Kenesaw
Mountain, June 9-30, 1864, 19-25; battle
of Peach Tree Creek, July 20, 1864, 269;
siege of Atlanta, July 22 to Sept. 1, 1864,
270-289 ; Sherman occupies Atlanta, 289 ;
siege of Savannah, Dec. 10-20, 1864, 487-
492; Sherman occupies Savannah, Dec.
21, 1864, 492; ratifies Thirteenth Amend-
ment, X, 89 ; capture of Jefferson Davis,
May 10, 1865, 270-274.
Georgia, The, Conf. cruiser: commanded by
Wm. L. Maury, IX, 137, 138 ; captured by
the Niagara, 138.
German Reformed Synod, resolutions sup-
porting the war, VI, 318.
Getty, George W., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
member of advisory board to reexamine
Porter court-martial case, VI, 13 ; in Army
of Potomac, VIII, 353 ; wounded in battle
of the Wilderness, 362, 363 ; sent to Wash-
ington, IX, 164; skirmish near Washing-
ton, 172 ; in battle of Cedar Creek, 320, 321,
323, 324.
Gettysburg, Perm., situation of, VII, 236-
238 ; battle of, July 1-3, 1863, 239-268 ; dedi-
cation of cemetery, Nov. 19, 1863, VIII,
191-202.
Geyer, Henry S., U. S. Sen. : argument in
Dred Scott case, II, 64.
Gibbon, John, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
in battle of Chancellorsville, VII, 106;
wounded at Gettysburg, 269; in Army of
Potomac, VIII, 353 ; in battle of the Wil-
derness, 362; in battle of Spotsylvania,
376 ; in battle of Cold Harbor, 401 ; in as-
sault on Petersburg, X, 179, 180.
Giddings, Joshua R., M. C, Consul Gen. to
Canada : approves Lincoln's bill abolish-
ing slavery in District of Columbia, 1, 286 ;
remarks on Missouri Compromise, 339;
address against Nebraska bill, 360;
speeches in Illinois, 369; receives votes
for Vice-President in Philadelphia Con-
vention, II, 35; amendment to Chicago
platform, 268.
Gilbert, Charles C, Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
command of, in Army of Kentucky, VIII,
44.
Gillespie, Joseph, anecdote of Lincoln, I,
162.
Gillmore, Quincy A., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
A. : operations against Fort Pulaski, V,
249, 250 ; capture of Fort Pulaski, April 11,
1862, 250 ; appointed to relieve Gen. Hun-
ter, VII, 85; commands Department of
the South, 424, 425 ; correspondence with
Beauregard about Gen. Hunter, 437-439 ;
correspondence with Beauregard about
bombardment of Charleston, 439-441;
bombardment of Fort Sumter, August to
October, 1863, 435, 441, 442 ; comments on
Fort Wagner, 442, 443 ; resolves on expe-
dition to Florida, VIII, 281, 282 ; interview
with Seymour at Baldwin, 283 ; telegram
to Seymour, 283, 284 ; directs Seymour not
to advance, 284 ; ordered to Virginia, 285 ;
commands Tenth Corps under Butler,
392, 393 ; in battle of Bermuda Hundred,
398; captures Charleston, X, 231; in
charge of Fort Sumter flag-raising, 278,
280.
Gilmer, John A., M. C. : correspondence
with Lincoln, III, 283; suggested by
Seward for the Cabinet, 362; tendered
Cabinet appointment through Seward,
363 ; promises Seward an answer, 363 ;
letter to Lincoln, 364.
Gilmor, Harry, Conf. Maj. : burns Gunpow-
der Bridge, IX, 165.
Gilmore, J. R., obtains permission for him-
self and Jaquess to go South, IX, 206, 207 ;
visit to Richmond, 208; interview with
Davis and Benjamin, 208-211.
Gist, S. R., Conf. Brig. Gen. : sent east of
Jackson, Miss., VII, 185 ; joins Johnston's
army, 294.
Gist, William H., Gov. of S. C. : letter to
Southern governors proposing secession,
II, 306, 307 ; convenes South Carolina legis-
lature, 328 ; message to legislature, 329 ;
letter to Trescott, 379.
Gittings, , Pres. N. C. R. R. : tenders a
dinner to Mr. Lincoln and family, III, 308.
Gladstone, William Ewart, Prime Min. of
England : remarks about American war,
VIII, 260, 261.
Glendale, Va., battle of, June 30, 1862, V,
435.
INDEX
399
Glover, Samuel T., member of Union Safety-
Committee at St. Louis, IV, 212.
Godwin, A. C, Conf. Brig. Gen. : defeated
at Rappahannock Station, VIII, 243;
killed at Winchester, IX, 304.
Godwin, Parke, editor of N. Y. "Evening
Post " : signs memorial about Fremont
and colored troops, VI, 456.
Goldsboro', N. C, occupied by Schofield,
March 21, 1865, X, 70, 71; occupied by
Sherman, March 23, 1865, 237.
Goldsborough, L. M., Rear Adm. U. S. N. :
visited by Lincoln, Stanton, and Chase, V,
234 : commands fleet in Roanoke Island
expedition, 242; attacks shore batteries
on Roanoke Island, Feb. 7, 1862, 243;
destruction of rebel fleet, Feb. 10, 1862,
246 ; testimony about operations against
Yorktown, 361.
Gollaher, Austin, saves Abraham Lincoln
from drowning, I, 27.
Gooch, Daniel W., M. C. : member of Com-
mittee on Conduct of the War, V, 150.
Goodloe, J. K., member of committee to
distribute Union arms, IV, 237.
Goodman, Edward, recommended for Col-
lector, IX, 87.
Gordon, James B., Conf . Brig. Gen. : killed
in battle of Yellow Tavern, VIII, 371.
Gordon, John B., Conf. Lieut. Gen., U. S.
Sen. : in Army of Northern Virginia, VIII,
354 ; in battle of the Wilderness, 367 ; in
battle of Cold Harbor, 404 ; in battle of
Winchester, IX, 300, 301; in battle of
Fisher's Hill, 306; in battle of Cedar
Creek, 316, 317, 320, 322, 325 ; assault of Fort
Stedman, X, 161-164 ; in defense of Peters-
burg, 179 ; in retreat to Appomattox, 186-
189, 194.
Gordon, Nathaniel P., trial and execution
for crime of slave-trading, VI, 99.
Gorman, Willis A., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
demonstration at Edwards's Ferry, IV,
455; repulses Confederate attack, 458.
Gortschakoff, Prince Alexander Michaelo-
witsch, Vice-Chancellor of Russia : com-
ment on French proposal to obtain
armistice in the United States, VI, 65,
66 ; remarks to Bayard Taylor, 66.
Gosport Navy Yard, Va. : measures for pro-
tection of, IV, 145 ; burning of, 147.
Gott, Daniel, M. C. : resolution about
slave trade in the District of Columbia,
I, 286.
Gourdin, Robert N., circular of The 1860
Association, II, 305.
Grady, Henry W., editor of Atlanta " Con-
stitution " : eulogy of Lincoln, X, 350.
Graham, Charles K., Bvt. M-aj. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : wounded and captured at Gettys-
burg, VII, 255.
Graham, Menton, assists Lincoln to study
surveying, 1, 115.
Graham, William M., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S.
A.: testimony about Gettysburg, VII,
269.
Grammar, John, member of Illinois legis-
lature, I, 65.
Granbury, H. B., Conf. Brig. Gen. : in march
to Franklin, X, 10.
Grand Gulf, Miss., bombardment of, April
29, 1863, VII, 167.
Granger, Gordon, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
commands Army of Kentucky, VIII, 44;
drives Bragg' s rearguard out of Shelby-
ville, 62 ; in battle of Chickamauga, 101 ;
in battle of Chattanooga, 135 ; ordered to
Knoxville, 154; in Sherman's march to
Knoxville, 182; enters Knoxville under
Sherman, 183 ; lands troops at Mobile Bay,
IX, 230 ; in siege of Mobile Bay, 240.
Granger, R. S., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A.:
checks Hood at Decatur, X, 5.
Grant, Lewis A., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in battle of Cedar Creek, IX, 321.
Grant, Mrs., invited by Mrs. Lincoln to
Ford's Theater, X, 292.
Grant, U. S., Gen. and Gen. in Chief U. S.
A., eighteenth Pres. of U. S. : arrives in
Springfield, IV, 286 ; declines captaincy of
Galena company, 287 ; employed at special
duties, 287, 288 ; letter offering his services,
289 ; biographical notice of, 290-292 ; goes
to visit McClellan, 292 ; appointed colonel
of the 2lst Illinois Volunteers, 293; his
march from Springfield, 295, 296 ; occupies
Paducah, V, 49 ; ordered to make a demon-
stration in Tennessee, 104 ; reconnoitres
Fort Henry, 106 ; personal characteristics,
111; early military duties in Missouri,
112 ; commands at Cairo, 112 ; ordered to
clear southeast Missouri of rebels, 112 ;
battle of Belmont, Nov. 7, 1861, 113, 114 ;
plan to attack Fort Henry, 119, 120 ; capture
of Fort Henry, Feb. 6, 1862, 120-122 ; inten-
tion to capture and destroy FortDonelson,
187 ; delayed by high water, 192 ; invests
Fort Donelson, Feb. 12, 1862, 193 ; confer-
ence with Foote, 196 ; asks Foote to renew
gunboat attack, 197; orders charge by
Smith's division, 197 ; demands " uncondi-
tional surrender," 199 ; receives surrender
400
INDEX
Grant, U. S. — continued.
of Fort Donelson, Feb. 16, 1862, 200 ; report
of capture, 200 ; appointed major general
of U. S. volunteers, 200 ; occupies Clarks-
Tille, 310; sends Nelson to occupy Nash-
ville, 311 ; ordered to command expedi-
tion up the Tennessee, 311; ordered to
remain at Fort Henry, 312 ; ordered to re-
sume his command, 312; assumes com-
mand, 320 ; neglects proper precautions,
320 ; ignorance of rebel advance ; reports
main Confederate army at Corinth, 322;
position of his divisions, 323 ; learns of
arrival of Nelson's division of Buell's
army, 328 ; goes to Pittsburg Landing on
morning of April 6, 1862, 329 ; directions
about the battle, 329; requests Buell's
advance to come to the battlefield, 329;
orders Lew Wallace to the battlefield, 329 ;
controversy about intentions of, 331 ; in-
terview with Buell, 334 ; attacks the
enemy, April 7, 1862, 334; defeat and
retreat of Confederates, 334 ; assigned to
command right wing of Halleck's army,
337 ; assigned to duty as second in com-
mand under Halleck, 337; asks to be re-
lieved from duty, 337; action on Porter
court-martial case, VI, 12, 13; order ex-
pelling Jews from his Department, 339;
letter to Lincoln about negro troops, 466 ;
assigned to command in West Tennessee,
VII, 112 ; sends Rosecrans and Ord to
attack Iuka, 113; suggests to Halleck
movement in rear of Vicksburg, 119 ; cor-
respondence with Halleck about cam-
paigns, 122, 123 ; arranges plan of opera-
tions with Sherman, 123; marches to
Grenada, Miss., 124; proposes river expe-
dition against Vicksburg, 124; appoints
Sherman to command Vicksburg expedi-
tion, 125 ; returns to Holly Springs and
Memphis, 127, 128 ; orders McClernand to
return to Mississippi, 140, 141 ; controversy
with McClernand, 141-143 ; divides his
army into army corps, 144 ; prepares for
the Vicksburg campaign, 146 ; supersedes
McClernand in command of Vicksburg ex-
pedition, 146; failure of the Vicksburg
canal, 146, 147 ; failure of the Lake Provi-
dence route, 147, 148 ; failure of the Yazoo
Pass route, 148, 149 ; failure of the Steele's
Bayou route, 150-152 ; resolves to join
Banks, 153 ; marches to De Schroon's, 167,
168 ; orders for his march, 169 ; crosses the
Mississippi to Bruinsburg, 169 ; orders Mc-
Pherson to Willow Springs, 172 ; rides to
Grand Gulf, 173 ; announces his campaign
against Vicksburg, 174; engagement at
Raymond, May 12, 1863, 177, 178 ; battle of
Jackson, May 14, 1863, 182, 183 ; censure of
McClernand, 183; march to Edwards's
Station, 187; battle of Champion's Hill,
May 16, 1863, 189-192 ; battle of the Big
Black, May 17, 1863, 192 ; arrives before
Vicksburg, 195, 196 ; first assault on Vicks-
burg, May 19, 1863, 282, 283 ; second assault
on Vicksburg, May 22, 1863, 283-288; re-
lieves McClernand from command, 288;
assigns Ord to succeed McClernand, 288 ;
siege of Vicksburg, May 22 to July 4,
1863, 288-305 ; interview with Pemberton,
303 ; letter to Pemberton proposing terms
of surrender, 304, 305 ; occupies Vicksburg,
305-307 ; prisoners captured at Vicksburg,
306-310; correspondence with Banks about
cooperation, 315-317 ; made major general
in U. S. army, 325 ; instructions to Butler
about exchange of prisoners, 461 ; sugges-
tions to Rosecrans, VIII, 45 ; meets Stan-
ton at Indianapolis, 119 ; assigned to com-
mand Military Division of the Mississippi,
119; telegraphs Thomas to hold Chatta-
nooga, 120; statement about Rosecrans,
121 ; interview with Rosecrans, 122 ; orders
Smith's plan carried out, 123 ; orders
Thomas to attack Missionary Ridge, 129 ;
revokes the order, 130; plans of battle,
133; battle of Chattanooga, Nov. 23-25,
1863, 134-157 ; correspondence with Burn-
side about Longstreet, 173 ; directions to
Banks, 290 ; plans in Tennessee, 329, 330 ;
orders to Thomas, 332; interview with
Foster, 332; appointed lieutenant gen-
eral, 335 ; goes to Washington, 336 ; letter
of thanks to Sherman and McPherson,
336, 337 ; interview with Lincoln, 340, 341 ;
reply on receiving his commission as
lieutenant general, 342 ; conversation
with Lincoln about his duties, 343 ; visits
Gen. Meade, 344; returns to the West,
344, 345 ; establishes headquarters at Cul-
peper Court House, 347; visits Washing-
ton, 347 ; erroneous statement about Lin-
coln, 347, 348 ; plan of, 348-351 ; strength of
Army of Potomac, 352 ; reply to Lincoln's
letter, 355; begins Virginia campaign,
May 4, 1864, 357 ; crosses the Rappahan-
nock, 357, 358 ; battle of the Wilderness,
May 5, 6, 1864, 360-367 ; begins march to
Spotsylvania, 368; position at Spotsyl-
vania, 369, 370; battle of Spotsylvania,
May 8-19, 1864, 372-385; dispatch to Hal-
INDEX
401
leek, "I propose to fight it out on this
line," 378, 379 ; telegrams to Halleck, 382,
383 ; battle of North Anna, May 23-27, 1864,
387-390; telegram to Halleck, 389, 390;
battle of Cold Harbor, June 1-12, 1864, 391,
400-405 ; orders to Butler, 392 ; comment on
battle of Cold Harbor, 405, 406; dispatch
to Halleck about campaign, 406, 407; in-
structions to Sherman, IX, 1, 2; sends
Sixth Corps to Washington, 164; recalls
troops to Petersburg, 174; asks a call for
300,000 men, 176; suggests Franklin and
Meade for command of Middle Military-
Division, 179; sends Sheridan north on
temporary duty, 179; instructs Sheridan
to put himself " south of the enemy," 179 ;
interview with Hunter and Sheridan at
Monocacy, 180-182 ; notifies Sheridan that
Early is reenf orced, 293, 294 ; visits Sher-
idan, 299; comment on Sheridan, 326;
movement across James River, 406, 407 ;
begins siege of Petersburg, June 19, 1864,
412; comment on assault at Petersburg
mine, 425; siege of Richmond, 427; cor-
respondence with Sberman, 468, 469, 478,
479; advises Sherman to move north by
water, 490 ; orders removal of Thomas, X,
24; sends Logan to relieve Thomas, 28;
starts for Nashville, 28 ; orders for first
Fort Fisher expedition, 59, 60; relieves
Butler from command, 64 ; sends second
expedition to Fort Fisher, 65 ; interview
with Peace Commissioners, 114-116 ; tele-
gram to Stanton, 117; telegraphs Lee's
proposition to Stanton, 158 ; reply to Lee's
proposition, 158, 159 ; orders for march to
Five Forks, 164, 167 ; officers and forces of,
165-167; march to Five Forks, 169-172;
battle of Five Forks, April 1, 1865, 172-174 ;
assault at Petersburg, April 2, 1865, 175-
181 ; orders to Sheridan and Humphreys,
181 ; telegrams to Lincoln, 181, 182 ; march
to Appomattox, 183-195 ; asks Lee to sur-
render, 190 ; proposes to receive Lee's
surrender, 192; informs Lee, "I have no
authority to treat on the subject of peace,"
193 ; interview with Lee at Appomattox,
195; receives Lee's surrender, April 9,
1865, 195-197; farewell visit to Lee, 197,
198 ; return to Washington, 198 ; reply to
Lincoln about his son, 214 ; interview with
Lincoln, Sherman, and Porter, 215 ; inter-
view with Lincoln at Petersburg, 216 ; at
Cabinet meeting about Sherman's agree-
ment, 250; sent to Sherman's headquarters,
250 ; at Cabinet meeting, April 14, 1865, 281 ;
Vol. X.— 26
invited by Mrs. Lincoln to Ford's Theater,
292 ; eulogy of Lincoln at Springfield, 325 ;
at grand review in Washington, 331;
eulogy of Lincoln, 353.
Granville, Earl, protests against an offer of
mediation to the United States, VI, 67.
Greeley, Horace, editor of N. Y. " Tribune,"
M. C. : explains opposition to Clay, 1, 229 ;
attacked in the street at Washington, II,
52 ; favors reelection of Douglas, 139 ;
letter about the Illinois campaign, 140,
141 ; present at Lincoln's Cooper Institute
speech, 217; delegate for Oregon in
Charleston Convention, 1860, 264; edito-
rials on secession, III, 253, 254; letter to
Lincoln, 258 ; letter to Lincoln about Bull
Run, IV, 366 ; suggests French mediation
to Mercier, VI, 83, 84 ; criticism of Lincoln
in N. Y. " Tribune," 151, 152 ; signs me-
morial about Fremont and colored troops,
456 ; opposes Lincoln's renomination, IX,
64 ; approves Lincoln's message, 110 ; let-
ter to Lincoln about peace, 186, 187 ; sug-
gests that Clay and Thompson desire to
confer about peace, 188, 189; goes to
Niagara Falls, 190; proposes to accom-
pany commissioners to Lincoln, 190, 191 ;
interview with Confederate emissaries,
193; interview with Jewett, 193; corre-
spondence with Lincoln about the Niagara
affair, 195-199 ; interview with F. P. Blair,
Sr., 248; becomes Jefferson Davis's bail,
X, 275.
Green, Duff, visit to Lincoln, III, 286.
Green, James S., M. C, Min. to Bogota,
U. S. Sen. : Senate discussion, II, 406, 407.
Green, Martin E., Conf. Brig. Gen. : in bat-
tle of Corinth, VII, 117 ; ordered to Grand
Gulf, 166 ; in battle of Port Gibson, 170.
Green, Thomas, Conf. Brig. Gen. : in attack
on Brashear City, VII, 321 ; repulsed at
Donaldsonville, 321; in battle of Sabine
Cross Roads, VIII, 293; attack on Red
River fleet defeated, 296.
Greene, S. D., Commander U. S. N. : directs
firing in turret of the Monitor, V, 229 ;
succeeds Worden in command, 231.
Greene, William G., buys store of Radford,
1, 110.
Greer, James A., Capt. U. S. N. : officer of
the San Jacinto, V, 24.
Gregg, David McM., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : cavalry battle at Brandy Station,
June 9, 1863, VII, 205, 206; cavalry suc-
cesses under, 215 ; in battle of Gettysburg,
268 ; in Army of Potomac, VIII, 353 ; in
402
INDEX
battle of the Wilderness, 363 ; in battle of
Yellow Tavern, 371 ; in siege of Peters-
burg, IX, 429, 430 ; in battle of Hatcher's
Run, 433, 434.
Gregg, J. Irvin, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
captured in march to Appomattox, X,
189.
Gregg. John, Conf. Brig. Gen. : in engage-
ment at Raymond, VII, 177 ; in battle of
Chickamauga, VIII, 106.
Gregory, Dudley S., proposed for Assistant
Treasurer at New York, IX, 93.
Grey, Sir George, M. P., Home Secretary:
protest against proposition of mediation
to the United States, VI, 67; speech on
Lincoln's death, X, 342.
Grider, Henry, M. C. : votes for Wilmot
Proviso, I, 269; second interview with
Lincoln about compensated emancipa-
tion, VI, 111.
Grier, Robert C, Assoc. Justice U. S. Sup.
Ct. : opinion in the Dred Scott case, II, 72.
Grierson, B. H., Bvt, Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
cavalry raid in Mississippi, VII, 162-164.
Griffin, Charles, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. : in
battle of Fredericksburg VI, 206 ; in Army
of Potomac, 353 ; in battle of the Wilder-
ness, 361 ; in attack on Petersburg, IX,
411 ; in battle of Five Forks, X, 172 ; in
march to Appomattox, 194 ; at grand
review in Washington, 332.
Grigsby, Aaron, brother-in- la w of Pres.
Lincoln, I, 45.
Grimes, James W., Gov. of Iowa, U. S.
Sen. : member of Senate Committee of
Thirteen, II, 414 ; moves appointment of
Committee on Conduct of the War, V, 150 ;
present at interview between Lincoln,
Cabinet, and Reptiblican Senators, VI,
266 ; favors dismissal of Seward, 266.
Grinnell, Moses H., authorized to organize
troops, IV, 138.
Griswold, John A., M. C. : first vote for
Thirteenth Amendment, X, 78; second
vote for Thirteenth Amendment, 83.
Groesbeck, William S.,M. C: recommends
McClellan for command at Cincinnati,
IV, 282.
Grose, William, Bvt. Maj. Gen.U. S. Vols. :
in battle of Chattanooga, VIII, 141.
Grover, Cuvier, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
sent to occupy Baton Rouge, VII, 313 ;
in Sheridan's army, IX, 182; in battle of
Winchester, 301.
Groveton, Va., engagement at, Aug. 29,1862,
VI, 9.
Grow, Galusha A., Speaker of H. R. :
elected Speaker of House of Representa-
tives in Thirty-seventh Congress, IV,
370.
Gurley, John A., M. C. : letter to Lincoln,
III, 254.
Gurley, Rev. Dr. P. D., present at Lincoln's
deathbed, X, 300; address at Lincoln's
funeral at Washington, 318.
Guthrie, James, Sec. of Treas. under Pierce,
U. S. Sen. : voted for in Charleston Con-
vention, II, 244 ; member of Peace Conven-
tion, III, 230 ; chairman of leading
committee in Peace Convention, 231 ; rec-
ommends Sherman's retention in Ken-
tucky, V, 64, 65; chairman of Platform
Committee of Democratic National Con-
vention, 1864, IX, 256, 257 ; receives votes
for Vice-President at Chicago Convention,
258, 259.
Guthrie, James V., Col. U. S. Vols. : estab-
lishes Camp Clay, IV, 239.
Gwin, William M., M. C, U. S. Sen.:
supports demand for a Congressional
Slave Code, II, 175 ; reported emigration
scheme of, VII, 420.
Gwynn, Walter, Conf. Col. : ordered to
prepare a plan to reduce Fort Sumter, III,
124.
Habeas corpus, case of John Merryman,
IV, 174-177 ; Lincoln's conditional order to
suspend at St. Louis, 212 ; Merryman case
reviewed by Atty. Gen. Bates, VIII, 28;
opinion on, by Theophilus Parsons, 29;
treatise on, by Joel Parker, 29 ; pamphlet
on, by Horace Binney, 29-31 ; bill to sus-
pend, introduced by Thaddeus Stevens,
34 ; Act authorizing President to suspend,
passed March 3, 1863, 35 ; proclamation of
President suspending, 37-39 ; Act suspend-
ing, passed by Confederate Congress, 42.
Hahn, Michael, M. C, Gov. of La. : elected
to Congress, VI, 353 ; admitted to a seat,
353 ; elected governor of Louisiana, VIII,
432-434; appointed military governor of
Louisiana, 434.
Haight, Edward, M. C. : signs memorial
about Fr6mont and colored troops, VI,
456.
Hale, John P., U. S. Sen., Min. to Spain:
leaves Democratic party, I, 277; Senate
discussion, II, 403, 406.
Hall, A. Oakey, New York Dist. Atty.:
action about suppression of " World " anc*
" Journal of Commerce," IX, 49, 50.
INDEX
403
Hall, A. S., Col. U. S. Vols. : defeats Morgan,
VIII, 50.
Hall, Rev. Charles H., reads burial service
at Lincoln's funeral at Washington, X,
317.
Hall, Levi, marries great-aunt of Lincoln,
1,24.
Hall, Mrs. Levi, step-sister of Pres. Lincoln,
1,45.
Hall, Norman J., Bvt. Lieut. Col. U. S. A. :
commander of schooner employed in the
transfer to Fort Sumter, III, 50; sent to
Washington by Maj. Anderson, 113.
Hall, Willard P., M. C, Lieut. Gov. of
Mo. : supports first Nebraska bill, I, 338 ;
appoints Robert Wilson and J. B. Hender-
son U. S. Senators, VIII, 469.
Hall, William A., M. C. : second interview
with Lincoln about compensated emanci-
pation, VI, 111; opposes bill to aid Mis-
souri emancipation, 396.
Halleck, Henry Wager, Maj. Gen. and Gen.
in Chief U. S. A. : assigned to command
Department of Missouri, V, 81 ; complains
of Lane's men, 83 ; biographical sketch, 85,
86 ; correspondence with Price, 90 ; orders
Curtis to pursue Price, 92, 93 ; issues Order
No. Three, 94 ; explains Order No. Three,
95; reply to Lincoln about cooperation, 100;
letters to Lincoln and Buell about Western
campaign.102,103; directs Grant to demon-
strate against Mayfleld and Murray, 104 ;
suggests Tennessee movement to McClel-
lan, 109 ; orders attack on Fort Henry, 120 ;
views about Tennessee movement, 186,
187; calls on Buell for assistance, 188;
reply to McClellan about Tennessee move-
ment, 189 ; asks for command in the West,
200; orders Curtis not to penetrate fur-
ther into Arkansas, 290; informs Pope of
Union success at Shiloh, 299; interview
with Asst. Sec. Scott, 299; orders Pope
up the Tennessee River, 300; directs
Foote to bombard Fort Pillow, 301 ; asks
Buell to take command on the Cumber-
land, 306; appeals urgently to him for
help, 306; asks McClellan for superior
command in the West, 307 ; asks McClel-
lan, "May I assume command?" 307;
receives refusal from McClellan, 308;
receives complimentary dispatch from
Stanton, 308 ; asks Stanton for control of
Buell's army, 309, 310; receives answer
that Lincoln decides against any change,
309; orders Grant to command expedi-
tion up the Tennessee, 311; accusations
against Grant, 312 ; orders Grant to remain
at Fort Henry, 312 ; assigns C. F. Smith
to command Tennessee expedition, 312 ;
orders Grant to resume his command, 312;
asks Buell to come to the Tennessee, 313 ;
reports preparations for the Tennessee
expedition, 314; complains to McClellan
of his refusal to give him command, 314 ;
assigned to command the three West-
ern Departments, 316 ; assumes command,
March 13, 1862, 317 ; orders Buell to move
by land to the Tennessee, 317 ; arrives at
Shiloh, 337 ; organizes his army, 337 ; as-
signs Grant to duty as second in com-
mand, 337 ; assigns Thomas to command
right wing, 337; assigns McClernand to
command reserve corps, 337 ; telegraphs
Stanton, "We are now at the enemy's
throat," 339 ; letter to Stanton, " We are
operating on too many points," 340; re-
port about prisoners at Corinth, 340; re-
plies to Farragut that he cannot send him
troops, 349; replies to Stanton that he
cannot aid Farragut at Vicksburg, 350;
cessation of military activity, 351 ; trans-
mits McPherson's report about railroad
repairs, 352 ; telegram protesting against
sending troops to the East, 354; made
general-in-chief , 355 ; assumes chief com-
mand, July 23, 1862, 455 ; visits McClel-
lan, 455 ; instructions to McClellan, 455,
456 ; orders McClellan 's withdrawal from
the James, 457-459 ; appointment to chief
command favored by Scott, Stanton, and
Pope, VI, 2 ; orders about battle of second
Bull Run, 17-21; telegrams to McClellan
about Pope's movements, 20; interview
with Lincoln and McClellan, 21 ; effect
of his Order No. Three, 98; instructions
to McClellan, 134, 135 ; transmits Lincoln's
instructions of Oct. 6, 1862, to McClellan,
175, 176 ; answer to McClellan' s complaint
about supplies, 178; writes McClellan
there is a want of legs in his army, 179 ;
transmits Lincoln's instructions of Oct.
21, 1862, to McClellan, 184; directs Mc-
Clellan to use his own discretion, 184,
185; visit to Burnside, 198; comments
on Burnside's movement, 199; sends en-
couraging letter to Burnside after Fred-
ericksburg, 211; dispatch to Burnside
to occupy and press the enemy, 214 ; asks
to be relieved as general-in-chief, 215;
withdraws his request, 215 ; indefinite an-
swer to Burnside, 217 ; instruction to Scho-
fleld to "take care of Missouri," 368;
404
INDEX
refuses Schofield independent command
in Missouri, 368 ; letter to Schofield about
Missouri, 381, 382 ; returns letter of Gen.
Lee as being "insulting to the United
States," 470, 471; approves Grant's cam-
paign in rear of Richmond, VII, 119;
promises Grant large reinforcements,
122 ; correspondence with Grant about
campaigns, 122, 123 ; approves river expe-
dition against Vicksburg, 124, 125 ; trans-
mits Lincoln's order assigning McCler-
nand to the Vicksburg expedition, 126;
authorizes Grant to relieve McClernand,
141; answer to Hooker's questions, 205;
misunderstandings with Hooker, 212, 214 ;
refuses to abandon Maryland Heights,
225; urges Meade to pursue and attack
Lee, 274; telegraphs Meade, "Do not let
the enemy escape," 277 ; criticism of Gen.
Banks, 314 ; praises Grant, 326 ; offers Lee
equivalents for all Union prisoners in
Richmond, 460; letter about promotion,
VIII, 48; letter to Rosecrans about using
the telegraph, 49; answer to Rosecrans
about forward movement, 60, 61; orders
junction between Rosecrans and Burn-
side, 81 ; warning to Rosecrans, 82 ; orders
Burnside towards Chattanooga, 83; ad-
vises Rosecrans to give up Chattanooga,
83; at council of war, 112; orders Burn-
side to connect with Rosecrans, 164 ; letter
to Schofield, 205 ; at military conference,
236 ; urges Red River movement, 286 ; pro-
poses plan for Red River campaign, 288;
asks to be relieved from duties of general-
in-chief, 342, 343 ; advises pursuit of Early,
IX, 173; telegram to Grant suggesting
reinforcements for Sheridan, 298; con-
troversy with Blair, 338 ; approves Sher-
man's course at Atlanta, 467 ; declines to
remove Thomas, X, 24; appointed com-
mander of Armies of the Potomac and
James, 254; present at Lincoln's death-
bed, 300 ; commands Military Division of
the Pacific, 338.
Hamilton, Andrew J., M. C, Prov. Gov. of
Texas: member of House Committee of
Thirty-Three, II, 417 ; persuades Banks to
send an expedition to Texas, VII, 313.
Hamilton, D. H., interview with Buchanan,
111,4.
Hamilton, Schuyler, Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
claims idea of canal at Island No. 10, V,
296.
Hamlin, Hannibal, U. S. Sen., Vice-Pres.
with Lincoln : agrees upon the Wilmot
Proviso, I, 268; reminiscence about first
Nebraska bill, 350; nominated for Vice-
President, II, 277 ; public services, 277,
278 ; interview with Lincoln, III, 347 ; re-
ceives votes for Vice-President at Balti-
more Convention, IX, 72-74.
Hampton, L. J., goes to Kansas, I, 448.
Hampton, Wade, Conf. Lieut. Gen., U. S.
Sen. : in army of Northern Virginia, VIII,
354; defeated at Trevilian Station, IX,
405; retreat to Fayetteville, X, 233; en-
gagement with Kilpatrick, 234.
Hampton Roads Conference between Lin-
coln and Peace Commissioners, Feb. 3,
1865, X, 118-129; Lincoln's message about,
Feb. 10, 1865, 137, 138.
Hancock, Winfield S., Maj. Gen. U. S. A.:
in battle of Williamsburg, V, 377 ; orders
for Hermann Haupt, VI, 15 ; in battle of
Fredericksburg, 205 ; losses in his division,
206 ; in battle of Chancellorsville, VII, 93,
96 ; in battle of Gettysburg, 243, 244, 246,
250, 258, 266 ; wounded at Gettysburg, 269 ;
commands Second Corps, Army of the
Potomac, VIII, 353; crosses the Rappa-
hannock, 357, 358 ; in battle of the
Wilderness, 360, 362-364, 3b6; in battle of
Spotsylvania, 374, 376, 377, 379-381, 385 ; in
battle of North Anna, 387, 389 ; in battle of
Cold Harbor, 391, 401 ; in attack on Peters-
burg, IX, 410, 411 ; in siege of Richmond,
427 ; in siege of Petersburg, 429, 430 ; in
battle of Hatcher's Run, 433-435; made
Department commander, X, 338.
Hanks, Dennis, emigrates to Illinois, I, 45.
Hanks, Mrs. Dennis, step-sister of Pres.
Lincoln, I, 45.
Hanks, John, emigrates to Illinois, I, 45;
goes to Springfield with Lincoln, 70 ;
assists to build a flatboat, 70; flatboat
voyage to New Orleans, 72 ; appearance
in the Decatur Convention, II, 283.
Hanks, Lucy, grandmother of Pres. Lin-
coln, 1, 24.
Hanks, Nancy, mother of Pres. Lincoln :
marries Thomas Lincoln, June 12, 1806, 1,
23. See also Lincoln, Nancy.
Hansell, , wounded by Payne, X, 305.
Hansen, Nicholas, claimant for seat in
Illinois legislature, 1, 143.
Hardee, William J., Lieut, Col. U. S. A.,
Conf. Lieut. Gen. : sent to drill and review
camp of instruction for Gov. Letcher of
Virginia, III, 128 ; inspects camp of in-
struction in Virginia, 418; sent to Bowling
Green, V, 56 ; attends council of war at
INDEX
405
Bowling Green, 185 ; retreats to Nashville,
186; commands Confederate center at
Pittsburg Landing, 321 ; attacked by
Buell's advance at Perryville, VI, 278 ; in
battle of Murfreesboro, 282 ; in battle of
Chattanooga, VIII, 145, 152; march to
Kingston, IX, 15 ; in battles of Dallas, 18,
19; in battles of Kenesaw, 21; requests
suspension of order removing Johnston,
263-267 ; in battle of Peach Tree Creek,
269 ; in battles of Atlanta, 270-274, 286-288 ;
placed in command of South Carolina and
Florida, 472; defense of Savannah, Dec.
10-20, 1864, 487-492 ; declines to surrender
Savannah, 491, 492 ; evacuates Savannah,
Dec. 20, 21, 1864, 492 ; evacuates Charles-
ton, X, 231 ; occupies Cheraw, 232 ; retreat
to Fayetteville, 233 ; defeated by Slocum,
234.
Hardie, James A., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
carries orders for battle to Franklin at
Fredericksburg, VI, 203 ; carries order
appointing Meade to command, VII, 226 ;
at council of war, VIII, 112.
Hardin, John J., M. C, Col. U. S. Vols. : me-
diator in the Lincoln-Shields duel, I, 207 ;
elected to Congress, 222; commands regi-
ment in Mexican war, 250; withdraws
from canvass for nomination to Congress,
255 ; regiment of, at battle of Buena
Vista, II, 26.
Harding, , Capt. 111. militia : stationed
at Big Muddy Bridge, IV, 194, 195.
Harding, Aaron, M. C. : second interview
with Lincoln about compensated emanci-
pation, VI, 111.
Harding, George, associated with Lincoln
in a law case, V, 133, 134.
Harker, Charles G., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in battle of Murfreesboro, VI, 287, 289;
in battle of Chickaniauga, VIII, 98; in
battle of Chattanooga, 148, 153; assault
on Rocky Face, IX, 11; killed at Kene-
saw Mountain, 23.
Harlan, J., member of committee to dis-
tribute Union arms, IV, 237.
Harlan, James, U. S. Sen., Sec. of Int. under
Lincoln and Johnson : member of Peace
Convention, III, 230 ; presents address of
Quakers of Iowa to Lincoln, VI, 327.
Harmon, Oscar F., Col. U. S. Vols. : killed
at Kenesaw Mountain, IX, 23.
Harnden, Henry, Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. A. :
in capture of Jefferson Davis, X, 269, 270.
Harney, William S., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A.:
concentrates troops at St. Louis arsenal,
III, 135 ; refuses arms to Gov. Yates, IV,
198 ; relieved from command in Missouri,
209; restored to command, 215; loyal proc-
lamation, 217, 218 ; agreement with Price,
219 ; relieved from command, 222.
Harper's Ferry, Va., John Brown's raid, DJ
205-208; U. S. armory burned, IV, 122; cap-
ture Of, Sept. 15, 1862, VI, 137.
Harriet Lane, The, Union gunboat: cap-
tured at Galveston, VII, 313.
Harrington, F. C, Capt. U. S. Vols. : crosses
Warwick River with 400 men, V, 369.
Harris, Benjamin G., M. C. : votes against
resolutions to support the war, VII, 395.
Harris, Miss Clara W., attends Ford's The-
ater with Mrs. Lincoln, X, 292.
Harris, Ira, U. S. Sen. : votes for National
Bank Act, VI, 244; present at interview
between Lincoln, Cabinet, and Repub-
lican Senators, 266.
Harris, Isham G., M. C, Gov. of Tenn., U. S.
Sen. : answers Lincoln's call for troops, IV,
90; letter to Lincoln, 196; secession ac-
tion of, 250; convenes legislature, 250;
reply to Lincoln's proclamation, 250;
convenes legislature a second time, 251 ;
protests against rebel invasion of Ken-
tucky, V, 44; asks reinforcements to
hold East Tennessee, 59 ; dispatch about
Union rising, 76; seeks the protection
of Maximilian, VII, 420.
Harris, Rev. Matthias, U. S. chaplain : offers
prayer at Sumter flag-raising, X, 278.
Harris, Thomas L., M. C. : candidate for
Congress, I, 373.
Harris, Thomas M., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : member of military commission
for trial of Lincoln's assassins, X, 312.
Harris, William L., Secession Comr. of
Miss.: address before legislature of
Georgia, III, 202.
Harrison, Benjamin, Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S.
Vols., twenty-third Pres. U. S. : in battle
of Peach Tree Creek, IX, 269.
Harrison, Burton N., Priv. Sec. to Jefferson
Davis : captured with Jefferson Davis, X,
273, 274.
Harrison, George M., statement about Iles's
company, I, 94; takes canoe to Pekin, 98.
Harrison, N. B., Capt. U. S. N. : commands
the Cayuga in Farragut's fleet, V, 261.
Harrison, William G., elected to Maryland
legislature, IV, 165.
Harrison, 'William Henry, ninth Pres. U.
S. : campaign for President, 1840, I, 171-
178 ; elected President, 183.
406
INDEX
Harrow, William, Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in battles of Atlanta, IX, 286.
Hart, , guides Union troops at Rich
Mountain, IV, 334.
Hartford, The, Union cruiser : in battle of
Mobile Bay, IX, 231, 233, 234, 236.
Hartranft, John F., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : in recapture of Fort Stednian, X,
162, 163.
Hartstene, Henry J., Commander U. S. N.,
Commander Conf. navy : introduces Fox
to Gov. Pickens, III, 389 ; accompanies
Fox to Sumter, 389 ; report to Beaure-
gard, IV, 43.
Hartsuff, George L., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A.:
wounded at Antietam, VI, 142 ; in march
to East Tennessee, VIII, 162.
Harvey, James E., Min. to Portugal: dis-
patch to Magrath, IV, 31, 32.
Haskell, Frank A., Col. U. S. Vols. : killed
at Cold Harbor, VIII, 405.
Haskell, William T., Col. U. S. Vols., M. C. :
colonel in Mexican war, I, 260.
Hatch, Edward, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
in Grierson's cavalry raid, VII, 163; in
battle of Nashville, X, 30.
Hatch, John P., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. 8. Vols. :
repulsed by Smith, IX, 487.
Hatch, O. M., relates Lincoln's criticism of
McClellan, VI, 175.
Hatcher's Run, Va., battle of, Oct. 27, 1864,
IX, 433-435.
Hathaway, Lee, Conf. Lieut. : captured
with Jefferson Davis, X, 274 .
Hatteras, The, Union excursion boat : sunk
by the Alabama, VI, 56.
Hatteras Inlet, N. C, expedition against,
V, 12 ; capture of forts at, Aug. 29, 1861, 13.
Haupt, Hermann, Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
interview with McClellan, VI, 14, 15;
orders from Gen. Hancock, 15.
Hawes, Richard, inaugurated Confederate
governor at Frankfort, Ky., VI, 277, 278.
Hawkins, George S., M. C. : House discus-
sion, II, 416-418 ; member of House Com-
mittee of Thirty-three, 417 ; signs secession
address, 436 ; refuses to attend meetings
of House Committee of Thirty-three, III,
214.
Hawley, Joseph R., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols., U. 8. Sen. : information about Wide
Awakes, II, 284; in battle of Olustee,
VIII, 284, 285.
Hay, John, Asst. Priv. Sec. to Pres. Lincoln,
Bvt. Col. and Asst. Adj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
member of Lincoln's suite, III, 290 ; mis-
sion to Rosecrans about alleged plot of
American Knights, VIII, 11-13 ; obtains
leave to join Gillmore's expedition, 282;
commissioned major and assistant adju-
tant general, 282 ; charged with duties
about reconstruction, 283 ; writes safe-
conduct for Clay, Thompson, Holcombe,
and Sanders, IX, 190; interview with
Greeley and Confederate emissaries, 193 ;
present at Lincoln's deathbed, X, 300.
Hay, Milton, account of law practice in
Springfield, I, 167-169; anecdote about
Lincoln, 171, 172; prominent lawyer of
Illinois, 214.
Hayes, Rutherford B., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols., nineteenth Pres.U. S.: recommends
McClellan for command at Cincinnati, IV,
282 ; orders Porter court-martial case re-
examined, VI, 13 ; wounded at South
Mountain, 137 ; in battle of Cedar Creek,
IX, 317 ; anecdote of, X, 286, 287.
Hayne, I. W., S. C. Atty. Gen. : sent to
Washington by Gov. Pickens, III, 113;
calls on Buchanan, 153; withholds Gov.
Pickens's letter, 155; reply to secession
Senators, 156 ; correspondence with Sena-
tors sent to the President, 159, 160 ; refers
Holt's reply to Gov. Pickens, 162 ; resumes
his mission, 170 ; letter to Buchanan, 170,
171 ; rejoinder to Buchanan, 172.
Hays, Alexander, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols.:
in battle of Gettysburg", VII, 266 ; killed
in battle of the Wilderness, VIII, 363.
Hays, Harry T., Conf. Maj. Gen.: surrenders
at Rappahannock Station, VIII, 243.
Hays, William, Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. A. : in
assault on Petersburg, X, 179.
Hayti, lease of lie A'Vache to Bernard
Kock for colonization, VI, 360; action
towards the colonists, 364.
Hazel, Caleb, teacher of Pres. Lincoln, I,
27, 34.
Hazen, W. B., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. : in
battle of Murfreesboro, VI, 287 ; march on
Chattanooga, VIII, 71 ; in battle of Chicka-
mauga, 88, 89, 99 ; occupies Brown's Ferry,
124 ; in battle of Chattanooga, 148 ; in bat-
tles of Atlanta, IX, 286 ; in March to the
Sea, 481 ; capture of Fort McAllister, Dec.
13, 1864, 488, 489 ; at grand review in Wash-
ington, X, 333.
Hazlitt, Charles E., Lieut. U. S. A. : in battle
of Gettysburg, VII, 254; killed at Gettys-
burg, 255.
Head, Rev. Jesse, marries Thomas Lincoln
and Nancy Hanks, June 12, 1806, 1, 23.
INDEX
407
Hfebert, Louis, Conf. Brig. Gen. : in battle
of Corinth, VII, 117.
Heckman, C. A., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
made prisoner at Bermuda Hundred,
VIII, 398 ; in siege of Richmond, IX, 431.
Heffren, Horace, testimony about American
Knights, VIII, 7.
Heintzelman, Samuel P., Bvt. Maj. Gen.
U. S. A. : in battle of Bull Run, IV, 342,
348; attends council of war, V, 167;
assigned to command Third Army
Corps, Ariny of Potomac, 169; attends
council at Fairfax Court House, 179 ;
marches to the front of Yorktown, 360;
thinks he could have isolated Yorktown,
367 ; arrives at Williamsburg, 376 ; estab-
lished across the Chickahominy, 385 ;
assists Keyes's corps, 388 ; in battle of
Malvern Hill, 438 ; interview with Lincoln
at Harrison's Landing, 453; ordered to
report to Hooker, VII, 215.
Helm, B. H., Conf. Brig. Gen. : killed at
Chickamauga, VIII, 92.
Helper, H. R., author of "The Impending
Crisis," II, 214.
Hemphill, John, U. S. Sen.: signs secession
address, II, 436 ; signs Senatorial seces-
sion caucus resolutions, III, 181.
Henderson, John B., U. S. Sen.: second
interview with Lincoln about compen-
sated emancipation, VI, 112; introduces
bill in Senate to aid Missouri emancipa-
tion, 396; appointed U. S. Senator to
succeed Trusten Polk, VIII, 469; elected
U. S. Senator, 470; joint resolution to
abolish slavery by Constitutional amend-
ment, X, 75; advocates Thirteenth
Amendment, 76.
Henderson, Richard, settles in Kentucky,
I, 7.
Henry, Dr. A. G., recommended for post-
master by Lincoln, I, 183.
Henry, Guy V., Evt. Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
commands advance to Baldwin, VIII, 283.
Henry, James B., Priv. Sec. to Pres.
Buchanan : statement about Pres. Buch-
anan's inaugural address, II, 72.
Henry, James D., Gen. 111. Vols. : defeats
Black Hawk, I, 94.
Henry, John, elected to Congress, I, 257.
Henry, Joseph, Sec. Smithsonian Inst. :
report on Chiriqui coal, VI, 358, 359.
Herndon, "Jim," sells Wm. F. Berry his
share in a store, 1, 110.
Herndon, "Row," sells Lincoln his share
in a store, I, no.
Herndon, William H., complains of old
men in politics, 1, 67, 68 ; one of the " Long
Nine," 128; law partner of Abraham
Lincoln, 216.
Herold, David E., in conspiracy to assassi-
nate Lincoln, X, 289; receives Booth's
directions to aid his escape, 291, 292;
escape from Washington, 307 ; assisted by
Samuel Mudd, 307, 308 ; assisted by Samuel
Cox, 308; rowed across the Potomac by
Thomas Jones, 308, 309 ; assisted by Will-
iam Jett, 311; goes to Garrett's farm,
311 ; surrenders to Doherty, 311, 312 ; tried
and hanged, 312, 313.
Herrick, Anson, M. C: vote for Thirteenth
Amendment, X, 83.
Herron, Francis J., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
victory in battle of Prairie Grove, Dec. 7,
1862, VI, 383 ; in siege of Vicksburg, VII,
289.
Heth, Henry, Conf. Maj. Gen.: takes posi-
tion near Covington, VI, 275; rejoins
Kirby Smith, 275 ; in battle of Gettysburg.
VII, 239, 240, 263; in Army of Northern
Virginia, VIII, 354 ; in battle of Spotsyl-
vania, 376; in siege of Petersburg, IX,
428, 432; in retreat from Petersburg, X,
179.
Hicks, Thomas H., Gov. of Md., U. S. Sen. :
urged to convene Maryland legislature,
III, 304 ; sentiments of, IV, 93, 94 ; reply to
Secretary of War, 94 ; equivocal proclama-
tion, 95; speech in Monument Square,
119; alleged order to burn railroad
bridges, 120; denies consent to bridge-
burning, 121 ; telegram to Secretary of
War, 123 ; orders Pikesville arsenal occu-
pied, 123 ; requests that transit of troops
be stopped, 125 ; answer to Lincoln's letter,
126 ; returns to Annapolis, 135 ; suggestions
to the President, 138; protests against
landing troops at Annapolis, 154 ; opposes
secession intrigues, 162, 163; convenes
Maryland legislature, 164; special mes-
sage, 168, 169 ; orders election for Members
of Congress, 170 ; proclamation to form
Union regiments, 174 ; declines aid from
Gen. Butler, 385.
Higgins, Edward, Conf. Lieut. Col.: re-
ply to Porter's second demand for sur-
render of Forts Jackson and St. Philip,
V, 272 ; surrenders the forts April 28, 1862,
273.
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, Col. U. S.
Vols. : receives letters from John Brown,
II, 196 ; informed of John Brown's plans,
408
INDEX
200; commands 1st South Carolina Vol-
unteers, VI, 445; ordered to cut Charles-
ton and Savannah railroad, VII, 427.
Hill, Ambrose P., Conf. Lieut. Gen.: at-
tacks Union forces at Beaver Dam Creek,
V, 425; pursues Union army towards
James River, 434; attacks Union army at
Glendale, 435 ; corps of, in battle of Cedar
Mountain, VI, 6 ; marches seventeen miles
in seven hours, 141 ; attacks Union left at
Antietam, 141; in hattle of Fredericks-
burg, 203; in battle of Chancellorsville,
VII, 103 ; commands corps of Lee's army,
201 ; begins march to the North. 210;
crosses the Potomac, 217, 218; march to-
wards Gettysburg, 233 ; in battle of Get-
tysburg, 239, 244, 249, 255, 261 ; commands
Confederate center at Gettysburg, 249;
attacks Warren, VIII, 240; commands
left wing of Army of Northern Virginia,
352; marches to attack Grant, 358; in
battle of the Wilderness, 3P", 362, 363; in
battle of North Anna, 387: in battle of
Cold Harbor, 391, 401 ; in siege of Peters-
burg, IX, 429, 430, 432 ; killed at Peters-
burg, X, 178.
Hill, Daniel H., Conf. Lieut. Gen. : attacks
Casey's division, V, 388; attacks Union
forces at Beaver Dam Creek, 425 ; com-
ment on battle of Gaines's Mill, 432 ; ad-
vice against attacking McClellan at Mal-
vern Hill, 437; with Lee at Sharpsburg,
VI, 137; arranges cartel with Dix for
exchange of prisoners, VII, 451 ; ordered
to join Hindman, VIII, 78; in battle of
Chickamauga, 89, 91.
Hillhouse, Thomas, proposed for Assistant
Treasurer at New York, IX, 93.
Hindman, Thomas C, M. C, Conf. Maj.
Gen. : plan of compromise, II, 423; signs
secession address, 436 ; remarks in House
of Representatives, III, 147 , report about
results of Pea Ridge, VI, 372 ; sent to com-
mand in Arkansas, 373 ; censured by Jef-
ferson Davis, 373; authorizes guerrillas
in Missouri, 373; defeated at battle of
Prairie Grove, Dec. 7, 1862, 383 ; ordered
to Davis's Cross Roads, VIII, 78 ; in battle
of Chickamauga, 93, 95, 99-101 ; in battle
of Chattanooga, 145.
Hitchcock, E. A., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. : or-
dered to verify Gen. Wadsworth's state-
ment, V, 184 ; reason for declining com-
mand of Army of Potomac, VI, 24 ; letter
about retaliation, VII, 456 ; report on pris-
oners of war, 459; offers an exchange of
12,000 prisoners, 460 ; statement about ex-
change of prisoners, 461.
Hobson, E. H., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols.: pur-
suit of Morgan, VIII, 57.
Hodges, Henry C, Capt. U. S. A. : assists
John Tucker, V, 167.
Hoke, Robert F., Conf. Maj. Gen. : in battle
of Bermuda Hundred, VIII, 398; joins
Lee's army, 399 ; sent to reenforce Beau-
regard, IX, 410; in siege of Richmond,
433; marches against Plymouth, X, 39;
defense of Wilmington, 68, 69; evacuates
Wilmington, 69 ; in defense of Goldsboro,
70.
Holcombe, James P., Confederate agent in
Canada, VIII, 15 ; offered safe-conduct to
Washington, IX, 190 ; replies he is not
accredited from Richmond, 191.
Hollins, George N., Capt. Conf. Navy : com-
mands Confederate gunboats at New
Madrid, V, 295; attack on Union gun-
boats, 301.
Holman, William S., M. C. : plan of com-
promise, II, 423 ; comment on Thirteenth
Amendment, X, 82.
Holmes, Theophilus H., Conf. Lieut. Gen. :
called to Beauregard's support, IV, 342;
pursues Union army towards James River,
V, 434 ; commands rebel forces in Arkan-
sas, VI, 380, 381 ; report of summary exe-
cutions in Texas, 476 ; repulsed at Helena,
July 4, 1863, VII, 323.
Holt, Hines, peace resolution in Confeder-
ate Congress, VII, 365.
Holt, Joseph, P. M. Gen. and Sec. of War un-
der Buchanan, Judge Adv. Gen. U. S. A. :
opinion on disunion, II, 362; placed in
charge of War Department, III, 74; ap-
proves Black's memorandum, 82; made
Secretary of War ad interim, nominated,
and confirmed, 89; letter approving
Anderson's forbearance to return fire
on Star of the West, 109 ; proposes mea-
sures to defend Washington, 129; action
in behalf of the government, 130; counter-
mands Floyd's order to ship the Pitts-
burg guns, 130 ; interview with Buchanan,
130, 131; report on Burnett's resolution,
147-149; asks Buchanan to publish his
report, 149; orders for military parade
on Feb. 22, 1861, 149 ; instructions to Ander-
son, 158 ; gives President's reply to seces-
sion Senators, 160; note about the Fort
Pickens truce, 169 ; letter to Hayne, 171 ;
letter to Anderson, 173 ; letter transmit-
ting news from Anderson, 376, 377 ; report
INDEX
409
on Knights of the Golden Circle, VIII,
2-5; report as judge advocate general
about political prisoners, 40; urged for
Vice-President at Baltimore Convention,
IX, 73; declines Attorney-Generalship,
346, 347 ; judge advocate and recorder in
trial of Lincoln's assassins, X, 312.
Homans, Charles, private 8th Mass. Militia :
repairs locomotive, IV, 154.
Hood, John B., Conf. Gen. : commands under
Lee on the Peninsula, V, 428; in battle
of Gaines's Mill, 429 ; with Lee at Sharps-
burg, VI, 139; march to Culpeper Court
House, VII, 205 ; in battle of Gettysburg,
250, 251, 254; in battle of Chickamauga,
VIII, 84, 88, 93, 95, 97, 106 ; in expedition
against Burnside, 129 ; criticism of John-
ston, IX, 9; march to Cassville, 15; in
battles of Dallas, 18 ; in battles of Kene-
saw Mountain, 21, 22 ; requests suspension
of order removing Johnston, 265-267 ; ac-
cepts Johnston's plan, 267 ; battle of Peach
Tree Creek, July 20, 1864, 269; siege of
Atlanta, July 22 to Sept. 1, 1864, 270-289;
suggests plan to Jefferson Davis, 281;
evacuates Atlanta, Sept. 1, 1864, 289 ; cor-
respondence with Sherman, 465-467 ; in-
terview witb Jefferson Davis, 471-473;
sends French against Allatoona, 473, 474 ;
marches to Dalton, 475, 476; scheme of
counter-invasion, X, 1-4; action at De-
catur, 5; march to Tuscumbia, 5; army
of, 6, 7; announces intention to move
into Tennessee, 8 ; march to Franklin,
Nov. 23-30, 1864, 10-18 ; battle of Franklin,
Nov. 30, 1864, 18-21 ; campaign against
Nashville, 22-29 ; battle of Nashville, Dec.
15, 16, 1864, 29-34 ; retreat of, 34 ; succeeded
by Johnston, 35; visits Jefferson Davis,
36 ; surrenders to Davidson, 37.
Hood, J. R., postmaster at Chattanooga,
Tenn. : letter to Lincoln about Etheridge,
VII, 389, 390.
Hooker, Joseph, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
position at Williamsburg, V, 377 ; attacks
the enemy, 377; complains that he was
not assisted, 377; advice to McClellan,
457, 458; leads attack at Antietam, VI,
139 ; severely wounded, 140 ; recommends
renewal of the fight, 144 ; asks permission
to cross the Rappahannock, 199 ; com-
mands Union reserve at Fredericksburg,
202 ; ordered to attack Marye's Heights,
206; remonstrates against the order, 206;
accompanies Ms troops in the assault,
206; criticisms on Burnside and the gov-
ernment, 213; advice against Burnside's
"Mud March," 218; lack of confidence
in Burnside, 218 ; assigned to command
Army of Potomac, VII, 87 ; plan of cam-
paign, 90-92 ; orders to Stoneman, 92 ; be-
gins movement against Lee, 93-96 ; battle
of Chancellorsville, May 1-3, 1863, 96-107 ;
note to Sedgwick, 99 ; warns Slocum and
Howard against a flank attack, 99 ; with-
draws his line nearer Chancellorsville, 104 ;
accident to, 104 ; peremptory order to Sedg-
wick, 105 ; alleged intoxication, 107, 108 ;
council of war, May 4, 1863, 108, 109 ; re-
crosses the Rappahannock, 109 ; comment
on Chancellorsville, 109 ; letter to Lincoln
asking a reserve of 25,000 infantry, 198,
199 ; sends the Sixth Corps across the Rap-
pahannock, 203 ; asks advice on Lee's
probable move against Washington, 204 ;
suggests a march on Richmond, 206, 207 ;
begins march to the upper Potomac, 210;
complains that be does not enjoy Hal-
leck's confidence, 210, 211 ; misunder-
standings with Halleck, 212-214 ; asks re-
enforcements, 223 ; asks that Maryland
Heights be abandoned, 224; asks to be
relieved, 225; relieved from command,
226 ; sent to Rosecrans,VIII, 112 ; occupies
Lookout Valley, 124, 127 ; in battle of Chat
tanooga, 139-144, 147, 148, 152, 154, 157;
skirmishes at Buzzard's Roost, IX, 11 ;
advance on Cassville, 15; in battles of
Dallas, 17, 19 ; in battles of Kenesaw
Mountain, 22 ; in march to the Chatta-
hoochee, 26 ; relieved from command of
Twentieth Corps, 277, 278 ; made Depart-
ment commander, X, 338.
Hooper, Samuel, M. C. : introduces bill for
National Bank Act, VI, 241 ; aids in pre-
paring National Bank Act, 242.
Hopoeithleyohola, Creek chief: organizes
loyal Indians, V, 82.
Housatonic, The, Union blockading vessel :
engagement with rebel rams at Charles-
ton, VII, 59-61.
House Committee of Thirty-three, appoint-
ment of, moved, II, 415; members, 417;
propositions submitted to, 422-426 ; meet-
ings, Dec. 12, 13, 1860, 433, 434 ; Rust's state-
ment, 433; Dunn's resolution adopted, 433,
434; Southern members absent them-
selves, III, 214 ; report by the chairman,
216 ; minority reports, 217.
Houston, D. C, Bvt. Col. U. S. A. : prepares
memorandum for Red River campaign,
VIII, 288.
410
INDEX
Houston, George S., M. C. : member of
House Committee of Thirty-three, II, 417.
Houston, Sam, U. S. Sen., Gov. of Texas:
captures Santa Anna, 1, 233 ; opposes first
Nebraska bill, 340 ; opposes secession, III,
193; characterization of Jefferson Davis,
208 ; opposes secession, IV, 181 : ambition
to establish a separate nation, 181 ; letter
to Calhoun, 181, 182 ; refuses to convene
Texas legislature, 182 ; calls extra session
of legislature, 183 ; message to legislature,
183; protest, 183; refuses to recognize
secession ordinance, 186, 187 ; deposed
from office of governor, 187; address to the
people, 187, 188; declines military help
from the government, 189.
Hovey, Alvin P., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. : in
battle of Port Gibson, VII, 171 ; march to
Edwards's Station, 187 ; in battle of Cham-
pion's Hill, 189-192 ; in siege of Vicksburg,
289 ; advance north of Dalton, IX, 11.
How, John, member of Union Safety Com-
mittee at St. Louis, IV, 212.
Howard, Jacob M., M. C, U. S. Sen. : votes
for National Bank Act, VI, 244 ; present
at interview between Lincoln, Cabinet,
and Republican Senators, 266; comment
on Thirteenth Amendment, 76.
Howard, John R., construction of the " two-
thirds rule," II, 243.
Howard, Joseph, Jr., false dispatch about
Lincoln, III, 315.
Howard, Mark, nomination of , rejected, IX,
87.
Howard, Oliver O., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A.:
in battle of Chancellorsville, VII, 93, 98-
100; present at council of war, 109; in
battle of Gettysburg, 242, 244-246, 249, 258;
favors attacking Lee at the Potomac,
275-277; in march on Lookout Valley, VIII,
125 ; engagement in Lookout Valley, 126 ;
in battle of Chattanooga, 134, 140, 146, 154 ;
in Sherman's march to Knoxville, 182;
bridges the Tennessee at Davis's Ford,
182; skirmishes at Buzzard's Roost, IX,
11 ; in battles of Resaca, 13, 14 ; in march
to the Chattahoochee, 26; assigned to
command Army of the Tennessee, 277 ;
assigned to command Northern Depart-
ment, 278; commands Department of the
East and Department of the Lakes, 278 ;
in battles of Atlanta, 280, 285-287 ; in
March to the Sea, 477, 481 ; in march to
Columbia, X, 230, 231 ; in march to Golds-
boro, 233, 234; appointed Chief of Freed-
men's Bureau, 333.
Howard, Volney E., M. C. : opposes first
Nebraska bill, I, 338.
Howard, William A., M. C, U. S. Sen.:
member of Investigating Committee, I,
451 ; member of House Committee of
Thirty-three, II, 417 ; offers resolution to
appoint Select Committee of Five, III,
141.
Howarth, W. L., U. S. N. : in expedition
against the Albemarle, X, 47.
Howell, J. C, recommended for postmaster
by Lincoln, 1, 183.
Howell, Jefferson D., Conf. midshipman:
captured with Jefferson Davis, X, 274.
Howell, Miss Maggie, sister of Mrs. Jeffer-
son Davis : captured with Jefferson Davis,
X, 274.
Howe, Albion P., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
in battle of Chancellorsville, VII, 106 ;
testimony about Gettysburg, 269 ; suc-
ceeds Sigel in command, IX, 161 ; member
of military commission for trial of Lin-
coln's assassins, X, 312.
Howe, Dr. Samuel G., informed of John
Brown's plans, LT, 200.
Huey, Pennock, Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in battle of Chancellorsville, VII, 102.
Huger, Benjamin, Bvt. Col. U. S. A., Conf.
Maj. Gen. : visit to Charleston authorities
with Anderson, II, 356 ; hopeful of settle-
ment of difficulties, 357 ; assists Hill's
attack on Casey's division, V, 388 ; left to
guard south side of Chickahominy, 428;
pursues Union army towards James
River, 434.
Hughes, John, Archbishop of New York:
supports the government and the war,
VI, 325 ; address to New York rioters, July
17, 1863, VII, 24, 25.
Huidekoper, Col., Lincoln's order to per-
mit recruiting at Rock Island prison,
V, 145, 146.
Hume, John F., moves that Lincoln's nomi-
nation be declared unanimous, IX, 72.
Humphrey, James, M. C. : member of House
Committee of Thirty-three, II, 417.
Humphreys, Andrew A., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U.
S. A. : selects positions for Union army
at Malvern Hill, V, 436, 437; in battle
of Fredericksburg, VI, 206-208; in battle
of Chancellorsville, VII, 97 ; in battle of
Gettysburg, 250, 251, 255 ; in Army of Poto-
mac, VIII, 353 ; in battle of Spotsylvania,
381 ; in recapture of Fort Stedman, X, 163,
164 ; in battle of Five Forks, 173 ; in assault
at Petersburg, 177, 179, 181 ; in march to
INDEX
411
Appomattox, 186, 187, 189 ; at grand review
in Washington, 332.
Humphreys, F. C.,U. S. military storekeeper
at Charleston : issues forty muskets to
Foster, II, 443 ; demands their return, 444.
Hunt, Henry J., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. : in
battle of Gettysburg, VII, 249, 250, 261;
testimony about Gettysburg, 269.
Hunt, Randall, mentioned for the Cabinet,
III, 362, 363.
Hunt, Washington, M. C, Gov. of N. Y. :
chairman of Constitutional Union Con-
vention, II, 253 ; resolution in Democratic
National Convention, IX, 255.
Hunter, David, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
member of Lincoln's suite, III, 290 ; arm
broken at Buffalo, 309; attends meeting
of Lincoln's suite, 314 ; in battle of Bull
Bun, IV, 342, 348 ; requested to assist Fre-
mont, 413 ; commands division under Fre-
mont, 429 ; opinion of Fremont, 430 ; suc-
ceeds Fremont, 435, 436 ; retires to Bolla,
438 ; assigned to command Department of
Kansas, V, 81 ; order of military emanci-
pation in Georgia, Florida, and South
Carolina, VI, 90 ; condition of his Depart-
ment, 91 ; order revoked by the President,
94-96 ; asks authority to organize negro
soldiers, 124 ; effort to organize a negro
regiment, 443; answer to the Wickliffe
resolution, 443 ; proclaimed an outlaw by
the rebel government, 471 ; relieved by
Gen. Gillmore, VII, 85 ; defeats Gen. Jones,
IX, 159; advance on Lynchburg, 159:
retreats down the Kanawha, 159 ; joins in
pursuit of Early, 175; interview with
Grant and Sheridan at Monocacy, 180-182 ;
member of military commission for trial
of Lincoln's assassins, X, 312.
Hunter, R. M. T., U. S. Sen., Conf. Sec. of
State: voted for in Charleston Conven-
tion, II, 244 ; called by Floyd to influence
Buchanan, 396 ; member of Senate Com-
mittee of Thirteen, 414 ; interview with
Seward, III, 401; appointed Peace Com-
missioner, X, no ; asks permission to go
to Washington, 113 ; interview with Grant,
114-116 ; interview with Lincoln, 118-129 ;
report to Davis, 129.
Hunter, William, Second Asst. Sec. State :
appointed Acting Secretary of State, X,
317.
Hurlbut, Stephen A., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols.:
visits Charleston, III, 390, 391 ; report to
the President, 391, 392; position of division
at Pittsburg Landing, V, 324 ; position at
sundown, April 6, 1862, 330; promises to
organize negro troops, VI, 459 ; commands
Sixteenth Army Corps, VII, 144 ; left to
guard Memphis and Charleston railroad,
144; organizes Grierson's cavalry raid,
162 ; in Sherman's movement to Meridian,
VIII, 330, 331 ; letter to Lincoln about
Tennessee reconstruction, 440.
Hurst, , pension agent: complimented
by Lincoln, I, 291.
Huston, W. B., member of committee to
distribute Union arms, IV, 237.
Hutchins, John, M. C. : plan of compromise,
II, 422.
Hutchins, Wells A.. M. C. : vote for Thir-
teenth Amendmenx, X, 83.
He A'Vache, Hayti, description of, VI, 359,
360 ; contract to establish a negro colony
on, 360 ; emigrants arrive from Fort Mon-
roe, 363 ; Bernard Kock as governor, 363 ;
Kock driven from the island, 364 ; arrival
of Special Agent Donnohue, 364 ; Donno-
hue's report, 365, 366 ; relief to the colo-
nists, 365 ; colonists brought back to the
United States, 366.
lies, Elijah, Capt. HI. Vols. : commands
company in Black Hawk war, I, 93.
Illinois, State of, in 1830, 1, 47-69 ; population
of, 50; manners and customs in, 50-63;
Sangamon County created, 59 ; early pol-
itics in, 63-68, 101-109; population in
1834, 123 ; legislative schemes of internal
improvement, 133-136 ; growth of Chicago,
133, 134; an era of speculation, 133-136;
railroad system in, proposed, 135 • move-
ment in 1822-23 to introduce slavery, 143-
146; murder of Lovejoy, 146-148; action
of legislature on slavery, 150; failure of
internal improvement system, 160 ; cam-
paign of 1840 in, 172-178 ; volunteers from,
in Mexican war, 250, 255 ; characteristics
of the Eighth Circuit Bar about 1850, 300 ;
free in consequence of Ordinance of 1787,
317; geographical situation of, 365; po-
litical condition in 1854, 386 ; Bepublican
party formed in, II, 23-29 ; the Decatur
Convention, 23; "Know-Nothing" party
in, 24, 25 ; the Bloomington Convention, 27-
30 ; vote of, in 1856, 43 ; Bepublican State
Convention of 1858, 136-138 ; Lincoln-Doug-
las debates, 135-163; election of Nov. 2,1858,
164, 165 ; meeting of Bepublican National
Convention at Chicago, May 16, 1860, 255 ;
response to Lincoln's proclamation, IV,
86 ; departure of troops from Quincy, 87 J
412
INDEX
American Knights, etc., in, VIII, 2; plot
to liberate prisoners at Camp Douglas, 21 ;
ratifies Thirteenth Amendment, X, 88.
Imboden, John D., Conf. Brig. Gen. : raiding
in Maryland, VII, 233 ; in Shenandoah
campaign, IX, 292.
Indiana, State of, state of society in, 1, 39-42 ;
free in consequence of Ordinance of 1787,
317 ; response to Lincoln's proclamation,
IV, 86 ; Caleb B. Smith appointed district
judge in, VI, 300; American Knights, etc.,
in, VIII, 2 ; obstructive action of legisla-
ture, 9, 10 ; Morgan's raid, 53-55 ; instructs
delegates in favor of Lincoln's renomina-
tion, IX, 56; ratifies Thirteenth Amend-
ment, X, 89.
Ingalls, Rufus, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A.:
assists John Tucker, V, 167; statement
about McClellan's supplies, VI, 178, 179.
Ingersoll, C. J., M. C. : remarks on the
boundary question, I, 265.
Iowa, State of, admitted as a State, I, 324 ;
response to Lincoln's proclamation, IV,
86 ; ratifies Thirteenth Amendment, X, 89.
Isherwood, Benj. F., Eng. in Chief, U. S. N. :
mission to Gosport navy yard, IV, 145, 146.
Island No. io, Tenn., situation of, V, 294;
rebel defenses at, 294 ; surrender of, April
7, 1862, 299.
Island Queen, The, unarmed steamer : scut-
tled by John Y. Beall, VIII, 19.
Iverson, Alfred, M. C, U. S. Sen. : signs ad-
dress commending the Charleston disrup-
tion, II, 245, 246 ; Senate discussion, 400, 401,
408, 409; signs secession address, 436;
remarks in Senate, III, 137; signs Sena-
torial secession caucus resolutions, 181.
Jacks, T. M., elected to Congress, VIII, 418.
Jackson, Miss., battle of, May 14, 1863, VII,
182, 183.
Jackson, Andrew, seventh Pres. U. S. :
letter about Texas annexation, I, 226 ; in-
terview with Gen. Scott about nullifica-
tion, II, 338.
Jackson, Claiborne F., Gov. of Mo. : answer
to Lincoln's call for troops, IV, 90 ; seces-
sion conspiracy of, 206-208 ; refuses Lin-
coln's call for troops, 207, 208; convenes
Missouri legislature, 208; forms "Camp
Jackson" at St. Louis, 209; correspon-
demce with Jefferson Davis, 210; corre-
spondence with Walker, 210, 211 ; destroys
railroad bridge over the Osage River, 219 ;
interview with Lyon, 222 ; calls out 50,000
Missouri militia, 223 ; flight from Jefferson
City, 224 ; commissions rebel officers, 397;
convenes rebel legislature at Lexington,
426, 427; convenes rebel legislature at
Neosho, V, 88.
Jackson, James, M. C. : signs secession ad-
dress, II, 436.
Jackson, James S., M. C, Brig. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : second interview with Lincoln
about compensated emancipation, VI, 111.
Jackson, N. J., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in March to the Sea, IX, 481.
Jackson, Thomas Jonathan ("Stonewall"),
Conf. Lieut. Gen. : collects rebel forces
at Harper's Ferry, IV, 310, 311 ; forms
second line of battle at Bull Run, 348, 349 ;
biographical notice, V, 393, 394 ; singulari-
ties of character, 394; his religious en-
thusiasm, 395, 396 ; self-confidence, 397 ;
promotions, 397 ; treatment of his slaves,
398 ; resemblance to John Brown, 398, 399 ;
hatred of his enemies, 399 ; love of fame,
399, 400 ; ordered to the Shenandoah Val-
ley, 400 ; defeated by Shields and Kimball,
400; report of his defeat, 401 ; begins his
second campaign in the Shenandoah Val-
ley, 401 ; defeats Milroy at McDowell, 401 ;
moves to Harrisonburg, 401; marches to
Front Royal, 402; objects of his Shenan-
doah Valley campaign, 404 ; retreat up the
Valley, 404 ; his escape, 409 ; battle of Cross
Keys, June 8, 1862, 411 ; defeats {Shields at
Port Republic, June 9, 1862, 411 ; ordered
to join Lee, 422 ; reports at Richmond, June
23, 1862, 423; attacks Porter's right at
Gaines's Mill, 429; pursues Union army
towards James River, 434 ; arrives at Mal-
vern Hill, 437; attacked by Banks at
Cedar Mountain, Aug. 9, 1862, VI, 6 ; re-
tires to the Rapidan, 6 ; flank movement
against Pope's line of communications, 7 ;
flank movement against Chantilly, 11;
repulsed at Chantilly, Sept. 1, 1862, 11 ; sent
to capture Harper's Ferry, 133; marches
to join Lee at Sharpsburg, 137 ; ordered
to turn the Federal right, 144; position
at Fredericksburg, 201 ; sent to attack
Hooker's rear in battle of Chancellors-
ville, Vn, 98-100; attacks Hooker, 101,
102 ; mortally wounded by his own men,
103.
Jackson, Zadock, denounces sack of Law-
rence, I, 456.
James, , Maj. U. S. Vols., M. C. : major
in Mexican war, I, 260.
Jamison, D. F., commissioner to Anderson,
III, 110.
INDEX
413
Japan, The, or Georgia, The, Conf. cruiser :
escapes from England, VIII, 256.
Jaquess, James F., Col. U. S. Vols. : letter to
Garfield about peace, IX, 201, 202 ; report
about peace, 204-206 ; visit to Richmond,
208 ; interview with Davis and Benjamin,
208-211.
Jefferson, Thomas, third Pres. U. S. : repro-
bates slave trade, 1, 314 ; drafts Ordinance
of 1784 prohibiting slavery, 316 ; purchase
of Louisiana, 319; originates policy of
slavery restriction, 359.
Jenkins, Albert G., M. C, Conf. Brig. Gen. :
compromise proposition of, II, 424, 425.
Jenkins, Micah, Conf. Brig. Gen. : killed in
battle of the Wilderness, VIII, 366.
Jett, William, assists Booth and Herold, X,
311.
Jewett, "William Cornell, writes letters to
Greeley and others, IX, 185; correspon-
dence with Confederate emissaries, 193, 194.
Johnson, Andrew, seventeenth Pres. U. S. :
voted for in Charleston Convention, II,
244; compromise proposition, 425; re-
mains a loyal Senator from Tennessee,
IV, 371 ; offers Crittenden resolution, 379 ;
inquiry addressed to Buell, V, 68 ; member
of Committee on Conduct of the War, 150 ;
appointed military governor of Tennessee,
VI, 344 ; sketches his official functions, 344,
345 ; deprecates colored recruiting in Ten-
nessee, 464 ; efforts for East Tennesseeans,
VIII, 160-162 ; orders elections : for Con-
gress, 439— for county officers, 443 — for
President, 447 ; proclaims amendments to
Constitution adopted, 449 ; nominated for
Vice-President at Baltimore Convention,
IX, 72-74; disapproves Sherman's agree-
ment, X, 250; proclamation of amnesty,
Dec. 25, 1868, 275 ; sworn in as President,
317 ; at grand review in Washington, 331 ;
proclaims end of rebellion, 338, 339.
Johnson, Bradley T., Conf. Brig. Gen. : sent
towards Point Lookout, IX, 162, 163 ; raid
in Maryland, 165.
Johnson, Bushrod R., Conf. Maj. Gen. : cap-
tured at Fort Donelson, V, 200 ; in battle
of Chickamauga, VIII, 84; report about
Chickamauga, 106.
Johnson, Edward, Conf. Maj. Gen.: in
battle of Gettysburg, VII, 246, 258 ; in Army
of Northern Virginia, VIII, 354 ; captured
at Spotsylvania, 380, 382.
Johnson, George W., "Provisional Gov. of
Ky." : killed in the ranks at Shiloh, VT,
277.
Johnson, J. M., elected to Congress, VIII,
418.
Johnson, Oliver, anti-slavery editorials of,
I, 148.
Johnson, Reverdy, U. S. Sen., Atty. Gen.
under Taylor, Min. to Eng. : argument in
Dred Scott case, II, 64 ; member of Peace
Convention, III, 230 ; interview with Lin-
coln, IV, 164; answers Lincoln's letter,
165 ; resolutions in Senate about Arguelles
case, IX, 46 ; approves Lincoln's message,
109; advocates and votes for Thirteenth
Amendment, X, 76, 77.
Johnson, Robert W., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
A .: signs the Senatorial Secession Caucus
resolutions, III, 181 ; in battle of Murfrees-
boro, VI, 285 ; in battle of Chickamauga,
VIII, 88, 89, 92, 104 ; in battle of Chatta-
nooga, 135, 148, 153, 155.
Johnson, Thomas, elected president of coun-
cil in Kansas Territorial legislature, I,
415.
Johnson, Waldo P., U. S. Sen.: expelled
from Congress, VIII, 469.
Johnston, Albert S., Conf. Gen. : assigned to
command DepartmentNumber Two, V, 44,
45 ; orders Buckner to Bowling Green, 45 ;
orders Hardee to Bowling Green, 56 ; at-
tends council of war at Bowling Green, 185 ;
resolves "to fight for Nashville at Don-
elson," 185; evacuates Nashville, 190;
retreats towards Chattanooga, 303; joins
Beauregard near Corinth, 321 ; telegraphs
Jefferson Davis his intention to attack
Grant at Pittsburg Landing, 321 ; council
of Confederate commanders ; rejects Beau-
regard's advice, 322; attack on Union
troops, April 6, 1862, 325; killed at Pitts-
burg Landing, April 6, 1862, 326.
Johnston, Daniel, first husband of Sarah
Bush Lincoln, I, 32.
Johnston, J. D., Commander Conf. navy:
commands the Tennessee, IX, 227.
Johnston, John, step-brother of Pres. Lin-
coln, I, 37 ; goes to Springfield with
Lincoln, 70; assists to build a flatboat,
70 ; flatboat voyage of, to New Orleans,
72.
Johnston, Joseph E., Q. M. Gen. U. S. A.,
Conf. Gen., M. C. : interview with Dray-
ton, II, 322 ; sent to command Harpers
Ferry, IV, 317 ; evacuates Harper's Ferry,
318; ordered to join Beauregard, 346;
arrives at Bull Bun, 346 ; adopts Beaure-
gard's plans of battle, 347; report of
forces, V, 149, 150, 152 ; council of war at
414
INDEX
Fairfax Court House, 153, 154 ; prepares to
retire to Gordonsville, 164 ; embarrassed
by accumulation of provisions, 165 ; opin-
ion on McCleKan, 175 ; receives news of
McClellan's advance on Yorktown, 176;
statement about " quaker guns," 177 ; de-
sires the Merrimac to go to York River,
233 ; regards Magruder's position as unten-
able, 367 ; assumes Confederate command
on the Peninsula, 371 ; statement of forces,
371 ; orders evacuation of Yorktown, 374,
375 ; retreats to Williamsburg, 376 ; posts
Longstreetas a rearguard, 376; battle with
McClellan's advance, May 5, 1862, 377 ; con-
tinues his retrograde march, 379 ; crosses
the Chickahominy, May 15, 1862, 379 ; en-
camps before Richmond, 379 ; comment on
battle of Hanover Court House, 386 ; orders
an attack on Heintzelman and Keyes, 387 ;
accompanies reserves under G. W. Smith,
388; orders Smith to attack Union right
flank, 388 ; wounded, 389 ; estimate of
" Stonewall " Jackson, 396 ; orders Jack-
son to the Shenandoah Valley, 400 ; com-
ment on battle of Gaines's Mill, 432, 433 ;
sent to command rebel armies in the West,
VII, 129; conference at Grenada, Miss.,
with Pemberton and Jefferson Davis, 131 ;
warning to Pemberton, 166 ; sent with re-
enforcements to the Mississippi, 178, 179 ;
telegram to Richmond : " I am too late,"
180; directs Pemberton to come up in
Sherman's rear, 181 ; dispatches of, inter-
cepted, 183; controversy with Jefferson
Davis, 183; censure of Pemberton, 183;
orders Pemberton to Clinton, 186; ad-
vises Pemberton to evacuate Vicksburg,
194; gathers an army to relieve Vicks-
burg, 294; directs evacuation of Port
Hudson, 295; correspondence with Pem-
berton about relief of Vicksburg, 295,
296 ; correspondence with Jefferson Davis
about Vicksburg, 296; correspondence
with Seddon about Vicksburg, 296-298;
movements to relieve Vicksburg, 298, 299 ;
defense of Jackson, Miss., 324, 325 ; evacu-
ates Jackson, 325 ; sends Bragg two di-
visions, VIII, 76 ; assumes chief command
in the West, 326 ; report on Confederate
Western operations, 327-329; strength of
army, IX, 5; criticism of Bragg's plan, 8;
position of, 9, 10 ; battles of Resaca, May
13-16, 1864, 13, 14 ; retires to Adairsville, 14,
15; retires towards Cassville and Kings-
ton, 15 ; abandons Cassville, 16 ; battles of
Dallas, May 25 to June 4, 1864, 17-19 ; bat-
tles of Kenesaw Mountain, June 9-30, 1864,
19-25 ; retires across the Chattahoochee,
25-28 ; relieved from command, 263 ; trans-
fers his command to Hood, 264 ; succeeds
Hood in command, X, 35; appointed to
command Confederate Western armies,
153, 157 ; supersedes Beauregard, 233 ;
battle of Bentonville, March 19, 1865, 234,
235 ; retreats from Bentonville, 236, 237 ;
retreat from Smithneld, 242 ; proposes an
armistice to Sherman, 243, 244, 263 ; inter-
view with Sherman, 245 ; interview with
Sherman and Breckinridge, 246-248 ; signs
Sherman's memorandum agreement, 248 ;
distributes silver among his troops, 251;
disregards Davis's instructions, 252 ; sur-
renders to Sherman, April 26, 1865, 252,
253; interviews with Davis and Beaure-
gard, 257-263 ; account of interviews with
Davis, 261.
Johnston, R. D., Conf. Brig. Gen. : wounded
at Spotsylvania, VIII, 382.
Johnston, Sarah Bush, marries Thomas
Lincoln, I, 32 ; improves the condition of
his household, 32 ; testifies to Abraham's
good conduct, 37.
Johnston, William F., receives votes for
Vice-President in Philadelphia Conven-
tion, II, 35.
Joinville, Prince de, comment on battle of
Seven Pines, V, 391 ; advice about battle
of Glendale, 436.
Jones, Dr. Anson, elected President of
Texas, I, 237.
Jones, Catesby Ap R., Lieut. U. S. N., Com-
mander Conf. navy : commands the Mer-
rimac, V, 228; fight of Monitor and
Merrimac, March 9, 1862, 228-231.
Jones, D. R., Conf. Maj. Gen. : with Lee at
Sharpsburg, VI, 139.
Jones, Edward F., Col. 6th Mass. Militia:
warned of danger in Baltimore, IV, 110;
order to his regiment, 111 ; orders delayed
companies to join him, 114 ; keeps his men
under control, 117.
Jones, George W., U. S. Sen., Min. to New
Granada : imprisoned in Fort Lafayette,
VIII, 39; brings suit for false imprison-
ment, 39; suit dismissed by Supreme
Court of New York, 39.
Jones, John J., M. C. : House discussion, II,
416 ; signs secession address, 436.
Jones, John M., Conf. Brig. Gen.: killed in
battle of the Wilderness, VIII, 361.
Jones, John R., Conf. Brig. Gen. : with Lee
at Sharpsburg, VI, 139.
INDEX
415
Jones, Dr. Joseph, report on Andersonville
prison, VII, 468-470.
Jones, Lieut. Roger, burns armory at Har-
per's Ferry, IV, 122.
Jones, Samuel, Conf. Maj. Gen. : captures
one of Burnside's outposts, VIII, 171;
reply to an order, 397.
Jones, Samuel J., sheriff of Douglas Co.,
Kas. : arrests Branson, I, 441 ; Branson
rescued from , 441 ; demands 3,000 men from
governor to carry out the laws, 442;
attempt to assassinate, 450 ; orders burn-
ing and sack of Lawrence, 455.
Jones, Thomas, rows Booth and Herold
across the Potomac, X, 308, 309.
Jones, W. E., Conf. Brig. Gen. : defeated by
Hunter, IX, 159 ; killed in engagement at
Piedmont, 403.
Juarez, Benito Pablo, Pres. of Mex. Repub-
lic : origin and career of, VI, 30, 31 ; con-
dition of Mexico, 31 ; measures against
French expedition, 45 ; demands expulsion
of Almonte, 45; reply to Maximilian's
invitation, VII, 416 ; takes refuge in Chi-
huahua, 419.
Judd, Norman B., Min. to Prussia, M. C. :
speech in Illinois legislature against Ne-
braska bill, I, 366 ; member of Blooming-
ton Convention, II, 28 ; delegate to Chi-
cago Convention, 1860, 271; nominates
Lincoln, 271 ; member of Lincoln's suite,
III, 290 ; conference with Felton aud Pink-
erton, 307 ; interview with Lincoln, 308 ;
arrangements for Lincoln's night journey,
309 ; conference with Pinkerton, Francis-
cus, and Sanf ord, 310 ; calls a meeting of
Lincoln's suite, 314; describes Lincoln's
starting, 315; approves Lincoln's mes-
sage, IX, 110.
Julian, George W., M. C. : member of Com-
mittee on Conduct of the War, V, 150;
statement about caucus after Lincoln's
death, X, 316.
Jurien de la Graviere, Pierre Roch, French
admiral : named to command French part
of Mexican expedition, VI, 39.
Kane, George P., chief of police, Baltimore :
hastens to scene of riot, IV, 114; holds pur-
suing rioters in check, 117 ; dismisses his
force, 118 ; orders and heads party to burn
bridges, 120, 121 ; telegram to Johnson,
122.
Kansas, State of, bill to organize Territory
of, 1, 139 ; Lawrence founded by Emigrant
Aid Company, 395; town of Atchison
founded, 402 ; Reeder appointed governor,
402 ; invaded by Missouri voters, Nov. 29,
1854, 404 ; frauds at election, 406 ; popula-
tion as shown by Reeder's census, Janu-
ary and February, 1855, 409 ; second inva-
sion by Missouri voters, 410; election
frauds of March 30, 1855, 410 ; number of
slaves in, in 1855, 422 ; Lecompton founded
and made the capital, 424 ; meeting and
resolutions of Big Springs Convention,
428; Free State Constitutional Conven-
tion, 429; frames Topeka Constitution,
429; Charles D. Robinson elected gov-
ernor under Topeka Constitution, 430;
Congressional investigating committee
sent to, 431, 432; Pierce's proclamation
against Topeka movement, 433; resigna-
tion of Gov. Shannon, 435; Woodson's
proclamation against Free State legisla-
ture, 435 ; Free State legislature dispersed
by Col. Sumner, 436; condition of civil
war in the Territory, 451, 452 ; civil war in,
II, 1-20 ; guerrilla bands dispersed by Col.
Sumner, 2 ; Gen. P. F. Smith supersedes
Col. Sumner, 3 ; Gov. Shannon removed,
3; J. W. Geary appointed governor, 9;
third Missouri raid against Lawrence, 14-
18; skirmish at Hickory Point, 18; im-
prisonment of Free State men, 19 ; cessa-
tion of guerrilla war, 20 ; summary of its
results, 20; removal and flight of Gov.
Geary, 22 ; convention of proslavery party,
90; Act for Constitutional Convention,
91; Enabling Acts by Douglas and
Toombs, 93, 94 ; Free State mass-meeting
at Topeka, 97 ; Proslavery Convention at
Lecompton, 98 ; defective census and reg-
istry, 99; election of delegates, 100; Le-
compton Constitutional Convention, 103,
106-108; October election, 1857, 104; Ox-
ford and McGee frauds, 105; candle-box
fraud, 106 ; Lecompton Constitution, 108,
109; extra session of legislature called,
114 ; votes on Lecompton Constitution, 115 ;
vote under the English bill, 115 ; popular
vote rejecting the English bill, 133; ad-
mitted as a free State, III, 237 ; Quant-
rell's massacre at Lawrence, Aug. 21, 1863,
VIII, 211, 212 ; resolution of legislature re-
nominating Lincoln, IX, 55 ; ratifies Thir-
teenth Amendment, X, 89.
Kautz, August V., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
commands cavalry under Butler, VIII,
392 ; in siege of Richmond, IX, 433 ; mem-
ber of military commission for trial of
Lincoln's assassins, X, 312.
416
INDEX
Kearny, Philip, Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. : killed
at Chantilly, Sept. 1, 1862, VI, 11.
Kearsarge, The, Union cruiser: blockades
the Alabama at Cherbourg, IX, 144 ; sinks
the Alabama, 146-149.
Keenan, Peter, Maj. XL S. Vols, i in battle
of ChanceUorsville, VII, 102.
Keitt, Lawrence M., M. C. : interferes in the
Sumner assault, II, 51 ; course disapproved
by the House, 53.
Kelley, Benjamin F., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : organizes Union regiment, IV, 330,
331 ; attacks and defeats Portertield, 331 ;
skirmish with McCausland, IX, 178.
Kelley, William D.,M. C. : favors Lincoln's
renomination, IX, 62.
Kellogg, Francis W., M. C: approves Lin-
coln's message, IX, 110.
Kellogg, William, M. C, Min. to Guatemala ;
member of House Committee of Thirty-
three, II, 417 ; writes to Lincoln for advice,
III, 258, 259 ; visit to Lincoln, 259.
Kenesaw Mountain, Ga. : battles of, June
9-30, 1864, IX, 19-25.
Kennebec, The, Union gunboat: in battle
of Mobile Bay, IX, 235.
Kennedy, Dr., mission to the President, VI,
350, 351.
Kennedy, John A., Supt. of police in New
York city : sends detectives to Baltimore,
III, 312.
Kennedy, Robert C, employed by Thomp-
son to burn New York city, VIII, 23 ; cap-
tured and hung, 23.
Kennon, Beverly, Lieut. U. S. N., Capt. Conf.
navy : commands Confederate gunboat
Gov. Moore, V, 263.
Kentucky, State of, exploration by Daniel
Boone, 1, 6 ; Harrodsburg founded, 7 ; set-
tlement at the Falls of the Ohio, 7, 8 ; emi-
gration to the Falls of the Ohio, 15;
Louisville incorporated, 15; answer to
Lincoln's proclamation, IV, 90, 230 ; vote
for President in I860, 232 ; legislature con-
vened in second special session, 234 ; legis-
lative measures, 234 ; legislature adjourns
sine die, 238 ; election for Congress, 238 ;
election for legislature, 239, 240 ; rebel in-
vasion, V, 43-46; legislature demands
withdrawal of Confederate forces, 46;
governor vetoes joint resolution, 46 ; leg-
islature invites Anderson to take com-
mand, 46; legislature calls out 40,000
Union volunteers, 47 ; Anderson removed
from command, 52 ; battle of Mill Springs,
Jan. 19, 1862, 116, 117 ; attack and surrender
of Fort Donelson, Feb. 12-16, 1862, 192-200;
Bragg's invasion, VI, 274-279; defeat of
Nelson, 274 ; Buell marches to Louisville,
276; inauguration of a Confederate gov-
ernment at Frankfort, 277 ; battle of Per-
ry ville, Oct. 8, 1862, 278 ; retreat of Bragg
from the State, 279 ; American Knights,
etc., in, VIII, 2, 12 ; Morgan's raid, 53.
Keokuk, chief of Sac and Fox Indians : loyal
to the whites, I, 89.
Kershaw, J. B., Conf. Maj. Gen. : in battle
of Spotsylvania, VIII, 374 ; in Shenandoah
campaign, IX, 293 ; sent to Early, 312 ; in
battle of Cedar Creek, 316, 317, 322, 325;
captured in retreat to Appomattox, X,
187.
Ketchum, Edgar, signs memorial about
Fremont and colored troops, VI, 456.
Ketchum, Morris, signs memorial about
Fremont and colored troops, VI, 456.
Key, John J., Maj. U. S. Vols. : remark about
" the game " of the army, VI, 186 ; inter-
view with the President, 186, 187; dis-
missed from military service, 187.
Keyes, Erasmus D., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
ordered to prepare plan to reenforce Fort
Pickens, III, 436; submits plan, 437; at-
tends council of war, V, 167 ; assigned to
command Fourth Corps, Army of Potomac,
169; attends council at Fairfax Court
House, 179; marches to Lee's Mills, 360;
arrives at Williamsburg, 376 ; establishes
himself across the Chickahominy, 385 ; at-
tacked by D. H. Hill, 388 ; moves across
White Oak Swamp, 433 ; establishes him-
self at Malvern Hill, 433 ; interview with
Lincoln at Harrison's Landing, 453 ; esti-
mate of rebel strength, 456.
Keystone State, The, Union gunboat: at-
tacked at Charleston by rebel ram Chicora,
VII, 59-61.
Kilgore, David, M. C. : plan of compromise,
II, 423.
Kilpatrick, Judson, Bvt. Maj. Gen., U. S. A.
Min. to Chili: cavalry successes under,
VII, 215 ; in battle of Gettysburg, 268 ;
cavalry raid towards Richmond, VIII,
251, 252; destroys railroad at Jonesboro,
IX, 281 ; in March to the Sea, 481 ; in
march to Columbia, X, 230 ; engagement
with Hampton, 234.
Kimball, Nathan, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : repulses Stonewall Jackson at
Kernstown, V, 400 ; in siege of Vicks-
burg, VII, 290 ; in march to Franklin, X,
11, 16.
INDEX
417
King, Austin A., Gov. of Mo., M. C. : vote
for Thirteenth Amendment, X, 83.
King, John A., M. C, Gov. of N. Y. : present
at Lincoln's Cooper Institute speech, II,
217.
King, Preston, M. C, U. S. Sen. : agrees
uponWilmot Proviso, I, 268; leaves the
Democratic party, 277 ; receives votes for
Vice-President in Philadelphia Conven-
tion, II, 35; Senate discussion, 405, 406;
votes against National Bank Act, VI, 244 ;
informs Seward of action of Senate
caucus, 264.
King, William R., U. S. Sen., Min. to France,
Vice-Pres. with Pierce : death of, I, 397.
Kingsbury, Charles P., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U.
S. A. : sent to Harper's Ferry, IV, 96.
Kinney, J. C, information about Wide
Awakes, II, 284.
Kinney, Miss, present at Lincoln's death-
bed, X, 300.
Kinney, Mrs., present at Lincoln's death-
bed, X, 300.
Kinney, William, Lieut. Gov. of 111. : de-
feated by Reynolds for governor of Illi-
nois, I, 103.
Kirk, Edward N., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in battle of Murfreesboro, VI, 286; se-
verely wounded, 286.
Kirkpatrick, , volunteer in Lincoln's
company in Black Hawk war, I, 89; de-
feated for the legislature in 1832, 109.
Kirksville, Mo., action at, Aug. 6, 1862, VI,
379.
Knapp, Dr., candidate for Illinois legisla-
ture, 1, 179.
Knights of the Golden Circle, extensive
organization in Texas, IV, 181 ; order of,
VIII, 2-27.
*' Know-Nothing," or American, Party, in-
fluence on elections in 1854, 1, 358 ; nomi-
nates Fillmore and Donelson, II, 24 ; action
in Illinois, 24, 25 ; Lincoln's views on, 181.
Knox, John J., comptroller of currency:
quotations from, VI, 237, 244, 245, 252.
Knoxville, Tenn., siege of, Nov. 16 to Dec. 3,
1863, VIII, 174-181.
Kock, Bernard, description of lie A'Vache,
VI, 359, 360; contract with the President
to form negro colony on He A'Vache, 360 ;
his scheme of speculation, 361 ; prepara-
tions and expenditures for his project,
362; the President cancels his contract,
362 ; assignment of his lease, 362 ; accom-
panies the colony as governor of He
A'Vache, 363 ; driven from the island, 364.
Vol. X.— 27
Lackawanna, The, Union cruiser : in battle
of Mobile Bay, IX, 235, 236.
Laird, John, M. P. : builder of the Alabama,
VI, 53.
Lamb, William, note about the Virginia
election of 1860, III, 417.
Lamb, William, Conf. Col. : wounded at Fort
Fisher, X, 67.
Lamborn, Josiah, prominent lawyer of Illi-
nois, I, 213.
Lamon, Ward H., marshal D. C. : member
of Lincoln's suite, III, 290; selected to
accompany Lincoln on his night journey
to Washington, 310; attends meeting of
Lincoln's suite, 314; visit to Charleston,
390, 391.
Lancaster, John, owner of English yacht
Deerhound: carries off crew of the Ala-
bama, IX, 150, 151.
Landrum, J. M., M. C. : signs secession
address, II, 436.
Lane, Henry S., M. C, U. S. Sen. : permanent
chairman of Philadelphia Convention, II,
32 ; votes for re-passage of National Bank
Act, VI, 245.
Lane, James H., U. S. Sen., Brig. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : elected U. S. Senator, I, 430 ; com-
mands Free State forces in Kansas, 443 ;
goes East to recruit help, 450 ; organizes
"Frontier Guards," IV, 106; receives
authority to raise a brigade, V, 83 ; endeav-
ors to supplant Hunter, 84 ; asks per-
mission to receive colored recruits, VI,
445; favors Lincoln's renomination, IX,
61, 62.
Lane, John Q., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in march to Franklin, X, 11, 12.
Lane, Joseph, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A., Gov.
of Oreg., U. S. Sen. : voted for, in the
Charleston Convention, II, 244; remarks
about resistance, 316.
Larrabee, Charles H., M. C. : plan of com-
promise, II, 423.
Latham, George C, member of Lincoln's
suite, III, 290.
Lauman, Jacob G., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : in siege of Vicksburg, VII, 289 ;
repulsed at Jackson, 324; relieved from
command at Ord's request, 324.
Lawrence, Kas., founded by Emigrant Aid
Company, I, 395 ; Border Ruffian foray
against, organized, 442; threatened by
Border Ruffian army, 443; Gov. Shan-
non's compromise with, 447 ; threatened a
second time by guerrillas, 455 ; Free State
Hotel burned, 455 ; Free State Hotel de-
418
INDEX
clared a rebellious fortification, 456;
Quantrell's massacre, Aug. 21, 1863, VIII,
211, 212.
Lawton, Alexander R., Conf. Brig. Gen. :
strength of brigade after Antietam, VI, 143.
Lawton, G. W., Capt. U. S. Vols. : in cap-
ture of Jefferson Davis, X, 270; state-
ment about capture of Davis, 271, 272.
Leadbetter, Danville, Conf. Brig. Gen. :
moves Ms command to East Tennessee,
V, 77.
Leake, Shelton F., M. C. : plan of compro-
mise, II, 422.
Leale, Dr., present at Lincoln's death-bed,
X, 300.
Leary, Cornelius L. L., M. C. : second inter-
view with Lincoln about compensated
emancipation, VI, 111 ; member of Select
Committee on Emancipation, 395.
Leasure, Daniel, Col. U. S. Vols. : in battle
of the Wilderness, VIII, 366.
Leavitt, Humphrey H., M. C, Judge U. S.
Circuit Ct. : denies motion for habeas
corpus for Vallandigham, VII, 336-338.
Lecompte, Samuel D., Chief Justice Kansas
Territory, I, 423 ; doctrine of "construc-
tive treason," 434; speech at Leavenworth
meeting, 440 ; instructions on " construc-
tive treason," 450 ; issues writ against
ex-Governor Reeder, 451.
Lecompton, Kas., founded, I, 424 ; made
capital of the Territory, 424.
Lecompton Constitution, brought to Buch-
anan by Calhoun, II, 125 ; transmitted
to Congress, 125 ; rejected by Congress, 130,
131; Crittenden-Montgomery substitute,
131 ; English bill passed, 133.
Lecompton Constitutional Convention, meet-
ing of, Sept. 7, 1857, II, 103; recess of, 103;
reassembles Oct. 19, 1857, 106, 107 ; Consti-
tution framed by, 108, 109.
Ledlie, James H., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. : in
assault at Petersburg mine, IX, 421, 422 ;
censured for Petersburg mine affair, 425.
Lee, Albert L., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. : in
Red River expedition, VIII, 292 ; in battle
of Sabine Cross Roads, 293, 294 ; in battle
of Pleasant Hill, 295.
Lee, Fitzhugh, Conf. Maj. Gen. : in Army of
Northern Virginia, VIII, 354 ; in battle of
Spotsylvania, 374 ; in battle of Cold Har-
bor, 400; in Shenandoah campaign, IX,
293, 295 ; wounded at Winchester, 305 ; de-
feated at Trevilian Station, 405 ; in march
to Five Forks, X, 168 ; in retreat to Appo-
mattox, 185, 194.
Lee, G. W. Custis, Conf. Maj. Gen.: cap*
tured in retreat to Appomattox, X, 187.
Lee, Robert E., Col. U. S. A., Conf. Gen. :
commands marines sent against John
Brown, II, 208 ; personal description, IV,
97; interview with F. P. Blair, Sr., 98;
offered command of Union army, 98 ; con-
tradictory reports of his reply, 98, 99 ,
interview with Gen. Scott, 100 ; letter to
Gen. Scott resigning his commissioiL,
101; takes command of Virginia seces-
sion troops, 101 ; conference with A. H.
Stephens, 158, 159 ; opposes projects to
capture Washington, 161 ; instructs Vir-
ginia forces to act on the defensive, 161 ;
letter about securing provisions, 195 ;
opinion of Harper's Ferry, 318; assumes
command of Confederate army before
Richmond, V, 390 ; statement of his force,
421 ; Davis's friendship for, 422 ; orders
Jackson to join him, 422 ; plan for attacking
McClellan's army, 423, 424 ; commands in
person at battle of Gaines's Mill, June 27,
1862, 428; losses at Gaines's Mill, 429; pur-
sues McClellan towards James River, 434 ;
attacks Union army at Malvern Hill, July
1, 1862, 437 ; withdraws his army to Rich-
mond, July 8, 1862, 440 ; concentrates large
force against Pope's advance, VI, 6 ; forces
of, 6 ; states strength of Confederate army
in battle of Antietam, 131; crosses the
Potomac into Maryland, 132; sends de-
tachment to capture Harper's Ferry, 133 ;
captures Harper's Ferry, Sept. 15, 1862,
137; takes position at Sharpsburg, 137;
battle of Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862, 139-141;
report to Jefferson Davis about stragglers,
143; report of the battle, 144; retreats
across the Potomac, 145; arrives at Fred-
ericksburg to oppose Burnside, 199 ; con-
centrates his army, 201 ; battle of Freder-
icksburg, Dec. 13, 1862, 203-208; dispatch
to Richmond that enemy has disappeared,
209; plan to retire to the Annas, 209, 210;
charges Hunter and Phelps with inaugu-
rating servile war, 470 ; recommends negro
soldiers for rebel service, 487; battle of
Chancellorsville, May 1-3, 1863, VII, 96-
107 ; sends Jackson to attack Hooker's
rear, 98 ; beset with the cry, " On to Wash-
ington," 201 ; reasons for invading Penn-
sylvania, 201, 203 ; advance to the Shenan-
doah Valley, 205-210 ; withdraws Long-
street to the Shenandoah Valley, 216;
crosses the Potomac, 217, 218; asks for
reenforcements, 217; learns that Meade
INDEX
419
is advancing northward, 232, 233; selects
Gettysburg to concentrate his army,
236; battle of Gettysburg, July 1-3,
1863, 239-268 ; arrives at Gettysburg,
246; resolves to renew his attack, 247,
248; orders Longstreet to attack on
July 2, 251 ; orders Longstreet to attack
on July 3, 258, 259 ; proposes to exchange
prisoners, 272 ; retreats rroni Gettysburg,
273, 274; delayed at the Potomac, 275;
crosses the Potomac, 277; retires behind
the Rapidan, VIII, 233 ; offers his resigna-
tion, 234; begins flanking movement, 238;
returns to the Rappahannock, 241 ; con-
centrates behind the Rapidan, 245 ; activ-
ity at Mine Run, 248 ; strength of Army of
Northern Virginia, 352 ; marches to attack
Grant, 358 ; battle of the Wilderness, May
5, 6, 1864, 360-367 ; begins march to Spotsyl-
vania, 368; battle of Spotsylvania, May 8-
19, 1864, 372-385; battle of North Anna,
May 23-27, 1864, 387-390; battle of Cold
Harbor, June 1-12, 1864, 391, 400-405 ; sends
Early to Lynchburg, IX, 160 ; letter to
Jefferson Davis, 160 ; sends Early rein-
forcements, 311, 312 ; sends Beauregard
reinforcements, 410 ; commands defenses
of Petersburg, 411, 419, 420 ; siege of Rich-
mond, 427 ; made Confederate general-in-
chief, X, 153 ; assumes command of all
Confederate forces, 155 ; reports want of
rations, 156 ; proposes a military conven-
tion to Grant, 157, 158 ; conference with
Jefferson Davis, 159, 160 ; directs Gordon
to break the Union lines, 160 ; march to
Five Forks, 168-172 ; battle of Five Forks,
April 1, 1865, 172-174 ; retreat from Peters-
burg, 175; directs evacuation of Rich-
mond, 180, 181; letter to Davis, 182, 183;
evacuates Petersburg, April 2, 1865, 183;
retreat to Appomattox, 183-195; asks
Grant's terms, 190 ; proposes to meet
Grant, 192; orders of, 193; asks Grant for
interview, 194; interview with Grant at
Appomattox, 195; surrender to Grant,
April 9, 1865, 195, 197 ; farewell interview
with Grant, 197, 198; dispatch, " Richmond
must be evacuated," 201.
Lee, Stephen D., Conf. Lieut. Gen.: in
battles of Atlanta, IX, 280, 283, 286, 287 ;
demands surrender of Resaca, 475; in
army of Hood, X, 7 ; in march to Franklin,
10, 13 ; in campaign against Nashville, 23 ; in
battle of Nashville, 33 ; joins Johnston, 36.
Lee, S. Phillips, Rear Adm. U. S. N. : com-
mands the Oneida in Farragut's fleet, V,
261 ; report of, 263 ; transmits St&phens's
request to Sec. Welles, VII, 373.
Lee, W. H. F., Conf. Maj. Gen. : capture of,
VII, 458 , in Army of Northern Virginia,
VIII, 354.
Lee, William R., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in battle of Ball's Bluff, IV, 456,
Lefferts, Marshall, Col. 7th New York Mili-
tia : asks orders to proceed via Annapolis,
IV, 134 ; proceeds by steamer, 135.
Leggett, M. D., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. : in
battles of Atlanta, IX, 273; in March to
the Sea, 481.
Lehman, William E., M. C. : member of Se-
lect Committee on Emancipation, VI, 395.
Leigh, Watkins, places Clay's name in
nomination, I, 225.
Lellyett,John, interview with Lincoln, IX,
358.
Leopold I, King of the Belgians : letter to
Napoleon the Third, urging mediation in
America, VI, 81.
Le Roy, W. E., Rear Adm. U. S. N. : com-
mands the Ossipee in Mobile Bay, IX, 237.
Letcher, John, M. C, Gov. of Va. : thinks
disunion probable, III, 418; message to
Virginia legislature, 419, 420; design on
Fort Monroe, 421 ; answer to Lincoln's call
for troops, IV, 91 ; proclaims dissolution
of the Union, 92 ; orders military seizures
and movements, 92; efforts to capture
Gosport navy yard, 145 ; informs Jefferson
Davis of Virginia's secession, 158; advises
resumption of peaceful pursuits, 261 ; calls
out Virginia forces, 310, 330.
Lexington, Mo., siege and surrender of,
Sept. 18-20, 1861, IV, 426-429.
Lexington, The, Union gunboat- assists in
defense of Milliken's Bend, VII, 293 ; pas-
sage through dam on Red River, VIII, 300.
Libby Prison, mine under, VII, 471.
Liberty, Mo., U. S. arsenal robbed of arms,
I, 442 ; arsenal seized, IV, 211.
Lilley, R. D., Conf. Brig. Gen. : in battle of
Waynesboro, IX, 330.
Lincoln, Abraham, sixteenth Pres. U. S.:
born Feb. 12, 1809, I, 25 ; childhood, 25-
27; early schooling in Indiana, 33, 34;
home studies and youthful habits, 34-38 ;
conditions and influences surrounding,
39-43 ; flatboat journey to New Orleans,
44 ; farm work, 46 ; election incident con-
cerning, 67; letter to Herndon, 1848, 68;
goes to Springfield, 70 ; assists to build a
flatboat, 70; incident at Rutledge's mill-
dam, 71 ; patents an invention, 1849, 71 j
420
INDEX
Lincoln, Abranam — continued.
flatboat voyage to New Orleans, May,
1831, 72; sight of slavery, and feelings
thereon, 72-74; letter to Speed, 1855, 72-
74; returns to Coles County, HI., 74; let-
ters to John Johnston, 75-77 ; returns to
New Salem, 1831, 78 ; acts as clerk at an
election, 78 ; manages a store and mill for
Offut, 78 ; wrestling-match with Jack
Armstrong, 80, 81 ; studies " Kirkham's
Grammar," 84 ; goes to meet and pilot the
steamboat Talisman up the Sangamon
River, 86 ; volunteers for the Black Hawk
war, 89; elected captain, May 27, 1832,
89 ; mustered out as captain, 93 ; reen-
lists as private, June 16, 1832, 96 ; returns
to New Salem, 96-100; humorous speech
in Congress on his services in Black
Hawk war, 100 ; announces himself candi-
date for legislature, March 9, 1832, 101 ;
political opinions of, 102-106 ; circular of,
106 ; defeated for legislature, 109 ; vote of
New Salem for, 109 ; purchases share in
a store, 110; buys stock of goods from
Greene, 111; obtains license to keep a
tavern with Berry, 112 ; begins reading
law books, 113 ; appointed postmaster of
New Salem, 114; appointed deputy sur-
veyor, 115; certificate of survey by, 119;
elected to State legislature, 122 ; service
in legislature, 1834-1836, 124-128 ; becomes
candidate for reelection, 128 ; circular to
voters, June 13, 1836, 129; reelected in 1836,
131 ; services in legislature, 1836-1837, 131-
138, 140, 150-152; secures removal of the
State capital to Springfield, 131-138 ; votes
for internal improvements, 137 ; protest
of, with Dan Stone, against certain reso-
lutions on slavery, 140, 151 ; friendship
with William Butler and Joshua F. Speed,
153 ; removes to Springfield, 153 ; becomes
law partner of John T. Stuart, 157; re-
elected to legislature in 1838 and 1840, 158;
receives Whig nomination for Speaker, 160;
financial plan of, 161 ; first meeting with
Douglas, 163; protest against the Judi-
cial Reform scheme, 164, 165 ; his gift of
story -telling, 170; sudden appearance at
a political meeting, 171; nominated for
Presidential elector, 172 ; political speech
at Springfield in 1840, 173-177; letters to
Stuart: Nov. 14, 1839, about politics, 178,
179 — Jan. 1, 1840, 179, 180 — Jan. 20, 1840,
180, 181 —March 1, 1840, 181 — Dec. 17, 1840,
about appointments, 183— Jan. 23, 1841,
about Congressional election, 184, 185 ; en
gaged to Miss Mary Todd, 186 ; experiences
in his love affairs, 186-200 ; his proposal of
marriage to Mary S. Owens, 192 ; becomes
morbid over his engagement with Mary
Todd, 186-200; goes to Kentucky with
Speed, 194; letters of counsel to Speed,
196-198 ; married to Mary Todd, Nov. 4, 1842,
200; children of, 200; letter about Shields
from the " Lost Townships," 205, 206 ; chal-
lenged by Shields, 206, 207 ; prescribes
terms of the duel, 207 ; meets Shields op-
posite Alton, 111., 208; becomes Merry-
man's second, 210 ; letter of explanation
to W. G. Anderson, 211 ; advice on quar-
relling, 212; dissolves partnership with
Stuart, 213 ; becomes law partner of Judge
Logan, 213 ; opens a law office for himself,
216 ; his home in Springfield, 216 ; work in
the legislature, 217 ; declines to be candi-
date for governor, 217 ; temperance ad-
dress, Feb. 22, 1842, 218 ; work in politics,
1843-1844, 219, 235 ; fails to secure nomina-
tion to Congress, 222 ; nominated for
Presidential elector, 223; resolutions
against " Native Americanism," 235 ; can-
vass for Congress, 242-245 ; minute
knowledge of local politics, 244, 245;
receives the nomination, 245 ; elected to
Congress, 249; service in Thirtieth Con-
gress, 258, 272, 273 ; speech on the Mexican
war, 261, 262 ; resolutions on the Mexican
war, 270-272; letter to Rev. J. M. Peck,
274 ; supports Gen. Taylor for President,
275; correspondence with Usher F. Lin-
der, 275, 276 ; speech in Congress for Gen.
Taylor, 279, 280; campaign speeches in
New England, 1848, 281 ; votes for Wilmot
Proviso, 285; bill to abolish slavery in
District of Columbia, 285-288 ; declines to
become a candidate for renomination to
Congress, 290; recommendations for ap-
pointments, 291, 292 ; applies for appoint-
ment as Commissioner of the General
Land Office, 292, 293 ; offered governorship
of Oregon, 297; resumes law practice at
Springfield, 111., 298 ; studies the first six
books of Euclid, 299 ; Judge David Davis's
opinion of, 301-303; Judge Drummond's
opinion of, 303, 304 ; anecdotes of his cases,
305, 306; his grave and serious temper,
306 ; method of argument, 307 ; cordiality
and wit, 308 ; his largest fee, 308 ; political
advancement of, 310-312; partial with-
drawal from politics, 372 ; re-appearance
on the stump, 373 ; speech in Springfield,
HI., at State fair, Oct. 4, 1854, 375-380;
INDEX
421
Lincoln, Abraham— continued.
candidate for legislature in Sangamon
County, 375; speech at Peoria, Oct. 16,
1854, 380-383 ; candidate for U. S. Senator
before Illinois legislature in 1855, 383-390 ;
elected member of legislature from San-
gamon County, 384 ; resigns his seat, 384 ;
named as member of Republican Central
Committee of Illinois in 1854, 386 ; letter to
Codding, Nov. 27, 1854, 386, 387 ; urges his
friends to vote for Trumbull for Senator,
389 ; letter to Washburne, Feb. 9, 1855, 389 ;
letter to Robertson, Aug. 15, 1855, 391,
392; attends Decatur Convention, II, 24;
speech at Bloomington Convention, 30;
receives votes for Vice-President in Phil-
adelphia Convention, 35 ; note to John
Van Dyke, June 27, 1856, 36; campaign
work in 1856, 41 ; speech at Galena, 41-43 ;
speech at Chicago, 44, 45 ; speech in reply
to Douglas on the Dred Scott decision,
June 26, 1857, 85-89 ; nominated for Sena-
tor, 136; "House divided against itself"
speech, 136-138, 143 ; letter to Wilson, June
1, 1856, about Greeley and Seward, 139-
142 ; correspondence with Crittenden, 142 ;
speech at Springfield, 111., July 17, 1858,
143, 144; begins Senatorial campaign, 145;
challenges Douglas to joint debate, 145 ;
method of debate, 147 ; answers to Doug-
las's questions, 156, 157; questions to
Douglas at Freeport, 157, 158; comments
on Douglas's answers, 161, 162 ; defeated
for Senator, 165 ; letter to Judd, Nov. 15,
1858, about his defeat, 167, 168; favors
Trumbull's reelection, 167 ; letter to Judd,
Nov. 16, 1858, about campaign expenses,
168; letter to Dr. Henry, Nov. 19, 1858,
about the election, 168, 169 ; letter to As-
bury, Nov. 19, 1858, " The fight must go
on," 169; receives many invitations to
speak, 177; growing party authority of,
178 ; correspondence with Colfax, 178-180 ;
letter to Canisius, May 17, 1859, about
Know-Nothingism, 181 ; letter to Pierce
and others, April 6, 1859, 182, 183; Ohio
speeches, 185-188; comment on the John
Brown raid, 212, 213 ; invited to lecture in
New York, 216 ; Cooper Institute speech,
218-225; speeches in New England, 226;
candidate before Chicago Convention,
1860, 256, 271 ; letter to Pickett, April 16,
1859, 256 ; letter to Judd, Dec. 9, 1859, 257 ;
letter to Frazer, Nov. 1, 1859, 257, 258 ; letter
to Judd, Feb. 9, 1860, 258, 259 ; votes for : on
ftrst ballot, 273 — on second ballot, 274 — on
third ballot, 274, 275 ; nominated for Presi-
dent, 275-277 ; letter of acceptance, May 23,
1860, 276-281 ; habits during the Presiden-
tial campaign, 286, 287 ; letter to Edward
Lusk, Oct. 30, 1858, on " Know-Nothings,"
288 ; letter to A. Jonas, July 21, 1860, on
"Know-Nothings," 288; electoral votes
for, 294 ; the Presidential count, 294 ; de-
clared elected President, 294 ; opinion on
Fugitive Slave law, III, 25; election as
President officially declared, 146; com-
pared and contrasted with Jefferson
Davis, 207-210; approves Constitutional
Amendment, 236; address at Springfield
jubilee, 246 ; opinions on secession, 247 ;
correspondence with Gen. Scott, 249-251 ;
letter to Washburne, Dec. 21, 1860, for Gen.
Scott, 250; letter to Gen. Wool, Jan. 14,
1861, 251; letter to Weed, Dec. 17, 1860,
about governors' meeting, 253 ; caution to
Greeley, 258; letter to Kellogg, Dec. 11,
1860, about compromise, 259; letter to
Washburne, Dec. 13, I860, about compro-
mise, 259 ; letter to Seward, Feb. l, 1861,
about compromise, 260; interview with
Weed, 261 ; confidential correspondence
with A. H. Stephens, 271-273; letter to
Speer, Oct. 23, 1860, 276 ; letter to Prentice,
Oct. 29, i860, 278 ; letter to Paschal, Nov.
16, i860, 279 ; interview with New England
politician, 279-282; letter to Raymond,
Nov. 28, 1860, 282 ; letter to Gilmer, Dec. 15,
I860, 284 ; letter to Duff Green, Dec. 28,
1860, 286 ; letter to Trumbull, Dec. 28, 1860,
287; letter to Hale, Jan. 11, 1861, 288;
journey from Springfield to Washington,
289-315 ; members of his suite, 290 ; fare-
well address at Springfield, 291 ; speeches
at Indianapolis, 293-295 ; speech at Colum-
bus, 295; speech at Steuben ville, 296;
speech at Trenton, 297-299 ; speech at
Philadelphia, 299; speech at Harrisburg,
300 ; raises flag over Independence Hall,
300, 310 ; secret night journey from Harris-
burg to Washington, 302-315 ; rumored
plot to assassinate, 303; interview with
Judd and Pinkerton, 308 ; interview with
F. W. Seward, 311, 313; conference with
members of his suite, 314 ; arrival in
Washington, 315 ; consultation with party
leaders, 318 ; first inaugural address, 319-
344 ; receives Seward's suggestions for the
inaugural, 321 ; adopts most of Seward's
suggestions, 322 ; inauguration of, 324-344 ;
takes the oath of office, 344 ; formation of
his Cabinet, 347 ; interview with Hamlin,
422
INDEX
Lincoln, Abraham — continued.
347 ; editorial in Springfield "Journal," 348;
letters to Seward, Dec. 8, I860, tendering
him office of Secretary of State, 349 ; inter-
view with Bates, 351 ; offers Bates office of
Attorney-General, 352 ; letter to Colfax,
March 8, 1861, 353 ; invites Cameron to
Springfield, 355 ; letter to Cameron. Dec. 31,
1861, tendering him Cabinet appointment,
355, 356; letter to Cameron, Jan. 3, 1861,
recalling tender of Cabinet appointment,
356, 357 ; explanatory letters about the
Cameron affair, 356-358 ; invites Chase to
Springfield, 359; conference with Chase,
359 ; invites Gilmer to Springfield, 362 ; let-
ter to Seward, Jan. 3, 1861, 362; letter to
Seward, Jan. 12, 1861, 364 ; answer to Judd
about Cabinet " slate," 370 ; letter to
Seward, March 4, 1861, asking reconsidera-
tion of his withdrawal from the Cabinet,
371 ; order to maintain all military places,
379; questions to Gen. Scott, 379; first
Cabinet meeting, 380; extract from mes-
sage about Sumter, 382 ; questions his
Cabinet about Sumter, 385 ; sends Capt.
Fox to Sumter, 389 ; sends Hurlbut to
Charleston, 390 ; invites G. W. Summers to
Washington, 423 ; interview with Baldwin,
423-426 ; interview with Botts, 423-426 ;
order for the Sumter expedition, 433, 434 ;
interview with Meigs, 435, 436 ; order to
Gen. Scott to reenforce Fort Pickens, 436 ;
signs secret orders, 438; interview with
Welles, 440, 441 ; answer to Seward's memo-
randum, 448, 449 ; orders to Lieut. Porter,
April l, 1861, IV, 4 ; letter to Capt. Mercer,
April 2, 1861, 4; interview with Seward
and Welles, 5, 6; instructions to Ander-
son, April 4, 1861, 27, 28; notice to Gov.
Pickens, 33, 34 ; letter to Fox, May l, 1861,
56 ; asks Gen. Scott to report military
events daily, 64 ; his equanimity, 70 ; reply
to committee of Virginia Convention,
72-76 ; proclamation, April 15, 1861, calling
out 75,000 militia, and convening Congress,
77 ; interview with Douglas, 80 ; proclaims
blockade of Southern ports, 89 ; declares
privateering piracy, 89 ; requests F. P.
Blair, Sr., to ascertain Lee's sentiments,
98 ; described by Bayard Taylor, 108 ; in-
terview with Baltimore committee, 126;
letter, April 20, 1861, in reply to Gov. Hicks
and Mayor Brown, 126; interview with
Mayor Brown, 127-130; precautionary
orders, April 21, 1861, 137, 138; reply to
Baltimore committee, 139 ; letter to Rev-
erdy Johnson, April 24, 1861, 164, 165;
letter to Gen. Scott, April 25, 1861, about
Maryland legislature, 167, 168 ; order
about habeas corpus, April 27, 1861, 169;
interview with committee of Maryland
legislature, 171, 172 ; message about Merry-
man case, 176, 177 ; draft of reply to Gov.
Harris, May, 1861, 196 ; reply to Johnson,
May 6, 1861, 197 ; orders transfer of arms
to Illinois, 198; directs Lyon to enroll
10,000 volunteers, 212 ; confidential in-
structions to Lyon to relieve Harney,
217 ; approves seizure of war material at
Cairo, 232 ; sends Nelson to Kentucky, 235 ;
commissions Anderson to organize Ken-
tucky troops, 235 ; letter to Gov. Magoffin,
Aug. 24, 1861, 241, 242 ; call for three years'
volunteers, 255; criticism on current
events, 258; establishes armory at Bock
Island, HI., 259; corrects Seward's dispatch
of May 21, 1861, 270-275 ; refuses England's
conditions to the Declaration of Paris,
279 ; revokes exequatur of British consul
at Charleston, 280; calls council of war,
322, 323; promises to aid western Vir-
ginia, 329, 330; authorizes Secretary of
War to aid Gov. Peirpoint, 332 ; receives
news of Union success at Bull Run, 352,
353 ; informed of Union retreat, 353 ; visits
Potomac camps, 357 ; memorandum on
military affairs, 368, 369 ; message, July 4,
1861, 371-375; instructions to Gen. Scott,
July 16, 1861, about fugitive slaves, 391 ;
signs first Confiscation Act, 394 ; appoints
Fremont major general in the U. S. army,
402 ; assigns him to command Western De-
partment, 402 ; letter to Hunter, Sept. 9,
1861, 413 ; letter to Mrs. Fremont, Sept. 12,
1861, 414 ; criticism on Fremont, 414, 415 ;
letter to Fr6mont, Sept. 2, 1861, requesting
him to modify his proclamation, 418 ; re-
vokes Fremont's proclamation, 420 ; letter
to Browning, Sept. 22, 1861, 421-423; order to
relieve Fremont, 433 ; letter to Curtis, Oct.
24, 1861, 433 ; instructions to Hunter, Oct.
24, 1861, 437, 438 ; comment on Gen. Stone's
arrest, 460 ; interviews with Wade, Chand-
ler, and Trumbull, 467; letter about re-
cruiting at Hatfceras, V, 14 ; instructions
about Port Royal expedition, 15, 16 ; com-
ments on the Trent affair, 25, 26; draft
of dispatch on the Trent affair, 32-34;
orders Anderson to assume command in
Kentucky, 50 ; letter to Gov. Morton, Sept.
29, 1861, 54, 55 ; suggests expedition to East
Tennessee, 61, 62 ; proposes military rail-
INDEX
423
Lincoln, Abraham — continued.
road to East Tennessee, 66, 67 ; inquiry to
Buell, Jan. 4, 1862, 70 ; letter to Buell, Jan.
6, 1862, about East Tennessee, 71; gives
Lane authority to raise a brigade, 84;
directions about the Lane expedition,
84, 85 ; authorizes organization of Missouri
State militia, 96 ; comment on letter from
Halleck, 99 ; suggestions to Western com-
manders to cooperate, 100 ; inquiry about
movement on Bowling Green, 101 ; directs
cooperation between Halleck and Buell,
103; indorsement on Halleck' s letter, Jan.
10, 1862, 103, 104; letter to Halleck and
Buell, Jan. 13, 1862, on Western campaign,
107, 108; letter to McClernand, Nov. 10,
1861, about Belmont, 114, 115; modifies
War Department instruction about em-
ploying contrabands, 124; modifies Cam-
eron's report about arming slaves, 126, 127 ;
nominates Cameron Minister to Russia,
128; defends Cameron in a special mes-
sage, 130; first meeting with Stanton,
133, 134 ; relations with Stanton, 139, 140 ;
relations with his Cabinet, 139 ; letter to
Stanton, March l, 1864, about Mrs. Baird,
143; letter to Stanton, March 18, 1864,
about discharge of prisoners of war, 144 ;
order, Sept. 1, 1864, about prisoners of war
at Rock Island, 145, 146 ; interview with
Stanton about Rock Island prisoners,
146, 147; letter to Grant, Sept. 22, 1864,
about Rock Island prisoners, 147 ; suggests
plan of campaign to McClellan, 148, 149 ;
urges McClellan to prepare for a forward
movement, 151; invites McDowell and
Franklin to a conference, 156; military
council at the White House, Jan. 13, 1862,
157, 158 ; issues " General War Order No.
One," 160 ; issues " President's Special War
Order No. One," 160 ; letter to McCleUan,
Feb. 3, 1862, about plan of campaign, 161 ;
adopts McClellan's plan of movement by
the lower Chesapeake, 166 ; issues " Gen-
eral War Order No. Two," 169; issues
" General War Order No. Three," 170, 171 ;
resolves to remove McClellan from chief
command, 178; "President's [Special]
War Order No. Three," 178, 179 ; approves
plan of council at Fairfax Court House,
March 13, 1862, 181; directs McDowell's
corps to remain in front of Washington,
184; telegram to Halleck, Feb. 16, 1862,
about Fort Donelson, 199 ; appoints Grant
major general of U. S. volunteers, 200 ; let-
ter to Bancroft, Nov. 18, 1861, 203; annual
message, Dec. 3, 1861, 204, 205 ; plan of com-
pensated emancipation for Delaware, 206,
207 ; special message, March 6, 1862, re-
commending compensated abolishment,
209, 210 ; letters advocating compensated
abolishment : to Raymond, March 9,
1862, 210— to McDougall, March 14, 1862,
210, 211; interview, March 10, 1862, with
Border Slave State Representatives,
212-214; signs joint resolution for com-
pensated abolishment, 214; signs Act to
emancipate slaves in District of Columbia,
216 ; military council at the White House,
221, 222 ; desires part of McClellan's army
to proceed down the Potomac, 221, 222 ;
orders Potomac rebel batteries silenced,
222 ; receives news of the Merrimac's
attack, 226 ; receives news of the Monitor's
victory, 231 ; orders that the Monitor be
not unduly exposed, 232 ; visits Fort Mon-
roe, 234 ; suggests attack on Se wall's
Point batteries, 234; reconnoiters land-
ing opposite Fort Monroe, 236 ; visits Nor-
folk, 237, 238; present at council about
expedition against New Orleans, 254,
255; orders the expedition, 255; decides
against present change of commands in
the West, 309; cautionary dispatch to
Buell, March 10, 1862, 315 ; War Order
No. Three, March 11, 1862, uniting West-
ern Departments under command of Hal-
leck, 315, 316 ; letter to Halleck, May 24, 1862,
339, 340; orders Halleck to send 25,000
troops east, 353 ; telegraphs Halleck, June
30, 1862, to send no troops east if it inter-
feres with Buell's advance on East Ten-
nessee, 353 ; appoints Halleck general-in-
chief, 355 ; letter to McClellan, April 9,
1862, answering complaints about Mc-
Dowell's corps, 362-364; asks McClellan,
May 1, 1862, "Is anything to be done?"
374 ; sends McClellan permission to tem-
porarily suspend the corps organization,
381; letter to McClellan, May 9, 1862,
about corps commanders, 381, 382 ; informs
McClellan that "the President is not
willing to uncover the capital entirely,"
383 ; orders McDowell to form a junction
with McClellan, 383 ; dispatch to McClel-
lan, May 25, 1862, about Jackson's raid and
the detention of McDowell, 402, 403 ; urges
McClellan to u attack Richmond or give
up the job," 403 ; directions in regard to
Jackson's raid, 403 ; orders to McDowell to
move against Jackson, 405, 406 ; advice and
information to McDowell, 407, 408 ; orders
424
INDEX
Lincoln, Abraham — continued.
Fremont to Harrisonburg, 408 ; orders to
abandon pursuit of Jackson, 411 ; letter to
McClellan, June 15, 1862, 416 ; comment on
"Stonewall" Jackson, 417; answers Mc-
Clellan's dispatch about responsibility,
June 26, 1862, 420 ; telegraphs McClellan,
June 28, 1862, " Save your army at all
events," 443 ; orders assistance and rein-
forcements to McClellan, 444; telegram
to McClellan, July 1, 1862, " Maintain
your ground if you can," 445 ; telegram to
McClellan, July 2, 1862, about reinforce-
ments, 446 ; visits McClellan, July 8, 1862,
453; interviews with army officers, 453;
questions McClellan about absenteeism,
453, 454 ; places Halleck in chief command,
455 ; visits Gen. Scott at West Point, VI,
2 ; alleged opinion in Porter court-martial
case, 13; reply to McClellan's telegram
about Pope, 19 ; interview with McClellan
and Halleck, 21 ; places McClellan in
command of defenses of Washington, 21 ;
opinion of McClellan, 23 ; orders Halleck
to form a new army, 28 ; comment on
Hunter's order of emancipation, 94; proc-
lamation revoking Hunter's order, 94-96 ;
admonition to the Southern States, 95, 96 ;
approval of antislavery enactments of
Second Session of Thirty-Seventh Con-
gress, 98-102 ; recommends recognition of
Hayti and Liberia, 99 ; draft of veto mes-
sage on the Confiscation Act, 102, 103 ; in-
fluence on antislavery movement, 107 ;
second interview with Border State Rep-
resentatives, 108-111 ; urges them to accept
compensated emancipation, 109-111 ; letter
to Seward, June 28, 1862, " I expect to
maintain this contest," etc., 115, 116 ; letter
to governors of loyal States, June 30, 1862,
about reinforcements, 116, 117 ; response to
governors issuing call for 300,000 men,
119; private circular to governors, 119;
decides to adopt military emancipation,
121 ; interview with Welles and Seward,
121-123 ; directs order to be issued about
seizing rebel property and employing
slaves, 124 ; averse to arming negroes, 124,
125 ; reads to his Cabinet first draft of
emancipation proclamation, 125 ; describes
comments of members of the Cabinet,
129, 130; postpones issuing first emancipa-
tion proclamation, 130 ; injunction to Mc-
Clellan to find and hurt the enemy, 132 ;
grotesque simile of, 142 ; disappointment
at Lee's escape from Antietam, 145, 146 ;
letter to Reverdy Johnson, July 26, 1862,
answering conservative complaints in
Louisiana, 149, 150 ; letter to Bullitt, July
28, 1862, answering conservative com-
plaints in Louisiana, 150, 151; letter to
Horace Greeley, Aug. 22, 1862, 152, 153;
his self-criticism, 154 ; reply to a Chicago
deputation, Sept. 13, 1862, 155, 156 ; reads
preliminary emancipation proclamation
to his Cabinet, 158 ; comment in Cabinet
on emancipation proclamation, 163 ; reply
to serenade, 164 ; statement about Altoona
meeting, 164, 165 ; visits McClellan at An-
tietam, 174; "McClellan's body-guard," 175;
instructions through Halleck to McClel-
lan, Oct. 6, 1862, 175, 176; inquiry about
McClellan's horses, 177 ; reply to McClel-
lan about horses, 179 ; letter to McClellan,
Oct. 13, 1862, of military criticism and
advice, 181-184 ; instructions through Hal-
leck to McClellan, Oct. 21, 1862, urging
movement, 184; letter requesting Maj.
Key to disprove alleged remarks, 186 ; in-
terview with Maj. Key and Maj. Turner,
186, 187 ; record in case of Maj. Key, Sept.
27, 1862, 187; orders dismissal of Maj.
Key, 187 ; intentions towards McClellan,
188; removes McClellan from command,
Nov. 5, 1862, 188, 189 ; consents to Burn-
side's plan of campaign against Rich-
mond, 198 ; visits Burnside at Fredericks-
burg, Nov. 27, 1862, 200 ; letter to Halleck,
Nov. 27, 1862, on Burnside's proposed cam-
paign, 200, 201; dispatch to Army of
Potomac, Dec. 22, 1862, 211; telegraphs
Burnside, Dec. 30, 1862, not to make a gen-
eral movement, 213 ; interview with Gens.
Cochrane and Newton, 213; interview
with Burnside, 214 ; letter asking Halleck
to approve or disapprove Burnside's plan,
Jan. 1, 1863, 215; withdraws the letter,
216; declines to accept Burnside's resig-
nation, 217; gives Burnside leave of
absence, 221; assigns Burnside to com-
mand Department of the Ohio, 221 ; signs
Act to make paper money legal tender,
Feb. 25, 1862, 235 ; comments on National
Bank Act, 243, 244; supports Chase's
financial management, 247; estimate of
Chase's ability, 262, 263 ; conference with
Republican Senators asking Seward's dis-
missal, 264, 265; interview with Cabinet
and Republican Senate Committee, 265-
267 ; declines to accept resignations of
Seward and Chase, 268; comment on
Chase's resignation, "Now I can ride,"
INDEX
425
Lincoln, Abraham — continued.
271 ; urges relief of East Tennessee, 273 ;
directs Halleck to order Buell to East
Tennessee, 280 ; congratulates Rosecrans
on battle of Murfreesboro, 296 ; asks writ-
cen opinions of Cabinet on bill to admit
West Virginia, 300 ; opinion on the admis-
sion of West Virginia, 309-311 ; signs Act
admitting West Virginia, 311 ; reply to
resolutions of New School Presbyterians,
323 ; reply to committee of General Con-
ference of the Methodist Episcopal Church,
324 ; letter to Iowa Quakers, Jan. 5, 1862,
327,328; letter to Rhode Island Quakers,
March 19, 1862, 328 ; letter to Mrs. Gurney,
Sept. 4, 1864, 328, 329 ; letter to Reed, Feb.
22, 1863, 330 ; commutes punishment of
Norfolk clergyman, 334 ; letter to Curtis,
Jan. 2, 1863, about the churches, 336 ; letter
to Filley, Dec. 22, 1863, about Dr. Mc-
Pheeters, 336, 337 ; letter to Stanton, Feb.
11, 1864, about the Southern churches,
337 ; orders about a church at Memphis,
March 4, 1864, 338 ; revokes Grant's order
expelling Jews, 339 ; order for observance
of the Sabbath, Nov 16, 1862, 340, 341 ; med-
itation on Providence, September, 1862,
342 ; appoints Andrew Johnson military
governor of Tennessee, 344 ; appoints Ed-
ward Stanley military governor of North
Carolina, 345 ; appoints G. F. Shepley mili-
tary governor of Louisiana, 346 ; appoints
John S. Phelps military governor of
Arkansas, 346 ; language of inaugural and
special message concerning reconstruc-
tion, 347, 348 ; allusion to reconstruction
in letter to Reverdy Johnson, July 26,
1862, 348, 349 ; allusion to reconstruction in
letter to Cuthbert Bullitt, July 28, 1862,
349 ; letter to Butler and Shepley, Oct. 14,
1862, about reconstruction, 350; same to
Grant and Johnson, Oct. 21, 1862, 350;
same to Steele and Phelps, Nov. 18, 1862,
350 ; letters to Shepley, Nov. 21, 1862, about
Congressmen from Louisiana, 351, 352 ;
belief in the value of colonization, 354 ;
comment on colonization in the Lincoln-
Douglas debates, 355; recommends ap-
propriation of money and acquisition of
territory for colonization, 355 ; asks Prof.
Henry for report on Chiriqui coal, 358 ;
signs contract with Bernard Kock for col-
onization on lie A' Vache, 360 ; cancels the
contract, 362 ; sends special agent to in-
vestigate the colony at He A'Vache, 364 ;
order creating Department of the Mis-
souri, 381 ; letter to Bates, Nov. 29, 1862,
about Missouri State militia, 385, 386;
letter to Gamble, and order, 386; order
suspending assessments in St. Louis
County, 386 ; letter to Curtis, Jan. 5, 1863,
about Missouri difficulties, 387, 388 ; orders
suspension of assessments for damages in
Missouri, 390; telegram to Curtis, Jan.
10, 1863, about slaves in Missouri, 396 ; tele-
gram to B. Gratz Brown, Jan. 7, 1863,
about Missouri Senatorial election, 397;
answer to Woodruff, April 16, 18G3, about
Missouri discords, 397, 398 ; discusses com-
pensated abolishment in annual message
of Dec. 1, 1862, 399-401 ; proposes a Consti-
tutional Amendment, 400; reads draft of
final emancipation proclamation to the
Cabinet, 405 ; form of the draft, 414, 415 ;
final revision of the proclamation, 421 ;
signs final emancipation proclamation,
429 ; letter to Hodges, April 4, 1864, about
emancipation proclamation, 430, 431 ; ex-
tract from letter to Conkling, Aug. 26,
1863, 431, 432; extracts from letter to Rob-
inson, Aug. 17, 1863, 432, 433 ; extract from
letter to Schermerhorn, Sept. 12, 1864, 433 ;
remarks in interview with J. T. Mills, 433,
434 ; letter to Chase, Sept. 2, 1863, 434, 435 ;
question to Gen. Mitchel about opening
the Mississippi, 440, 441 ; answers Butler's
inquiry about negro soldiers, 448 ; letter
to Dix, Jan. 14, 1863, about colored troops,
452, 453 ; letter to Gov. Johnson, March
26, 1863, about colored troops, 453, 454;
letter to Banks, March 29, 1863, about col-
ored troops, 454, 455; letter to Hunter,
April 1, 1863, about colored troops, 455, 456 ;
letter to Sumner, June 1, 1863, about Fre-
mont and colored troops, 456, 457 ; urges a
vigorous renewal of organizing negro
troops, 465 ; letter to Grant, Aug. 9, 1863,
about negro troops, 465 ; reply to Fred-
erick Douglass about retaliation, 474 ;
order about retaliation, 474, 475 ; address
about Fort Pillow, 478 ; asks Cabinet opin-
ions on the Fort Pillow massacre, 481 ; calls
for 300,000 volunteers, July 2, 1862, VII, 3 ;
calls for 300,000 nine-months militia, Aug.
4, 1862, 3; approves law for the draft,
March 3, 1863, 5; letter to Gov. Seymour,
March 23, 1863, 10, 11 ; letters to Seymour,
Aug. 7 and 16, 1863, about the draft, 33, 35,
39; appoints commission on New York
enrollment, 41 ; letter to Stanton, Feb. 27,
1864, on New York enrollment, 42, 43 ; un-
published opinion on the draft law, 49-57 ;
426
INDEX
Lincoln, Abraham — continued.
telegram to Du Pont, April 13, 1863, about
attack on Charleston, 74, 75 ; instruction
to Hunter and Du Pont, April 14, 1863, 75 ;
letter of thanks to Hunter, June 30, 1863,
85, 86; letter to Hooker, Jan. 26, 1863,
about dictatorship, 87, 88 ; memorandum,
April 11, 1863, about Richmond campaign,
90, 91 ; directs that McClernand command
the Vicksburg expedition, 126 ; letter to
Hooker, May 7, 1863, asking if he has a
plan of movement, 197, 198; letter to
Hooker, May 14, 1863, against early move-
ment, 199 ; letter to Hooker, June 5, 1863,
" Would not take any risk of being entan-
gled upon the river like an ox jumped half
over a fence," 204, 205; telegram to
Hooker, June 10, 1863, that Lee's army,
and not Richmond, is his objective, 208 ;
letter, June 29, 1863, answering Milroy's
complaints, 209 ; telegram to Hooker, June
14, 1863, about the head and tail of Lee's
army, 210 ; letter to Hooker, June 16, 1863,
about relations between Hooker and Hal-
leck, 212 ; issues call for 100,000 militia for
six months, 220 ; urges pursuit of Lee, 274 ;
informs Meade of surrender of Vicksburg,
274 ; appoints Meade brigadier general in
U. S. army, 274; expresses dissatisfaction
at Lee's escape, 277; declines to accept
Meade's resignation, 277 ; comment on
Lee's escape, 277, 278 ; unsigned letter to
Meade, July 14, 1863, 279-281 ; reply, Nov.
22, 1862, to Banks's requisition, 312, 313;
letter of praise to Grant, July 13, 1863,
326, 327 ; letter to Burnside, May 29, 1863,
about Vallandigham's arrest, 338; com-
mutes Vallancligham's sentence, 339;
orders him sent "beyond our military
lines," 339 ; letter to Corning and others,
June 12, 1863, about Vallandigham, 343-
349; reply to Ohio committee, June 29,
1863, 352-354 ; draft of instructions about
Vallandigham, June 20, 1864 (not sent),
359 ; letter to Schurz, Nov. 24, 1862, about
the elections, 363, 364 ; letter to Fernando
Wood, Dec. 12, 1862, about amnesty and
negotiation, 368; draft of reply to
Stephens (not sent), 373 ; draft of reply
to Stephens (sent), 374; letter to Conk-
ling, Aug. 26, 1863, about peace, 380-384 ;
reply to Chandler's criticism on Weed and
Morgan, 389; warning to Republicans
about Etheridge's alleged plot, 390, 391;
letter to Montgomery Blair, Nov. 2,
1863, about Frank Blair, 392, 393; letter
to Grant, Aug. 9, 1863, about Mexico, 401 ;
affirms the Monroe doctrine in his second
letter of acceptance, 421 ; action respect-
ing rebel privateers, 448; authorizes
Grant to reopen the subject of exchange,
463 ; attitude towards the American
Knights, VIII, 8; remark to Sen. Mc-
Donald, 13; gives respite to John Y.
Beall, 20; refuses to commute Beall's
sentence, 20, 21 ; modifies Dix's order
about pursuing rebel raiders, 25; order,
Feb. 14, 1862, about political prisoners, 32 ;
order, Feb. 27, 1863, appointing Dix and
Pierrepont to examine cases of State
prisoners, 32, 33 ; directs War Department
order of Nov. 22, 1862, discharging prison-
ers arrested for opposing the draft, etc.,
33, 34 ; indemnified by Congress for having
suspended writ of habeas corpus, 33-36 ;
authorized by Congress to suspend writ of
habeas corpus, 33-36 ; letter to Rosecrans,
March 17, 1863, about rank, 47; letter to
Rosecrans, Feb. 17, 1863, about rebel raids,
50; letter to Rosecrans, Aug. 10, 1863,
about inaction, 64-66 ; rejoinder to Rose-
crans, Aug. 31, 1863, 66, 67 ; comment on
Chickamauga, 108; instructions to Hal-
leck, Sept. 21, 1863, about Rosecrans, 109 ;
dispatch to Rosecrans, Sept. 21, 1863, 109,
110 ; dispatches to Burnside, Sept. 21 and
23, 1863, 110, ill; rides from Soldiers'
Home to War Department at night, 112 ;
holds council of war, 112 ; correspon-
dence with Rosecrans, 114-117 ; letter to
Rosecrans, Sept. 28, 1863, about Hooker
and Slocum, 143 ; sympathy for Unionists
in East Tennessee, 158, 159 ; reply to East
Tennesseeans, Aug. 9, 1863, 161, 162; de-
clines to accept Burnside's resignation,
165 ; draft of telegram to Burnside, Sept.
25, 1863 (not sent), 166; answer to East
Tennesseeans, Oct. 16, 1863, 169 ; anecdote
illustrating Burnside's situatiou, 178;
letter to Gov. Johnson, Sept. 18, 1863,
about reconstruction and military affairs,
186, 187; proclamation about Union suc-
cess in East Tennessee, 187 ; telegram of
thanks to Grant, Dec. 8, 1863, 187, 188 ; ac-
cepts invitation to Gettysburg dedication,
190; visits Gettysburg, 191; Gettysburg
Address, Nov. 19, 1863, 202 ; letter to Ever-
ett, Nov. 20, 1863, 203 ; letter to Stanton,
May 11, 1863, about Curtis and Schofleld,
204, 205; telegram to Blow, Drake, and
others, May 15, 1863, 205 ; instructions to
Schofleld, May 27, 1863, 205, 206 ; letter to
INDEX
427
Lincoln, Abraham— continued.
Schofleld, June 22, 1863, about emancipa-
tion in Missouri, 208; interview with
committee of Missouri radicals, 215-220;
written reply to address of Missouri radi-
cals, Oct. 5, 1863, 220-223 ; instructions to
Schofleld, Oct. 1, 1863, about Missouri
affairs, 225, 226 ; letter to Gamble, Oct. 19,
1863, about protection to provisional gov-
ernment of Missouri, 227, 228; letter to
Halleck, July 29, 1863, about attacking
Lee, 233; letter to Halleck, Sept. 15,
1863, advising attack on Lee, 234; let-
ter to Halleck, Sept. 19, 1863, discussing
defensive policy, 235, 236; holds mili-
tary conference, 236 ; letter to Halleck,
Oct. 16, 1863, advising attack on Lee, 242 ;
letter to Gillmore, Jan. 13, 1864, on recon-
struction in Florida, 282, 283; letter to
William Kellogg, June 29, 1863, about
cotton, 307 ; comment on Chase's course,
316, 317; letter to Chase, Feb 29, 1864,
about Pomeroy's circular, 322 ; appoints
Grant lieutenant-general, 335; comment
on Halleck, 335; interview with Grant,
340, 341 ; presents Grant his commission
as lieutenant-general, 341 ; conversation
with Grant about his duties, 343 ; letter to
Grant, April 30, 1864, about Virginia cam-
paign, 354, 355 ; letter to Hurlbut, July
31, 1863, about emancipation and recon-
struction in Arkansas, 410, 411 ; letters to
Steele, Jan. 15 and 20, 1864, on Arkansas
reconstruction, 412, 413 ; letter to Murphy,
Feb. 6, 1864, about reconstruction in Ar-
kansas, 415, 416 ; letter to Fishback, Feb.
17, 1864, about reconstruction in Arkansas,
416 ; letter to Steele, June 29, 1864, about
new State government in Arkansas, 418;
letter to Louisiana Conservative Commit-
tee, June 19, 1863, 420; letter to Banks,
Aug. 5, 1863, about Louisiana reconstruc-
tion, 421, 422 ; letter to Banks, Nov. 5, 1863,
about Louisiana registration, 423, 424;
letter to Flanders, Nov. 9, 1863, about
repeal of Louisiana secession ordinance,
424; letter to Cottman, Dec. 15, 1863,
about Louisiana reconstruction, 426 ; let-
ter to Banks, Dec. 24, 1863, making him
"master" in Louisiana reconstruction,
427, 428 ; approves Banks's plan, 430 ; ap-
points Hahn military governor of Louisi-
ana, 434 ; letter to Johnson, Sept. 11, 1863,
about Tennessee reconstruction, 441 ; or-
ders about Tennessee reconstruction, 442 ;
telegram to Maynard, Feb. 13, 1864, 444 ;
telegram to Warren Jordan, 444 ; letter to
E. H. East, Feb. 27, 1864, about Tennessee
reconstruction, 444, 445 ; proclamation de-
fining the amnesty proclamation, 445, 446 ;
order regulating negro enlistments in
Maryland, Missouri, Tennessee, and Dela-
ware, 460 ; letter to Swann about Mary-
land elections, 461 ; letter to Bradford,
Nov. 2, 1863, about Schenck's election
order in Maryland, 463, 464 ; letter to Cres-
well, March 17, 1864, about Maryland
emancipation, 465 ; letter to Hoffman, Oct.
10, 1864, about Maryland Constitution,
467, vote for, in Presidential election,
1864, 468; interview with Schofleld, 472;
letters to Stanton, Dec. 18 and 21, 1863,
about Schofleld, 472-474 ; nominates Scho-
fleld major general of U. S. volunteers, 474;
transfers Schofleld and Bosecrans, 474 ; let-
ter to Rosecrans, April 4, 1864, about Mis-
souri, 475, 476 ; instructions to Rosecrans
about Missouri election, 480, 481; direc-
tions to Missouri office holders, 483; letter
to Gov. Fletcher, Feb. 20, 1865, 485 ; letter,
June 3, 1864, in praise of Grant, IX, 50, 51 ;
letter to Washburne, Oct. 26, 1863, about re-
nomination, 58 ; letters to Schurz, March
13 and 23, 1864, about political canvass, 59,
60 ; address to Workingmen's Committee,
March 21, 1864, 60, 61; nominated for
President by Baltimore Convention, 71,
72 ; declines to interfere about Vice-Presi-
dent and platform, 73 ; reply to notice of
his renomination, 75, 76 ; letter of accept-
ance, 77, 78 ; declines to renominate How-
ard, 87 ; note to Chase, May 8, 1863, about
Victor Smith, 89, 90 ; declines to appoint
Field Assistant Treasurer at New York,
92, 93 ; letter to Chase, June 28, 1864, about
Field, 93, 94 ; accepts Chase's resignation,
95 ; nominates Tod for Secretary of Trea-
sury, 95 ; nominates Fessenden for Secre-
tary of Treasury, 99 ; comment on Fessen-
den's appointment, 100 ; annual message,
Dec. 8, 1863, 104-109 ; comment on theory of
reconstruction, 111 ; comment on Missouri
radicals, 111, 112; letter to Henry Winter
Davis, March 18, 1863, 113, 114 ; interview
with Chandler about Reconstruction Act,
120, 121 ; declines to sign Reconstruction
Act, 120-123 ; proclamation, July 8, 1864,
about Reconstruction Act, 123 ; correspon-
dence with Grant about Early's raid, 166,
167; witnesses skirmish near Washing-
ton, 172, 173 ; issues call for 500,000 men,
176; reply, Aug. 3, 1864, to Grant's dia*
428
INDEX
Lincoln, Abraham — continued.
patch, 180; letter to Greeley, July 9, 1864,
about peace propositions, 187, 188 ; letter
to Greeley, July 15, 1864, asking him to
bring commissioners, 189 ; letter, July 18,
1864, " To whom it may concern," 192 ;
correspondence with Greeley about pub-
lishing the Niagara letters, 195 ; refuses
government authority to Jaquess, 203;
letter to Abram Wakeman, July 25, 1864,
213, 214 ; draft of letter to Robinson, Aug.
17, 1864, 215-217; interview with Ray-
mond and others, 219-221 ; draft of instruc-
tions to Raymond, Aug. 24, 1864, 220, 221 ;
secret memorandum, Aug. 23, 1864, 251;
reply to Sherman, July 26, 1864, about Os-
terhaus, 276 ; order of thanks on capture
of Atlanta, 289, 290 ; telegram to Grant,
Sept. 12, 1864, suggesting movement for
Sheridan, 298; dispatch to Grant, Sept.
29, 1864, about Sheridan, 313; telegraphs
thanks to Sheridan, 326, 327 ; comment on
the Sumner-Blair controversy, 336 ; action
on the Blair-Halleck controversy, 338, 339 ;
asks Blair's resignation, 340, 341; offers
Montgomery Blair Spanish or Austrian
mission, 342 ; offers Bates a District Judge-
ship, 344, 345 ; offers Holt Attorney-Gen-
eralship, 345, 346 ; appoints Speed Attor-
ney General, 347, 348 ; nominates Morgan
for Secretary of Treasury, 349 ; appoints
McCulloch Secretary of Treasury, 349;
proclamation of thanks for Mobile and
Atlanta, Sept. 3, 1864, 351, 352; reply to
Rev. Dr. Thompson, 352 ; remarks to re-
turning regiments, 355, 356 ; draft of letter,
Sept. 12, 1864, to Schermerhorn, 356, 357;
interview with Lellyett, 358; letter to
Campbell, Oct. 22, 1864, about Tennessee
election, 358, 359; speech, Oct. 19, 1864,
about election, 360, 361; action in the
Scripps- Arnold controversy, 361 ; letter to
Hunt about Conkling, 362 ; letter to Mc-
Michael, Aug. 5, 1864, about Kelley, 362,
363 ; refuses to suspend the draft, 364, 365 ;
directions to Sherman and Rosecrans
about soldiers' vote, 365, 366; receives
news of October election, 1864, 369-371;
receives news of Presidential election,
1864, 376, 377 ; reelected President, Nov. 8,
1864, 377 ; speech about Presidential elec-
tion, 380, 381 ; letter to John Phillips,
Nov. 21, 1864, 382 ; comment on the election
in annual message of 1864, 383, 384 ; com-
ment on Chase, 393, 394 ; appoints Chase
Chief Justice, 394, 395 ; telegram, June 15,
1864, about movement across James River,
407 ; telegram to Grant, July 17, 1864, 419;
dispatch to Grant, Aug. 17, 1864, 428 ; let-
ters to Butler, Aug. 9 and Dec. 21, 1864,
about Virginia reconstruction, 442-444;
letter to Hurlbut, Nov. 14, 1864, about
Louisiana reconstruction, 446, 447 ; letter
to Canby, Dec. 12, 1864, about Louisiana
reconstruction, 447, 448; letter to Trum-
bull, JaD. 9, 1865, on Louisiana reconstruc-
tion, 453, 454 ; address on reconstruction,
April 11, 1865, 457-463 ; reply to Sherman
about Gov. Brown, 471 ; letter of thanks
to Sherman for Savannah, 494, 495 ; directs
Porter to hold his position off Fort Fisher,
X, 65; asks Grant to renew expedition
against Fort Fisher, 65 ; message of Dec. 8,
1863, on emancipation, 73, 74 ; suggests that
Baltimore platform advocate Thirteenth
Amendment, 79 ; message of Dec. 6, 1864,
on Thirteenth Amendment, 80 ; interview
with Ashley, 84, 85 ; address about Thir-
teenth Amendment, 87, 88 ; message, Dec.
6, 1864, about peace, 92, 93; gives F. P.
Blair, Sr.,pass to go South, 94; letter to
Blair, Jan. 18, 1865, about peace negotia-
tions, 108; sends Eckert to meet Peace
Commissioners, 113 ; sends Seward to con-
fer with Peace Commissioners, 115; in-
structions to Seward, Jan. 31, 1865, 115 ;
goes to Fort Monroe, 117 ; interview with
Peace Commissioners in Hampton Roads,
Feb. 3, 1865, 118-129; draft of message,
Feb. 5, 1865, submitted to Cabinet, 133-135 ;
message, Feb. 10, 1865, about Hampton
Roads Conference, 137, 138 ; message, Feb.
8, 1865, about joint resolution on elector-
al votes, 140, 141 ; declared reelected by
joint convention of Congress, 141, 142;
reply to notification committee, 142; sec-
ond inauguration of, March 4, 1865, 143-
145 ; second inaugural address, March 4,
1865, 143-145; letter to Weed, March 15,
1865, about second inaugural, 146 ; directs
Grant not to discuss or confer upon polit-
ical questions, 158; dispatch to Grant,
188 ; letter to Grant, Jan. 19, 1865, about
his son, 213 ; visit to Grant's headquarters,
214 ; interview with Grant, Sherman, and
Porter, 215; interview with Grant at
Petersburg, 216 ; visit to Richmond, 216-
221; interviews with Campbell, 220-222;
memorandum for Campbell, 221 ; letter to
Weitzel, April 6, 1865, about Virginia legis-
lature, 222, 223 ; dispatch to Grant, April
6,1865, about Virginia legislature, 223,224;
INDEX
429
dispatch to Weitzel, April 12, 1865, about
Virginia legislature, 226-228 ; remarks at
Cabinet meeting, April 14, 1865, 281-285 ;
interview with Colfax, 285 ; comments on
personal threats, 287, 288 ; attends Ford's
Theater, 292 ; shot by Booth, April 14, 1865,
296 ; carried across the street, 297 ; death,
April 15, 1865, 301, 302; funeral honors
at Washington, 316-318 ; at Baltimore,
Harrisburg, Philadelphia, 320; at New
York, Albany, Syracuse, Rochester, Buf-
falo, Cleveland, 321 ; at Columbus, Indian-
apolis, Chicago, Springfield, 322 ; buried
at Oak Ridge, 323 ; monument at Spring-
field, 324, 325.
Lincoln, Mrs. Abraham, accompanies the
President-elect to Washington, III, 290 ;
invites Gen. and Mrs. Grant to Ford's
Theater, X, 292 ; invites Miss Harris and
Maj. Rathbone to Ford's Theater, 292 ; at-
tends the theater with her husband, 292 ;
present at Lincoln's deathbed, 300, 302.
Lincoln, Abraham, marries Anna Boone, I,
4 ; serves in Pennsylvania Constitutional
Convention, 4.
Lincoln, Abraham, grandfather of the Pres.:
emigrates from Virginia to Kentucky, I,
1; son of John Lincoln of Rockingham
County, Va., 3 ; marries Mary Shipley, 5 ;
enters land in Kentucky, 10, 11 ; list of
lands owned by, 11 ; killed by Indians, 21 ;
widow removes with family to Washing-
ton County, Ky., 23.
Lincoln, Abraham, Confederate soldier, 1, 4.
Lincoln, David J., of Birdsboro, Berks Co.,
Pa. : information from, about Lincoln
genealogy, I, 4.
Lincoln, Edward Baker, son of the Presi-
dent : born March 10, 1846, 1, 200.
Lincoln, Hannaniah, signs surveyor's certifi-
cate for Abraham Lincoln's land in Jeffer-
son County, Ky., I, 5.
Lincoln, Isaac, settles on the Holston River
in Tennessee, I, 3.
Lincoln, Jacob, Revolutionary soldier, I, 3.
Lincoln, John, son of Mordecai Lincoln of
Berks County, Pa., I, 3 ; goes to Rocking-
ham County, Va., 3.
Lincoln, Josiah, uncle of the President:
goes to fort for assistance against In-
dians, I, 21.
Lincoln, Minor, writes a secession letter to
the President, 1, 4.
Lincoln, Mordecai, son of Samuel Lincoln,
of Hingham, Mass., I, 2.
Lincoln, Mordecai, grandson of Samuel Lin-
coln, of Hingham, Mass., I, 2 ; death of,
in Berks County, Pa., 3.
Lincoln, Mordecai, preacher : performs
marriage ceremony for President An-
drew Johnson, I, 3.
Lincoln, Mordecai, uncle of the President:
inherits his father's lands in Kentucky, I,
11; defends homestead against Indians,
21 ; hatred of Indians, 21.
Lincoln, Nancy, personal appearance, I,
24 ; teaches her husband to write his
name, 24 ; birth of Sarah, or Nancy, 25 ;
birth of Abraham, 25 ; death, Oct. 5, 1818, 31.
Lincoln, Richard V. B., letter from, about
Lincoln genealogy, I, 5.
Lincoln, Robert, captain and commissary of
U. S. volunteers, I, 3.
Lincoln, Robert T., son of the Pres., Capt.
U. S. Vols., Sec. of War under Garfield
and Arthur, Min. to England : erects
monument over his grandfather's grave,
I, 74; born Aug. 1, 1843, 200, 216; accom-
panies President-elect to Washington, III,
290 ; evidence in Porter court-martial case,
VI, 13; service on Grant's staff, X, 214;
present at Lincoln's deathbed, 300.
Lincoln, Samuel, of Hingham, Mass. : first
American ancestor of the President, I, 2.
Lincoln, Sarah or Nancy, sister of the Presi-
dent: born in 1807, 1, 25 ; joins the Baptist
Church, 32, 33; marriage to Aaron Grigsby,
45 ; death, 45.
Lincoln, Thomas, emigrates to Kentucky,
1,3.
Lincoln, Thomas, father of the President:
narrowly escapes capture by Indians, I,
21 ; learns carpenter's trade, 23 ; per-
sonal characteristics, 23; marries Nancy
Hanks, June 12, 1806, 23; marriage bond
of, 23, 24; home in Elizabethtowu, Ky.,
25 ; Sarah or Nancy, daughter of, born, 25 ;
removes to Hardin, now La Rue, County,
Ky., 25 ; Abraham, son of, born, 25 ; buys
farm on Knob Creek, 25; emigrates to
Indiana, 28; death of his wife, 31; mar-
ries Sarah Bush Johnston, 32; joins the
Baptist Church, 32; emigrates to Illinois,
45 ; death, 1851, 74.
Lincoln, Thomas, son of the President:
born April 4, 1853, I, 200; accompanies
his father to Washington, III, 290.
Lincoln, William "Wallace, son of the Presi-
dent : born Dec. 21, 1850, I, 200 ; accom-
panies his father to Washington, III, 290.
Linder, Usher F., correspondence with
Lincoln, I, 275, 276.
430
INDEX
Lindsay, W. S., M. P. : interview with
Napoleon the Third, VIII, 274.
Lloyd, John M., accessory in plot for Lin-
coln's abduction, X, 291 ; gives informa-
tion of Booth and Herold, 307.
Locke, Vernon, alias Capt. Parker, Conf.
Navy : receives the Chesapeake from her
captors, VIII, 14, 15.
Loewe, William, Prussian Deputy: speech
on Lincoln's death, X, 343.
Logan, David, son of Stephen T. Logan:
succeeds Lincoln in partnership with his
father, 1,215; sergeant in Mexican war, 250.
Logan, John A., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. : per-
sonal relations to Lincoln, VII, 136 ; march
to Perkins's plantation, 161 ; in battle of
Port Gibson, 171, 172 ; in engagement at
Raymond, 177, 178; in battle of Cham-
pion's Hill, 189-192; present at Grant's
interview with Pemberton, 303 ; promoted
to command McPherson's corps, VIII,
345 ; temporarily succeeds McPherson, IX,
271 ; in battles of Atlanta, 272, 273, 280, 286 ;
sent to relieve Thomas, X, 28 ; in march
to Columbia, 230; at grand review in
Washington, 333.
Logan, J. L., Conf. Col. : correspondence
with Andrews about negro prisoners of
war, VII, 454, 455.
Logan, Stephen T., Judge of Illinois Circuit
Ct. : first meeting with Lincoln, I, 108 ;
makes Lincoln his law partner, 213;
character as a lawyer, 214; comment on
Lincoln's ability, 215 ; nominated for Con-
gress, 289; defeated for Congress, 290;
candidate for legislature in Illinois, 375 ;
announces change of votes from Lincoln
to Trumbull, 390 ; member of Peace Con-
vention, III, 230.
Lomax, L. L., Conf. Maj. Gen. : in battle of
Winchester, IX, 300 ; in battle of Fisher's
Hill, 306, 309 ; defeated by Torbert, 314 ;
stationed at Millford, 327„
Lone Jack, Mo., action at, Aug. 16, 1862, VI,
379.
Long, A. L., Conf. Brig. Gen. : statement
about battle of Waynesboro, IX, 330.
Long, Alexander, M. C: resolution in Demo-
cratic National Convention, IX, 255.
Long, Eli, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. : in Wil-
son's raid, X, 239.
Longstreet, James, Conf. Lieut. Gen.: posted
as rearguard at Williamsburg, V, 376 ; re-
pulses Stoneman, 376 ; assists Hill's attack
on Casey's division, 388; attacks Union
forces at Beaver Dam Creek, 425 ; criti-
cism on the results at Beaver Dam, 426,
427 ; pursues Union army towards James
River, 434 ; attacks Union army at Glen-
dale, 435 ; ordered to the Rapidan, VI, 6 ;
in battle of second Bull Run, Aug. 30, 1862,
10; with Lee at Sharpsburg, 137; com-
mands Confederate left at Fredericks-
burg, 201 ; commands corps in Lee's army,
VII, 201 ; corps of, moves northward, 205 ;
crosses the Potomac, 217, 218; march
towards Gettysburg, 233 ; in battle of
Gettysburg, 247, 250, 251, 259, 260, 262, 263,
268 ; commands Confederate right at
Gettysburg, 249; advises Lee to adopt
flank movement, 251 ; ordered by Lee to
attack on July 2, 1863, 251 ; ordered by Lee
to attack on July 3, 1863, 258, 259 ; opinion
about Gettysburg, 271 ; in battle of Chicka-
mauga, VIII, 90, 91, 93, 95, 100, 102, 104, 106,
107 ; advice to Bragg, 113 ; engagement in
Lookout Valley, 126; expedition against
Burnside, 129; detached from Bragg's
army and sent against Burnside, 170, 171 ;
asks reinforcements, 171 ; begins siege of
Knoxville, Nov. 16, 1863, 174; forces of,
175 ; assault on Fort Sanders, Nov. 29, 1863,
179 ; repulse of, 179, 180 ; abandons siege
of Knoxville, Dec. 3, 1863, 181; winters
south of the Holston, 186; sent to the
West, 234; commands reserve, Army of
Northern Virginia, 352; in battle of the
Wilderness, 363-366 ; wounded, 366 ; in re-
treat to Appomattox, X, 188; eulogy of
Lincoln, 350.
Loomis, Dwight, M. C. : recommends Good-
man for Collector for District of Connecti-
cut, IX, 87.
Loomis, J. M., Col. U. S. Vols. : in battle of
Chattanooga, VIII, 146.
Lorencez, Charles Ferdinand de Latrille,
Comte de, French General : arrives in
Mexico with French reinforcements, VI,
46 ; defeated before Puebla, 46.
Loring, William W., Conf. Maj. Gen.: forces
of, under Pemberton, VII, 164, 165 ; ordered
to Rocky Springs, 171 ; advice in council of
war, 185 ; in battle of Champion's Hill, 189-
192 ; joins Johnston's army in Mississippi,
294 ; temporarily succeeds Polk at Pine
Mountain,IX, 20 ; inbattles of Kenesaw,21.
Louisiana, State of, territory purchased
from France, I, 319 ; secession movement
in, III, 191 ; extra session of legislature
called, 192 ; appropriation to arm the
State, 192 ; Convention bill, 192 ; seizures
ordered by governor, 192 ; meeting of Con-
INDEX
431
vention, 192 ; secession ordinance passed,
Jan. 26, 1861, 192 ; free navigation of Mis-
sissippi River recognized, 193; battle of
Forts Jackson and St. Philip, April 24, 1862,
V, 261-266 ; Lovell evacuates New Orleans,
April 25, 1862, 266 ; capture of New Orleans
by Farragut, April 26, 1862, 268 ; surrender of
Forts Jackson and St. Philip, April 28, 1862,
273 ; Forts Jackson and St. Philip occupied
by Union troops, 275 ; Butler occupies
New Orleans, May 1, 1862, 275 ; Col. G. F.
Shepley appointed military governor, VI,
346 ; reconstruction alluded to in Lincoln's
letter to Reverdy Johnson, 348, 349; recon-
struction alluded to in Lincoln's letter to
Cuthbert Bullitt, 349 ; Lincoln's letter to
Butler and Shepley about reconstruction,
350; Lincoln's letters to Gov. Shepley about
Congressmen from Louisiana, 351, 352;
Gov. Shepley orders an election for Con-
gress, 352 ; B. F. Flanders elected in First
District, 353; Michael Hahn elected in
Second District, 353 ; Flanders and Hahn
admitted to seats in Congress, 353 ; siege
of Port Hudson, May 25 to July 9, 1863,
VII, 317; surrender of Port Hudson, July
9, 1863, 322 ; battle of Sabine Cross Roads,
April 8, 1864, VIII, 292-294; battle of
Pleasant Hill, April 9, 1864, 295; Durant
appointed attorney general, 419 ; Gov.
Shepley orders registration of voters, 419,
420 ; orders for registration renewed, 424,
425 ; conservative programme for election,
425; Banks orders an election for State
officers, 431-433; Michael Hahn elected
governor, 432-434 ; Banks orders election
for State Convention, 435; State Conven-
tion abolishes slavery, 435, 436 ; Members
of Congress elected, 436, 437 ; legislature
elects U. S. Senators, 437 ; ratifies Thir-
teenth Amendment, X, 29.
Love, John, member of commission on New
York enrollment, VII, 41.
Love, Peter E., M. C. : member of House
Committee of Thirty-three, II, 417.
Lovejoy, Elijah P., murder of, in 1837, 1, 146-
148.
Lovejoy, Owen, M. C. : speeches in Illinois,
I, 369 ; elected to Illinois legislature in
1854, 383; announces Republican State
Convention, 385 ; member of Bloomington
Convention, II, 28 ; favors Lincoln's plan
of compensated abolishment, V, 214;
prominence as an antislavery leader in
Congress, VI, 107; approves Lincoln's
message, IX, 109.
Lovell, Mansfield, Conf. Maj. Gen. .* evacu-
ates New Orleans, April 25, 1862, V, 266 ;
testimony about insufficiency of provi-
sions at New Orleans, 275 ; sends troops
and guns to Vicksburg, 346 ; in battle of
Corinth, 117.
Lowell, Charles Russell, Jr., Brig. Gen. U.
S. Vols. : in Sheridan's army, IX, 182 ;
killed at Cedar Creek, 325.
Lowell, James Russell, Min. to England:
eulogy of Lincoln, X, 350.
Lowrie, Walter H., Chief Justice Sup. Ct.
of Penn. : decides draft law unconstitu-
tional, VII, 13 ; defeated for reelection, 13,
376.
Lubbock, Francis R., Conf. Col. : captured
with Jefferson Davis, X, 173.
Lutheran General Synod, resolutions sup-
porting the war and emancipation, VI,
318, 319.
Lyon, Nathaniel, Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. : at
St. Louis arsenal, III, 135; recommends
transfer of arms to Illinois, IV, 198 ; sends
arms to Illinois, 199 ; assigned to command
St. Louis arsenal, 208 ; directed to muster
in and arm volunteers, 209 ; captures
Camp Jackson, 213, 214 ; appointed briga-
dier general of U. S. volunteers, 217; super-
sedes Gen. Harney, 222; interview with
Gov. Jackson, 222 ; advance to Jefferson
City, 223, 224; orders Springfield, Mo.,
occupied, 398 ; moves to Springfield, 399 ;
calls for reinforcements, 407, 408 ; attacks
Confederates at Wilson's Creek, 410; killed
at Wilson's Creek, 411.
Lyons, Richard Bickerton Pemell, Baron,
afterwards Earl, Brit. Min. at Wash-
ington: suggested as mediator, IV, 138;
note to Lord Russell, V, 31 ; instructions
concerning Mason and Slidell, 40,41 ; letter
to British government about war feeling
in America, VI, 84, 85; advises against
British mediation, 86, 87 ; his errors of
fact or inference, 87, 88 ; reports the senti-
ments of New York conservatives, 194,
195.
Lytle, W. H., Brig. Gen. IT. S. Vols. : in
battle of Chickamauga, VIII, 95.
McAllister, Archibald, M. C. : vote for
Thirteenth Amendment, X, 83.
McArthur, John, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in siege of Vicksburg, VII, 289, 292.
McCall, George A., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
ordered to Dranesville, IV, 453 ; ordered to
fall back, 455 ; attends council of war, V.
432
INDEX
167 ; division sent to reenf orce McClellan,
414 ; commands under Porter on the Pen-
insula, 428.
McCallum, D. C, Bvt. Maj. Gen, U. S. Vols. :
at council of war, VIII, 112 ; feat of trans-
portation, 113.
McCauley, Charles S., Commodore U. S.
N. : commandant at Gosport navy yard,
IV, 145 ; countermands departure of ships,
146 ; orders ships at Gosport to he scuttled,
147.
McCausland, John, Conf. Brig. Gen. : hurns
Chambersburg, Pa., July 30, 1864, IX,
176, 177 ; defeated by Averill at Hancock,
178 ; skirmish with Kelley, 178 ; defeated
by Averill at Moorefield, 178 ; in Shenan-
doah campaign, 296 ; defeated by Powell,
328.
McClellan, George B., Maj. Gen. and Gen.
in Chief U. S. A. : assumes command of
Department of Ohio, IV, 200, 201 ; recom-
mendations for river defense, 201 ; inter-
views with Buckner, 202 ; reports ex-
citement on Kentucky frontier, 231 ;
promises to sustain Kentucky Unionists,
236 ; recommended for command at Cincin-
nati, 282 ; previous services, 283, 284 ; ap-
pointed major general of Ohio militia, 285 ;
assigned to command Department of the
Ohio, 285 ; appointed major general of U. S.
Army, 285, 286; proposes plan of campaign,
298-300 ; promises to aid western Virginia,
329, 330; orders four regiments to Grafton,
330 ; goes to western Virginia, 334 ; moves
toward Rich Mountain, 334 , receives news
of Pegram's defeat, 336 ; occupies Beverly,
336 ; receives Pegram's surrender, 336 ;
plans for western Virginia, 338, 339 ;
bulletin of victory, 339; ordered to the
Shenandoah Valley, 354 ; called to Wash-
ington, 356 ; orders about slave insurrec-
tion, 386 ; commands Division of the
Potomac, 440 ; reports strength of army,
442 ; personal characteristics, 443-445 ;
family letters, 445-447; his temper and
feeling, 446-448; ideas of his task, 448;
adopts Marcy's suggestion, 449; exag-
gerates strength of the enemy, 449;
opinion of the Potomac blockade, 452;
orders preliminary to the battle of Ball's
Bluff, 453, 454 ; orders troops to withdraw
from Ball's Bluff, 458 ; directed to arrest
Gen. Stone, 460; orders his arrest, 460;
letter to Gen. Scott, 461, 462; neglect of
Gen. Scott's orders, 464; appointed gen-
eral-in-chief , 465 ; treatment of the Presi-
dent, 468, 469; directs East Tennessee
movement, V, 66 ; repeats instructions
about East Tennessee, 68 ; letter to Buell,
69 ; criticism of BuelPs views, 71, 72 ;
advises Halleck to send expedition up
Tennessee River, 101 ; suggests Cumber-
land River movement to Buell, 103 ;
answers on Lincoln's plan of campaign,
148, 149; inattentive to Committee on
Conduct of the War, 151 ; estimate of rebel
forces, October, 1861, 152 ; illness of, 155 ;
military council at the White House, Jan.
13, 1862, 157, 158 ; plan of campaign against
Richmond by the lower Chesapeake, 159 ;
letter objecting to Lincoln's plan of
campaign, and proposing movement by
Urbana, 161-163; preparations for a
bridge at Harper's Ferry, 168 ; canal boats
found unserviceable, 168; orders an ad-
vance, 174 ; explanation of the march to
Manassas, 177 ; calls council at Fairfax
Court House, 179 ; embarks for Fort Mon-
roe, 182 ; suggests combined movement up
the Tennessee and Cumberland, 188; re-
ceives news of Hampton Roads sea fight,
226 ; present at council about expedition
against New Orleans, 254, 255 ; refuses
Halleck superior command in the West,
308 ; asks Buell when he can advance on
Nashville, 309, 310 ; telegraphs Halleck to
direct his efforts on Nashville, 310 ; ad-
vises Halleck to arrest Grant, 312 ; arrives
at Fort Monroe, 358; sends Heintzelman
against Yorktown, 359; sends Keyes to
the Half Way House, 359 ; resolves on the
siege of Yorktown, 360 ; complaints to the
government, 360 ; clamor about the reten-
tion of McDowell's corps, 361 ; his force on
the Peninsula, 361, 362 ; letter to Admiral
Goldsborough, 364, 365 ; asks for Franklin's
division, 365 ; reports the incident at Dam
No. 1, 370 ; comments on the authorities at
Washington, 370; siege works at York-
town, 372 ; letter to Lincoln about York-
town batteries, 373; asks forParrott guns,
*74; telegraphs, May 4, 1862, "Yorktown is
in our possession," 374 ; forces at evacua-
tion of Yorktown, 375 ; pursues the enemy
from Yorktown, 376 ; gives his corps
commanders no orders, 376 ; arrives at
Williamsburg, 377; telegram from Wil-
liamsburg, 378; announces his intention
to " resume the original plan," 378 ; asks
for more men, and permission to suspend
the corps organization, 380; forms two
provisional army corps, 382; joins his
INDEX
433
army at Cumberland Landing, 382 ; asks
for " all disposable troops," 382 ; asks that
McDowell be placed under his orders in
tbe usual way, 384; establishes perma-
nent depot at White House,385 ; establishes
his army in line on the Chickahoniiny,
385 ; sends the corps of Keyes and Heint-
zelman across the river, 385 ; telegram to
Washington about Johnston, 387; comment
on Jackson's raid, 403; says rain will
retard his movements, 414 ; reenf orce-
ments received by, 415 ; strength of his
army in June, 1862, 417 ; intimates inten-
tion to tight, 417, 418 ; report of damage
from Stuart's raid, 418, 419 ; orders Porter
to retire from Beaver Dam, 426 ; indecision
at battle of Gaines's Mill, 430, 431 ; gives
orders for movement to James River, 433 ;
army of, at Malvern Hill, 436 ; withdraws
to Harrison's landing, 440; dispatch to
Stanton, "You have done your best to
sacrifice this army," 441, 442; asks for
50,000 men, 445 ; asks for 100,000 men, 446 ;
letter to Lincoln on political policy, 447-
449 ; preparation of the Harrison's landing
letter, 450, 451 ; private letters about the
government, 452, 453 ; reply to Lincoln
about absentees, 454 ; interview with Hal-
leck, 455, 456 ; telegrams asking reenf orce-
ments, 457; protests against withdrawal
from the James, 458, 459; delays with-
drawal from the James, 459, 460; leaves
Harrison's Landing, 460 ; arrives at Alex-
andria, 460 ; ordered to send away his sick,
VI, 3 ; directed to move his army to Aquia
Creek, 3 ; reply to Pope's letter, 5 ; inter-
view with Hermann Haupt, 14, 15 ; tele-
grams about second battle of Bull Run,
17, 18; telegram to Lincoln about Pope,
19; telegrams to Halleck about Pope's
movements, 20; interview with Lincoln
and Halleck, 21 ; letter to Porter urging
support of Pope, 21 ; new version of his
interview with Lincoln and Halleck, 26,
27; telegraphs he will endeavor to out-
manoeuvre and outfight the enemy, 114 ;
telegraphs Stanton, " You have done your
best to sacrifice this army," 115 ; reports
strength of Army of Potomac, 131 ; asks
Halleck for reinforcements, 134 ; obtains
Lee's plans of campaign, 135 ; telegraphs
Lincoln that he has " all the plans of the
rebels," 136; battle of South Mountain,
Sept. 14, 1862, 136, 137 ; takes position at
Antietam Creek, 138 ; blames Burnside for
slowness, 138 ; battle of Antietam, Sept. 17,
Vol. X.— 28
1862, 139-141 ; plan of battle, 139 ; comment
on battle of Antietam, 142 ; decides not to
renew the attack, 144 ; reports victory at
Antietam, 145; apprehensive of attack
from the enemy, 173, 174 ; strength of his
army, 174 ; visited by the President, 174 ;
instructed by the President to attack the
enemy, 175, 176 ; report about cavalry, 176 ;
inquiry about hospital tents, 177; com-
plaints about supplies, 177, 178 ; prepares
protest against emancipation proclama-
tion, 180 ; contemplates retiring from ser-
vice, 180 ; order apropos of emancipation
proclamation, 180, 181 ; asks whether the
President desires him to move at once,
184; asks for detailed instructions, 184 ;
crosses the Potomac with his army, 185 ;
removed from command, Nov. 5, 1862,
188, 189; comments on the order for his
removal, 189; review of his military
career, 189-193 ; supports Judge Woodward
for governor of Pennsylvania, VII, 376 ;
interview with Weed, IX, 247 ; interview
with F. P. Blair, Sr., 248, 249 ; nominated
for President, 258; letter of acceptance,
260, 261; resigns his commission in the
army, 384.
McClelland, R., M. C, Gov. of Mich., Sec. of
Int. under Pierce : agrees to WTilmot Pro-
viso, I, 268.
McClernand, John A., M. C, Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols.: votes against Wilmot Proviso, I,
269 ; motion affecting slavery in California
and New Mexico, 284 ; House discussion,
II, 420, 421; plan of compromise, 423;
march to Mayfield, V, 105 ; report of, 106 ;
second in command at Belmont, 114 ;
marches against Fort Henry, 121; occupies
Fort Henry, 122 ; commands division in
march against Fort Donelson, 192 ; right
wing of his division driven back by Pil-
low, 196 ; left wing repulses Buckner, 196 ;
ordered to attack, 197 ; position of division
at Pittsburg Landing, 323; position at
sundown, April 6, 1862, 330; assigned to
command reserve corps of Halleck's
army, 337; assigned to command Vicks-
burg expedition, VII, 126; supersedes
Sherman at Milliken's Bend, 135 ; personal
relations to Lincoln, 135, 136 ; plan of re-
cruiting, 136, 137; commands expedition
against Arkansas Post, 139 ; captures Fort
Hindman, 140; controversy with Grant,
141-143; commands Thirteenth Army
Corps, 144 ; protests against being super-
seded by Grant, 146 ; march to Perkins's
434
INDEX
plantation, 157 ; crosses the Mississippi to
Bruinsburg, 169; battle of Port Gibson,
Mayl, 1863, 170, 171; controversy "with
Grant, 183 ; march to Edwards's Station,
187; in battle of Champion's Hill, 189-192 ;
battle of the Big Black, May 17, 1863, 192 ;
march on Vicksburg, 195 ; first assault on
Vicksburg, 283 ; second assault on Vicks-
burg, 283-288 ; relieved from command of
Thirteenth Army Corps, 288 ; in siege of
Vicksburg, 289 ; brings reinforcements
to Banks at Alexandria, VIII, 297.
McConnell, John L., historian' of Western
pioneers, 1, 189.
McCook, A. McD., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
commands division of Buell's army in
battle of Pittsburg Landing, V, 333; ap-
pointed by Rosecrans to command right
wing of Army of the Cumberland, VI,
281; march on Chattanooga, VIII, 73;
ordered towards Alpine, 75; directed to
join Thomas, 80 ; effects junctiou -with
Thomas, 81; in battle of Chickamauga,
84, 88, 89, 93, 95, 96, 103 ; in battle of Chatta-
nooga, 135.
McCook, Daniel, Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in battle of Chickamauga, VIII, 85 ; killed
at Kenesaw Mountain, IX, 22, 23.
McCook, Edward M., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : cavalry raid in Georgia, IX, 279 ;
in Wilson's raid, X, 239.
McCormick, Andrew, one of the "Long
Nine," I, 128.
McCown, John P., Conf. Maj. Gen. : in battle
of Murfreesboro, VI, 282.
McCulloch, Ben, Conf. Brig. Gen. : takes
possession of San Antonio, IV, 185 ; sent
to Indian Territory, 409; junction with
Pearce and Price, 409 ; returns to Arkan-
sas, 426; occupies Springfield, Missouri,
439 ; withdraws his army to Arkansas, V,
88 ; ordered to join Van Dorn in Arkansas,
290 ; killed in battle of Pea Ridge, 292.
McCulloch, Hugh, Sec. of Treas. under
Lincoln, Johnsoo, and Arthur: appointed
Secretary of Treasury, IX, 349 ; at Cabinet
meeting, April 14, 1865, X, 282 ; present at
Lincoln's deathbed, 300.
McDaniels, , chosen to Illinois legisla-
ture, I, 385.
McDougall, James A., M. C, U. S. Sen. : de-
feated for Congress by Hardin, I, 222 ; res-
olutions about the French in Mexico.
VII, 407.
McDowell, Irvin, Bvt. Maj. Gen. TL S. A. : de-
clines commission of major general, IV
324 ; appointed brigadier general, 324 ; plan
of campaign against Manassas, 324; march-
ing orders of, 341 ; changes his plan of at-
tack, 344; announces his plan of battle,
347 ; battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861, 348-
351 ; battle of the morning, 348 ; battle of
the afternoon, 349 ; defeat of his army, 349 ;
retreat to the Potomac, 350 ; continued in
command in Virginia, 356 ; invited to a con-
ference with Lincoln, V, 156 ; recommends
movement against rebels, 157 ; attends
council of war, 167 ; assigned to command
First Army Corps, Army of Potomac, 169 ;
attends council at Fairfax Court House,
179 ; ordered to form junction with Mc-
Clellan, 383 ; ordered to Front Royal, 404 ;
obeys Lincoln's order, 406 ; sends Shields
to Catlett's, 406 ; commands corps in Army
of Virginia, VI, 1 ; meeting with Porter,
8 ; receives from Pope joint order to him-
self and Porter, 8 ; second battle of Bull
Run, Aug. 30, 1862, 9-11 ; made Department
Commander, X, 338.
Mace, Daniel, M. C. : testimony referred to,
I, 394.
McFarland, E. J., Sec. to Confederate Com-
missioners, V, 24; removed from the
Trent, 24.
Mcllvaine, Bishop Charles P., conducts
ceremonies at Lincoln's funeral in Cleve-
land, X, 322.
Mcintosh, James M., Conf. Brig. Gen. : or-
dered to join Van Dorn in Arkansas, V,
290; killed at battle of Pea Ridge, 292.
Mcintosh, John B., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
wounded at Winchester, IX, 304.
McKee, Col., U. S. Vols. : regiment of, at
battle of Buena Vista, II, 26.
McKeen, Henry B., Col. U. S. Vols. : killed
at Cold Harbor, VIII, 404.
McKensie, Lieut., U. S. Vols. : in defense of
Allatoona, IX, 474.
Mackenzie, Ranald S., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : in march to Five Forks, X, 172.
McKinstry, Justus, Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
commands a division under Fremont, IV,
429.
McLaughlen, Napoleon B., Bvt. Brig. Gen.
U. S. A. : made prisoner in Fort Stedman,
X, 162.
McLaws, Lafayette, Conf. Maj. Gen. : sent
to capture Harper's Ferry, VI, 133 ; joins
Lee at Sharpsburg, 137 ; in battle of
Chan cell orsville, VII, 96, 101 ; division
moves to Culpeper Court House, 205 ;
in battle of Gettysburg, 251 ; in battle of
INDEX
435
Chickamauga, VIII, 106; in expedition
against Burnside, 129.
McLean, John, Assoc. Justice U. S. Sup. Ct. :
dissenting opinion in Dred Scott case, II,
66,67,78-80 ; candidate before CMcago Con-
vention, 1860, 271 ; votes for : on first ballot,
273 — on second ballot, 274 — on third bal-
lot, 275.
McLean, Wilmer, Lee's surrender in house
of, X, 195.
MacMahon, James P., Col. U. S. Vols. : killed
at Cold Harbor, VIII, 401, 405.
McMillan, James W., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : in battle of Cedar Creek, IX, 325.
McNair, Evander, Conf. Brig. Gen. : joins
Johnston's army in Mississippi, VII, 294 ;
in battle of Chickamauga, VIII, 106.
McNeil, John, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
executes ten rebel guerrillas, VI, 475 ; ex-
planation of action, 475.
Macomb, W. H., ConmiodoreU. S. N. : com-
mands Union fleet at Plymouth, X, 46;
captures Plymouth, Oct. 30, 1864, 51.
McPheeters, Rev. Dr. Samuel B., arrested
for disloyalty, VI, 336.
McPherson, James B., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
report about railroad repairs, V, 352;
sent by Grant on reconnaissance towards
Holly Springs, VII, 122 ; commands Seven-
teenth Army Corps, 144; work on the
Lake Providence route, 148 ; in battle of
Port Gibson, 171; drives the enemy
through Willow Springs, 172 ; engagement
at Raymond, May 12, 1863, 177, 178; oc-
cupies Clinton, 178; battle of Jackson,
May 14, 1863, 182 ; in battle of Champion's
Hill, 189-192; march on Vicksburg, 195;
first assault on Vicksburg, 283 ; second as-
sault on Vicksburg, 283-286; in siege of
Vicksburg, 289 ; present at Grant's inter-
view with Pemberton, 303 ; made brigadier
general of U. S. army, 325 ; in Sherman's
movement to Meridian, VIII, 330, 331;
succeeds to Sherman's command of De-
partment of the Tennessee, 345 ; strength
of Army of the Tennessee, IX, 4; sent
against Resaca, 10 ; march through Snake
Creek Gap, 11, 12 ; in battles of Dallas, 17-
19 ; in battles of Kenesaw Mountain, 20,
22, 23 ; in march to the Chattahoochee, 25 ;
in march on Atlanta, 263 ; in battles of At-
lanta, 270 ; killed at Atlanta, 271.
McQueen, John, M. C. : signs secession ad-
dress, II, 436 ; advises with Trescott about
withdrawing Gov. Pickens's letter, III, 6.
Maffitt, John N., Commander Conf. navy:
commands Confederate cruiser Florida,
IX, 128, 129.
Magoffin, Beriah, Gov. of Ky. : answer to
Lincoln's call for troops, IV, 90 ; message
against subjugation, 229, 230 ; refuses Lin-
coln's call for troops, 230 ; convenes legis-
lature in second special session, 234 ; mes-
sage declaring the Union broken, 234:
letter to Lincoln, 241 ; vetoes joint reso-
lution of legislature demanding Confed-
erate withdrawal from Kentucky, V, 46.
Magrath, A. G., U. S. Dist. Judge, Conf.
Gov. of S. C. : criticism of Buchanan's
message, II, 374, 375; commissioner to
Anderson, III, 110; speech to military
council, ill ; transmits Harvey's telegram
to Montgomery, IV, 31.
Magruder, John B., Bvt. Lieut. Col. U. S. A.,
Conf. Maj. Gen. : resignation of, IV, 142;
interview with the President, 142 ; employs
slaves to build batteries, 386 ; force of, on
the Peninsula, V, 358 ; policy of delay, 366 ;
comment on McClellan's inactivity, 366;
report of attack at Dam No. 1, 369 ; left to
guard south side of Chickahominy, 428;
comment on battle of Gaines's Mill, 432 ;
defeated at Malvern Hill, July l, 1862,
438 ; captures Banks's expedition against
Galveston, VII, 313 ; seeks the protection
of Maximilian, 420.
Mahone, "William, Conf. Maj. Gen., U. S.
Sen. : in siege of Richmond, IX, 427 ; in
battle of Hatcher's Run, 434.
Maine, State of, admitted as a State, I, 323 ;
legislature adopts resolutions recommend-
ing Lincoln's renomination, IX, 56; rati-
fies Thirteenth Amendment, X, 89.
Major, J. P., Conf. Brig. Gen. : in attack on
Brashear City, VII, 321 ; repulsed at Don-
aldsonville, 321.
Major, Minor, employed by Thompson to
destroy Union steamboats on the Missis-
sippi, VIII, 22.
Mallory, Col., demands escaped slaves, IV.
387.
Mallory, Robert, M. C. : plan of compromise,
II, 423 ; second interview with Lincoln
about compensated emancipation, VI, 111 ;
opposes bill for draft, VII, 5.
Mallory, S. R., U. S. Sen., Conf. Sec. of Navy:
visit to Pensacola, III, 167; telegram to
Slidell, Hunter, and Bigler, 167 ; member
of caucus committee of secession Senators,
180, 181 ; signs Senatorial secession caucus
resolutions, 181 ; appointed Confederate
Secretary of Navy, 212; present at inter-
43G
INDEX
views of Davis and Johnston, X, 257-263 ;
account of interviews of Davis and John-
ston, 261-263 ; leaves Davis's party, 267.
Malvern Hill, Va., battle of, July 1, 1862, V,
437-439.
Manhattan, The, Union monitor : in battle
of Mobile Bay, IX, 236.
Manigault, Edward, Conf. Col. : ordered to
prepare a plan to reduce Fort Sumter, III,
124.
Mann, W. D., elected to Congress, VIII, 437.
Mansfield, J. K. F., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
ordered to seize Arlington Heights, IV,
310 ; goes to Meade's assistance at Antie-
tani, VI, 140 ; killed at Antietam, 140.
Marcy, R. B., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. : ad-
vises McClellan to demand a draft, IV,
448, 449.
Marcy, William L., U. S. Sen., Sec. of War
under Polk, Sec. of State under Pierce :
votes for, in Baltimore Convention of
1852, I, 332.
Marmaduke, J. S., Conf. Maj. Gen.: cap-
tured by Pleasonton, VIII, 479.
Marshall, , in Mexican war, I, 262.
Marshall, Col., U. S. Vols.: killed at Cold
Harbor, VIII, 405.
Marshall, Charles, Conf. Col. : present at
Lee's surrender, X, 195.
Marshall, Charles A., advice about organiz-
ing Kentucky troops, IV, 236, 237.
Marshall, Humphrey, Conf. Brig. Gen. :
organizes insurrectionary force in Ken-
tucky, IV, 243 ; flight from Lexington, V,
51.
Marshall, Thornton F., member of commit-
tee to distribute Union arms, IV, 237.
Martin, , testimony concerning Lecomp-
ton Convention, II, no.
Martin, Col., Conf. emissary in Canada:
employed by Thompson to burn New
York city, VIII, 22, 23.
Martin, Henri, French historian: eulogy of
Lincoln, X, 349.
Martin, John W., Capt. Kickapoo Rangers:
guards Gov. Robinson, I, 450.
Marvin, William, Judge of U. S. Dist. Ct. :
apprehensions of, IV, 15.
Maryland, State of, meetings of adjourned
Charleston Convention at Baltimore, II,
250, 251 ; meeting of Constitutional Union
National Convention at Baltimore, 253;
condition of Baltimore in January and
February, 1861, III, 304-307 ; response to
Lincoln's proclamation, IV, 94 ; the Balti-
more riot, 111-119; railroad bridges burned,
121 ; secession plottings in, 162 ; members
of legislature elected, 165 ; legislature
meets at Frederick, 168; Department of
Annapolis created, 169 ; election of mem-
bers of Congress, 170; transit of troops
through Baltimore reestablished, 172, 173 ;
battle of South Mountain, Sept. 14, 1862,VI,
136; capture of Harper's Ferry, Sept. 15,
1862, 137 ; battle of Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862,
139; A. W. Bradford elected governor, VIII,
450 ; resolutions of legislature about eman-
cipation, 454 ; Union League Convention
in Baltimore, 458, 459; State Central
Committee Convention in Baltimore,
458, 459 ; Gen. Schenck's orders about
Maryland elections, 462-464; vote on
emancipation, 465 ; Constitutional Con-
vention, 465, 466 ; slavery abolished by
Convention, 466 ; vote on amended Consti-
tution, 467, 468 ; Bradford's proclamation
declaring Constitution adopted, 468; in-
structs delegates in favor of Lincoln's re-
nomination, IX, 55 ; meeting of Republican
National Convention at Baltimore, 63-74 ;
battle of Monocacy, July 9, 1864, 165 ; rati-
fies Thirteenth Amendment, X, 88.
Mason, James M., U. S. Sen., Conf. Comr. to
Europe : supports demand for a Congres-
sional slave code, II, 175 ; cross-examines
John Brown, 209 ; member of committee
to investigate John Brown raid, 210 ; signs
address commending Charleston disrup-
tion, 245, 246 ; letter to Jefferson Davis
proposing secession, 300 ; called by Floyd
to influence Buchanan, 396 ; Senate dis-
cussion, 402 ; work on Fugitive Slave law,
III, 26 ; sent to Baltimore to assist seces-
sion, IV, 161 ; unsuccessful mission to
Maryland legislature, 171; Confederate
commissioner to England, V, 21 ; arrives
at Havana, 21 ; removed from the Trent,
23, 24 ; imprisoned in Fort Warren, 24 ; de-
livered to Lord Lyons, 39 ; negotiates cot-
ton bonds in England. VI, 250 ; manage-
ment of Slidell's loan, 251, 252 ; interview
with Lord Palmerston, VIII, 264, 265.
Massachusetts, State of, draft riot in Bos-
ton, VII, 26 ; ratifies Thirteenth Amend-
ment, X, 89.
Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Company,
formed in Boston, I, 394; work of, 394,
395 ; founds town of Lawrence, Kas., 395.
Matheny, Noah W., candidate for county
clerk, 1, 179.
Mattabesett, The.Union gunboat : fight with
the Albemarle, X, 41-43.
INDEX
437
Matteson, Joel A., Gov. of 111. : votes for,
for U. S. Senator, I, 388, 389.
Matthews, A. C, Col. U. 8. Vols. : finds MS.
patent of lands to Abraham Lincoln, the
President's grandfather, 1, 11.
Matthews, J., burns Booth's letter, X, 293.
Maurin, , Conf. Maj. : captured with
Jefferson Davis, X, 274.
Maury, Dabney H., Conf. Maj. Gen. : in
battle of Corinth, VII, 117 ; commands
defenses of Mobile, IX, 239.
Maury, Matthew F., Commander Conf.
navy: fits out Confederate cruiser Geor-
gia, IX, 137, 138.
Maury, William L., Commander Conf.
navy : commands Confederate cruiser
Georgia, IX, 137, 138.
Maxey, Samuel B., Conf. Brig. Gen., U. S.
Sen. : joins Johnston's army in Mississippi,
VII, 294.
Maximilian (Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph),
Archduke of Austria and Emperor of
Mexico : selected as Emperor of Mexico,
VII, 398, 399; reply to the offer, 399, 400;
accepts the crown of Mexico, 411, 412 ;
message to Slidell, 412 ; arrival in Mexico,
415 ; invitation to Juarez, 416 ; administra-
tion in Mexico, 416-420 ; captured and shot,
423.
May, William L., M. C. : defeats Stuart for
Congress, I, 157; prominent lawyer of
Illinois, 214.
Maynard, Horace, M. C, Min. to Turkey:
elected to Congress, V, 59 ; inquiry to Buell,
68 ; second interview with Lincoln about
compensated emancipation, VI, 112; ef-
forts for East Tennesseeans, VIII, 160-162 ;
remonstrance against Burnside's leaving
East Tennessee, 167 ; signs call for Union
Convention at Nashville, 440; complaint
to Lincoln, 444.
Mead, Larkin G., designs Lincoln monu-
ment at Springfield, X, 325.
Meade, George G., Maj. Gen. U. S. A. : com-
mands Union brigade under McCall, V, 425 ;
succeeds to command of Hooker's corps
at Antietam, VI, 140 ; in battle of Fred-
ericksburg, 203 ; in battle of Chancellors-
ville, VII, 93, 96, 97 ; present at council of
war, 109; appointed to command Army
of Potomac, 226 ; assumes command, 229 ;
asks that Farnsworth, Custer, and Merritt
be made brigadier generals, 232; crosses
the Pennsylvania line, 234 ; selects line of
Pipe Creek for a defensive battle, 235;
battle of Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863, 239-268 ;
adopts Gettysburg insteadof Pipe Creek as
the battlefield, 244, 245 ; telegram to Hal-
leck, 247 ; controversy about intention to
retreat, 248 ; orders Slocum to prepare to
attack Ewell, 248; disapproves Sickles's
positions, 250 ; holds council of war, 258 ;
attacks the enemy on Culp's Hill, July 3,
1863,259,260; telegram to French, 259,260;
reports " a handsome repulse of the en-
emy," 268 ; declines exchange of prisoners,
272; holds council of war, July 4, 273; moves
his army southward, 273, 274 ; made briga-
dier general of U. S. army, 274 ; answers
to Halleck's urgency, 274, 275; follows
Lee to the Potomac, 275 ; calls a council of
war, 275 ; favors an attack on Lee, 275 ;
asks to be relieved from command, 275 ; in-
forms Halleck of Longstreet's being sent
from Lee's army, VIII, 82 ; crosses the Po-
tomac, 231 ; letter to Stanton about attack-
ing Lee, 234 ; moves to Centreville, 239,
240 ; moves against Lee, 242 ; movement
against Mine Run, 247 ; countermands at-
tack on Mine Run, 249 ; withdraws from
Mine Run, 251 ; conversation with Grant,
344 ; in battle of the Wilderness, 360, 362,
363 ; reconnaissance after the Wilderness,
368 ; suggested for command of Middle
Military Division, IX, 179; in attack on
Petersburg, 410-412; in siege of Peters-
burg, 420, 432 ; orders about assault at
Petersburg mine, 424-426 ; in march to
Five Forks, X, 169 ; in assault on Peters-
burg, 179 ; in march to Appomattox, 186 ;
at grand review in Washington, 331 ; com-
mands Military Division of the Atlantic,
338.
Meade, R. K., Lieut. U. S. A. : engineer as-
sistant to Capt. Foster, III. 51.
Medill, Joseph, editor of Chicago " Trib-
une": letter about Lincoln's nomina-
tion, VIII, 323.
Meigs, Montgomery C, Bvt. Maj. Gen. and
Q. M. Gen. U. S. A. : interview with Lin-
coln, III, 435, 436 ; ordered to prepare plan
to reenforce Fort Pickens, 436; submits
plan, 437 ; sails for Fort Pickens, IV, 6 ;
mission at Key West, 14 ; arrives at Fort
Pickens, 16; visit to Fremont, 413; or-
dered to make preparations to obstruct
the Potomac, V, 227 ; estimate of rebel
strength, 456 ; report about cavalry horses,
VI, 176, 177 ; reply to McClellan about
hospital tents, 177 ; urges Burn side to ad-
vance, 214, 215; feat of transportation,
VIII, 113 ; organizes quartermaster's em-
438
INDEX
ployees, IX, 163; present at Lincoln's
deathbed, X, 300.
Mejia, Tomas, Mex. Gen. : captured and
Shot, VII, 423.
Memminger, C. G., Conf. Sec. of Treas. :
appointed Confederate Secretary of Trea-
sury, III, 212.
Memphis, Tenn., river battle, June 6, 1862,
V, 344 ; occupied by Union troops, 345.
Memphis, The, Union gunboat: engage-
ment with rebel rams at Charleston, VII,
59-61.
Menzies, John W., M. C. : second interview
with Lincoln about compensated emanci-
pation, VI, 111.
Mercedita, The, Union gunboat: disabled
by rebel ram Palmetto State at Charles-
ton, VII, 59-61.
Mercer, Samuel, Capt. U. S. N. : report to
Secretary of Navy, IV, 5.
Mercier, Henri, French Minister in Wash-
ington : sympathy with the South, VI, 83 ;
comment on Greeley's letter, 84; visits
Richmond, 84.
Meredith, Solomon, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : in battle of Gettysburg, VII, 240.
Merrimac, The, Conf. ironclad: burned and
sunk at Gosport, V, 218 ; raised and iron-
clad by the rebels, 218 ; description of, 218,
219; called the Virginia by the rebels,
220; appears in Hampton Roads, March
8, 1862, 222 ; consorts of, 222, 223 ; steams
for Newport News, 222; rams and sinks
the Cumberland, 223, 224 ; damaged in the
encounter, 224; shells and burns the
Congress, 225 ; ceases action for the day,
225; renews her attack, March 9, 1862,
228; fight with the Monitor, 228; com-
manded by C. Ap R. Jones, 228, 229; re-
treats from the fight, 231; reappears in
Hampton Roads, May 8, 1862, 235; aban-
doned and burned by the rebels, 237.
Merritt, Wesley, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A.:
made brigadier general of U. S. volunteers,
VII, 232 ; in battle of Yellow Tavern, VIII,
371 ; in Shenandoah campaign, IX, 294 ; in
battle of Winchester, 303; in battle of
Cedar Creek, 324, 325 ; raid in Loudon
County, Va., 328; destroys James River
Canal, 331 ; in march to Five Forks, X,
171 ; in march to Appomattox, 185, 187 ; at
grand review in Washington, 331.
Merryman, Dr. E. H., becomes a second to
Lincoln, I, 206, 207 ; prints account of the
Lincoln-Shields duel, 208 ; correspondence
with Whitesides, 209, 210.
Merryman, John, arrested for rebel recruit-
ing, IV, 174; habeas corpus issued for,
174.
Metacomet, The, Union gunboat, inbattle of
Mobile Bay, IX, 231, 233, 234.
Methodist Episcopal Church, action sup-
porting the war and emancipation, VI,
324, 325.
Methodist Episcopal Church South, action
on secession, VI, 332, 333.
Mexican war, Congress authorizes 50,000
volunteers, I, 250 ; three regiments raised
in Illinois, 250 ; battles of, mentioned, 242,
250-252, 255, 261-263; Ashmun's amend-
ment on, 259; Taylor's success, 260, 261;
Lincoln's speech on, 261, 262 ; Scott's march
and victories, 262, 263 ; Calhoun's remarks
on, 264, 265 ; treaty of peace signed, 266 ;
extent of territory conquered, 266, 267;
Lincoln's resolutions upon, 270.
Mexico, boundary claims of, I, 240 ; protest
against annexation of Texas, 240, 241 : war
with the United States, 242 ; condition of,
VI, 31 ; Congress of, suspends payment on
national debt, 31 ; imposes tax on capital,
32 ; occupation of Vera Cruz by the allies,
42 ; convention of Soledad, 44 ; withdrawal
of English and Spanish expeditions, 45;
defeat of French at Puebla, 46 ; defeat of
Berthier and Forey before Puebla, 47;
Blair's project concerning, X, 96-106.
Michigan, State of, free in consequence of
Ordinance of 1787, I, 317 ; admitted as a
State, 324; ratifies Thirteenth Amend-
ment, X, 88.
Michigan, The, U. S. steamer on Lake Erie :
plot to capture, VIII, 18, 19.
Miles, Dixon S., Col. U. S. A. : commands
division at Bull Run, IV, 342 ; killed at
Harper's Ferry, VI, 137.
Miles, Nelson A., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
in march to Five Forks, X, 169 ; in assault
at Petersburg, 177,179 ; at grandreview in
Washington, 332.
Miles, William Porcher, M. C, Conf. Col. :
speech to Buchanan, II, 383, 384 ; House
discussion, 416; signs secession address,
436.
Mills, John T., interview with Lincoln about
emancipation, VI, 433.
Millson.John S., M. C. : member of House
Committee of Thirty-three, II, 417.
Mill Spring, Ky , battle of, Jan. 19, 1862, V,
116, 117.
Milroy, Robert H., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols.:
defeated at McDowell, V, 401 ; refuses to
INDEX
439
evacuate Winchester, VII, 208 ; defeated
at Winchester, 209 ; defeats Bate at Mur-
freesboro, X, 23.
Milwaukee, The, Union gunboat ; sunk by a
torpedo at Mobile, IX, 240.
Minnesota, State of, instructs delegates in
favor of Lincoln's renoinination, IX, 55,
56 ; ratifies Thirteenth Amendment, X, 89.
Minnesota, The, Union steam frigate: at
Fort Monroe, V, 223 ; starts to encounter
the Merrimac, 223 ; runs aground, 223.
Minty, R. H. Q., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
march on Chattanooga, VIII, 71.
Miramon, Miguel, Mex. Gen. and diplo-
matist : captured and shot, VII, 423.
Mississippi, State of, secession movement
in, III, 183 ; military appropriation in, 184 ;
arms purchased by, 184; legislature con-
vened, 184 ; commissioners appointed by
legislature, 185 ; meeting of convention,
185; secession ordinance passed, Jan. 9,
1861, 185 ; seizures of Ship Island and
Marine Hospital, 185; declaration of
causes for secession, 201 ; Corinth cap-
tured by Halleck, May 30, 1862, V, 340,
341 ; Vicksburg fortified by the rebels, 346 ;
battle of Corinth, Oct. 3, 4, 1862, VII, 116-
118 ; assault on Chickasaw Bluffs, Dec. 28,
29, 1862, 133, 134 ; bombardment of Grand
Gulf, April 29, 1863, 167 ; battle of Port
Gibson, May 1, 1863, 170, 171 ; Grand Gulf
occupied, 172 ; battle of Raymond, May 12,
1863, 177, 178; battle of Jackson, May 14,
1863, 182, 183 ; battle of Champion's Hill,
May 16, 1863, 189-192 ; battle of the Big
Black, May 17, 1863, 192; Grant's army
invests Vicksburg, May 18, 1863, 282 ; siege
of Vicksbm*g begun, May 22, 1863, 288 ; sur-
render of Vicksburg, July 4, 1863, 305.
Missouri, State of, applies for admission as
a State, I, 322, 323 ; admitted as a State,
323; U. S. arsenal at Liberty robbed of
arms, 442 ; answer to Lincoln's proclama-
tion, IV, 90 ; Presidential election in 1860,
206, 207; secession movement in, 206-226;
legislature, 207 ; State Convention con-
demns secession, 207 ; legislature con-
vened, 208 ; arsenal at Liberty seized, 211 ;
Lyon ordered to enroll 10,000 volunteers,
212; Lyon captures Camp Jackson, 213,
214; Harney reinstated, 215; legislature
passes military bill, 219 ; Lyon supersedes
Harney, 222; Gov. Jackson's proclama-
tion, 223 ; battle of Boonville, 224 ; State
Convention called together, 225 ; battle of
Wilson's Creek, Aug. 10, 1861, 410, 411;
siege and surrender of Lexington, Sept.
18-20, 1861, 426-429 ; admitted to Confeder-
ate States, V, 88 ; Convention called to-
gether, 96 ; State militia organized, 96 ;
amnesty, 97, 98 ; battle of Belmont, Nov.
7, 1861, 113, 114 ; loss at, 114 ; Curtis's mid-
winter campaign, 288 ; Pope captures New
Madrid, March 13, 1862, 295; capture of
Island No. 10, April 7, 1862, 299 ; made a
separate military district, VI, 368 ; social
and political conditions, 370, 371; Hind-
man authorizes guerrillas, 373 ; Gov. Gam-
ble's order creating Enrolled Missouri
Militia, 375; registration of rebel sym-
pathizers, 376 ; general guerrilla rising,
378 ; action at Kirksville, Aug. 6, 1862, 379 ;
action at Lone Jack, Aug. 16, 1862, 379;
Curtis assumes command of Department
of Missouri, 382 ; Lincoln's order suspend-
ing assessments in St. Louis County, 386 ;
Lincoln orders suspension of assessments
for damages in Missouri, 390; Breckin-
ridge's bill in State Convention for com-
pensated abolishment, 391 ; bill laid on the
table, 391 ; Convention resolution respect-
ing compensated abolishment, 392; mass
convention of emancipationists at Jeffer-
son City, 392,393; emancipation victory
in November election, 1862, 394; Gov.
Gamble's message to legislature on eman-
cipation, 394; bills in Congress to aid
emancipation in, 394-397 ; assignment
to command and death of Col. Sumner,
398; McNeil executes ten rebel guer-
rillas, 475, 476 ; American Knights, etc., in,
VIII, 2 ; Constitutional Convention called
to meet, June 15, 1863, 207; Convention
refuses to accept Gov. Gamble's resig-
nation, 207 ; Convention adopts ordinance
of prospective emancipation, 209 ; Conven-
tion adjourns sine die, 210 ; Radical Eman-
cipation Convention meets at Jefferson
City, 210 ; resolutions of that Convention,
213, 214 ; proclamation of Gov. Gamble,
226, 227 ; death of Gov. Gamble, 470 ; Hen-
derson and Brown elected U. S. Senators,
470 ; Rosecrans succeeds Schofleld in com-
mand, 474, 475 ; political movements in,
477, 478; Price's invasion, 478-480; Rose-
crans's election order, 481, 482 ; Presidential
vote in 1864, 483; Constitutional Conven-
tion abolishes slavery, 484 ; action of As-
sembly on Lincoln's renomination, IX, 56 ;
ratifies Thirteenth Amendment, X, 89.
Missouri Compromise, remarks upon, by J.
R. Giddings, I, 339 ; remarks upon, by D.
440
INDEX
R. Atchison, 340, 341 ; Archibald Dixon
offers amendment repealing, 344; Atchi-
son's proposition to Douglas concerning,
346 ; Douglas's reply to Atchison, 346 ;
Pierce agrees to make repeal an adminis-
tration measure, 349; declared "inopera-
tive and void " in Douglas's bill, 350; re-
pealed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act, 351 ;
repeal of, defended by the South, 357, 358 ;
elections in New Hampshire and Connecti-
cut adverse to repeal of, 362.
Mitchel, Ormsby M., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
designated to command East Tennessee
expedition, V, 63 ; occupies line of Ten-
nessee River between Tuscumbia and
Stevenson, 345 ; reply to Lincoln's ques-
tion about opening the Mississippi River,
VI, 441.
Mitchell, John G., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols.:
in battles of Kenesaw Mountain, IX, 22.
Moall, Edward, remains with rearguard in
Fort Moultrie, III, 50, 51.
Mobile, Ala., seizure of Forts Morgan and
Gaines, III, 186; siege of, IX, 239-242;
surrender of, April 11, 1865, 242.
Mobile Bay, Ala., battle of, Aug. 5, 1864, IX,
230-239.
Mocquard, Constant, Priv. Sec. to Napoleon
III : notes to Slidell, VIII, 272-274.
Moir, James, Capt. British mail steamer
Trent, V, 22.
Monitor, The, Union ironclad: invented by
Ericsson, V, 219; plan of, 219, 220; ex-
pected at Fort Monroe, 222 ; ordered to en-
gage Potomac rebel batteries, 222 ; arrives
at Fort Monroe, 227 ; fight with Merrimac,
March 9, 1862, 228-231; construction of
pilot house, 230; Worden wounded, 230;
Greene succeeds to command, 231 ; sunk
off Cape Hatteras, 238.
Monocacy, Md., battle of, July 9, 1864, IX,
165.
Monongahela, The, Union gunboat : in
battle of Mobile Bay, IX, 235, 236.
Monroe doctrine, origin of, VII, 405, 406;
reaffirmed in Republican Baltimore Plat-
form of 1864, 421 ; indorsed by Lincoln in
letter of acceptance of 1864, 421.
Monroe, John T., mayor of New Orleans:
correspondence with Farragut, V, 267, 268 ;
promises to yield obedience to the con-
queror, 268 ; contumacy of, 269.
Monsarrat, G. H., Conf. Capt. : report on
East Tennessee persecutions, V, 79.
Montalembert, Charles Forbes, Comte de,
criticism of Lincoln's style, X, 351.
Montauk, The, Union monitor : attacks Fort
McAllister, Jan. 27 and Feb. l, 1863, VII,
61-63; destroys blockade-runner Nash-
ville, 61-64 ; commanded by Worden, 63.
Montgomery, Ala., meeting of rebel Pro-
visional Congress, III, 196.
Montgomery, L. M., Conf. Col. : present at
Pemberton's interview with Grant, VII,
303.
Moody, Capt., captured with Jefferson
Davis, X, 274.
Moore, A. B., Gov. of Ala. : reply to Gist
about proposed secession, II, 311-313 ; let-
ter of, III, 185 ; proclamation of, 185 ; sei-
zures ordered by, 186; causes banks to
suspend payment, 186.
Moore, O. H., Col. U. 8. Vols. : repulses
Morgan's cavalry, VIII, 53.
Moore, Sydenham E., M. C. : signs secession
address, II, 436.
Moore, Thomas O., Gov. of La. : reply to
Gist about proposed secession, II, 308-
310; calls extra session of legislature,
III, 192 ; orders for seizures, 192 ; organizes
colored rebel troops, VI, 450.
Moravian Synod, resolutions supporting
the war and emancipation, VI, 319.
Morell, G. W., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. : com-
mands under Porter on the Peninsula, V,
428 ; in battle of Gaines's Mill, 429.
Morfitt, H. M., elected to Maryland legis-
lature, IV, 165.
Morgan, , assists Sumner, II, 51.
Morgan, Edwin D., Gov. of N. Y., U. S. Sen.:
chairman National Republican Commit-
tee, II, 265 ; calls Chicago Convention to
order, 265 ; authorized to organize troops,
TV, 138; conference with Seward about
recruiting, VI, 117; supports the govern-
ment, VII, 9 ; letter to Lincoln about re-
nomination, IX, 55 ; address calling Balti-
more Convention to order, 65; protests
against Field for Assistant Treasurer at
New York, 92 ; declines nomination for
Secretary of Treasury, 349.
Morgan, George D., authorized to organize
troops, IV, 138.
Morgan, G. W., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols.:
division of, at Chickasaw Bluffs, VII, 134 ;
in attack on Fort Hindman, 140.
Morgan, James D., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : in March to the Sea, IX, 481.
Morgan, John H., Conf. Brig. Gen. : im-
prisoned in retaliation, VII, 457 ; escapes
from prison, 457 ; defeated by Hall, VIII,
50; driven from Snow Hill by Stanley, 50;
INDEX
441
imprisoned in Ohio penitentiary, 52 ; com-
mands cavalry raid into northern States,
53 ; skirmish with Col. Moore, 53 ; burns
Lebanon, Ky., 53; crosses into Indiana,
53, 54 ; raid through Indiana and Ohio, 55-
57 ; capture of, 58 ; raid into Kentucky,
58 ; defeated by Burbridge, 58 ; death, 58.
Morrill, Justin S., M. C, U. S. Sen. : mem-
ber of House Committee of Thirty-three,
II, 417 ; deprecates making paper money
legal tender, VI, 235 ; votes for National
Bank Act, 244 ; votes for re-passage of the
Act, 245.
Morrill, Lot M., Gov. of Me., U. S. Sen.:
member of Peace Convention, III, 230.
Morrill Tariff Act, passed, March 2, 1861,
III, 243 ; financial provisions of, 243.
Morris, Achilles, elected to Illinois legisla-
ture in 1832, I, 109.
Morris, Buckner S., votes for, for governor
of Illinois, II, 43.
Morris, C. M., Lieut. Conf. navy : com-
mands the Florida, IX, 129.
Morris, Edward Joy, M. C, Min. to Turkey :
plan of compromise, II, 422.
Morris, H. W., Commodore U. S. N. : com-
mands the Pensacola in Farragut's fleet,
V, 261 ; ordered to hoist Union flag over
the Mint in New Orleans, 268.
Morris, Orlando H., Col. U. S. Vols. : killed
at Cold Harbor, VIII, 404.
Morris, Thomas A., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
moves towards Laurel Hill, IV, 334 ; pur-
sues Garnett, 337.
Morrison, James L. D., Col. U. S. Vols., M.
C. : in Mexican war, 1, 262 ; favorably men-
tioned by Lincoln for appointment, 293.
Morse, Freeman H., M. C, consul at Lon-
don: member of House Committee of
Thirty-three, II, 417.
Morton, O. P., Gov. of Ind., U. S. Sen. :
telegram about Ohio River commerce,
IV, 200 ; reports danger from Kentucky,
231 ; contest with Indiana legislature,
VIII, 9, 10.
Moss, Charles E., speech in Cleveland Con-
vention, IX, 34, 35.
Mott, Gershom, Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. : in
battle of the Wilderness, VIII, 362 ; in
battle of Spotsylvania, 377 ; in battle of
Hatcher's Bun, IX, 434; in assault on
Petersburg, X, 179.
Mott, Thaddeus P., Capt. U. S. Vols. : bat-
tery of, attacks Dam No. One, V, 368.
Mouton, Alfred, Conf. Brig. Gen. : in attack
on Brashear City, VII, 321 ; in battle of
Sabine Cross Roads, VIII, 293 ; killed at
Sabine Cross Roads, 295.
Mower, Joseph A., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
in Red River expedition, VIII, 292; in
battle of Pleasant Hill, 295 ; in March to
the Sea, IX, 481 ; in march to Goldsboro',
X, 235 ; assigned to command Twentieth
Corps, 241 ; at grand review in Washing-
ton, 333.
Mudd, Samuel, assists Booth and Herold,
X, 307, 308 ; tried and imprisoned, 312, 313.
Mullany, J. R. M., Rear Adm. U. S. N. :
wounded in Mobile Bay, IX, 235.
Mulligan, James A., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : sent to reenforce Lexington, IV,
427 ; surrenders to Price, 428 ; engagement
at Leetown, IX, 161.
Mumford, William B., tears down Union
flag in New Orleans, V, 268, 269 ; arrested
and tried for treason, 278; convicted and
hanged, 278.
Munford, Thomas T., Conf. Brig. Gen. : in
retreat to Appomattox, X, 187.
Murfreesboro, Tenn., battle of, Dec. 31,1862,
to Jan. 2, 1863, VI, 285-295 ; losses at, 294,
295.
Murphy, Isaac, Gov. of Ark.: appointed
provisional governor of Arkansas, VIII,
415 ; elected governor of Arkansas, 417.
Murphy, Robert C, Col. U. S. Vols. : evacu-
ates Iuka, VII, 113 ; surrenders Holly
Springs, Dec. 20, 1862, 127.
Murray, E. H., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in March to the Sea, IX, 481.
Murray, John P., resolution in Confederate
Congress about Mexico, VII, 422.
Murray, Robert, U. S. marshal for New
York : indicted for arresting Arguelles,
IX, 47 ; indictment quashed, 47.
Naglee, Henry M., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
attends council of war, V, 167.
Nail, J. L., information from, about the Lin-
coln genealogy, I, 5.
Napoleon III., letter to Gen. Forey about
Mexico, VI, 33, 34 ; conversation with
Scheie de Vere, 34, 35 ; proposes to in-
crease French expedition to Mexico, 41 ;
sends reenforcements to Lorencez in
Mexico, 46 ; sends Gen. Forey to Mexico
with 35,000 men, 46 ; admission concerning
concession of belligerent rights to the
Confederate States, 62 ; expresses sym-
pathy with the South to Slidell, 76-79;
interview with Slidell, Oct. 28, 1862, about
American affairs, 80, 82; suggests to
442
INDEX
Slidell building Confederate ships in
France, 82 ; withdraws French army from
Mexico, VII, 423; comments on the
American war, VIII, 266, 267 ; suggestion
to Slidell about Confederate navy, 269;
interview with Voruz and Slidell, 270;
promises to Annan, 271 ; sends Slidell
confidential dispatch from Adams to
Dayton, 272; conversation with Slidell,
272, 273 ; steps towards recognizing Con-
federate government, 273, 274 ; interview
with Roebuck and Lindsay, 274 ; letter to
Drouyn de l'Huys, 275; interview with
Arnian, 279 ; action concerning the Rappa-
hannock, IX, 138-142.
Nashville, Tenn., battle of, Dec. 15, 16, 1864,
X, 29-34.
Nashville, The, Conf. blockade-runner : de-
stroyed by Union monitor MontauJc, VII,
61-64.
Navy of the United States, reduction of, X,
337, 338.
Neale, T. M., employs Lincoln as deputy
surveyor, 1, 115.
Nebraska, State of, first bill to organize Ter-
ritory, I, 338 ; second bill, 343 ; third bill,
349.
Nebraska Bill, first bill passes House, sent
to Senate, referred, and reported back to
Douglas, I, 339, discussed in Senate, 340,
and laid on table, 341 ; second bill reported
to Senate by Douglas, 343 ; " Peculiar pro-
vision " concerning slavery in second bill,
344; Kansas-Nebraska Act introduced by
Douglas, 349; bill further amended, 350;
Act passed, 351; petition of 3050 New
England clergymen against, 361 ; speeches
in Illinois legislature against: of N. B.
Judd, 366 — of B. C. Cook, 366,367 — Of J. M.
Palmer, 366, 367.
Negley, James S., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols.: in
battle of Murfreesboro, VI, 288, 292 ; march
on Chattanooga, VIII, 71 ; advances into
McLemore's Cove, 76; withdraws from
Bragg's attack, 79; in battle of Chicka-
mauga, 89, 92, 93, 105.
Negro soldiers, in the Revolutionary War,
I, 314 ; Lincoln expresses his intention to
use them, VI, 441 ; Stanton's orders to
Saxton concerning, 441 ; laws authorizing,
441, 442 ; employment of, announced in
final emancipation proclamation, 442 ;
Hunter's effort to organize a regiment,
443 ; the Wiekliffe resolution, and Hunter's
answer, 443 ; Sergeant Trowbridge's com-
pany, 444, 445 ; Col. Higginson's regiment,
445; "First Kansas Colored" organized,
446; Lincoln's answer to Butler, 448; But-
ler refuses Phelps's project, 448, 449;
Phelps's resignation and offensive answer,
449: a rebel colored regiment, 450 ; Butler's
regiment of free negroes, 450, 451 ; Butler
organizes three additional regiments, 451,
452 ; Lincoln's letters about colored troops,
452-457; rebel proclamation of outlawry
against officers of negro regiments, 454;
proposal to give Fremont a command of,
456 ; Gen. Thomas sent west to organize,
459 ; special bureau for organizing in War
Department, 461 ; Gov. Sprague's applica-
tion, 462; Gov. Andrew's regiments, 462,
463 ; War Department orders for recruit-
ing, 463 ; Lincoln pushes organization of,
465 ; Act of Congress to enroll negroes for
the draft, 467 ; number of, 468 ; efficiency
in battle, 469 ; rebel threats against offi-
cers organizing, 471-473 ; Lincoln's order
of retaliation, 474, 475; the Fort Pillow
massacre, 478-480; Cabinet opinions on
Fort Pillow massacre, 481-483 ; Jefferson
Davis on arming negroes for rebel service,
485, 486 ; his letter to Gov. Smith on same
subject, 486, 487 ; Lee recommends them
for rebel service, 487 ; action of the Con-
federate Congress, 487; Lincoln's order
regulating enlistment of, in Maryland,
Missouri, Tennessee, and Delaware, VIII,
460.
Nelson, Homer A., M. C, Col. U. S. Vols. :
vote for Thirteenth Amendment, X, 83.
Nelson, Samuel, Assoc. Justice U. S. Sup.
Ct. : opinion in Dred Scott case, II, 66 ;
accompanies Justice Campbell to an in-
terview with Seward, III, 406.
Nelson, Thomas A. R., M. C. : member of
House Committee of Thirty-three, II, 417.
Nelson, William, Lieut. Comm. U. S. N.,
Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. : sent to Kentucky,
IV, 235 ; brings 5000 muskets to arm Union
men of Kentucky, 236; establishes "Camp
Dick Robinson," 240; forwards arms to
East Tennessee, V, 59 ; ordered to reen-
force Grant, 191 ; occupies Nashville under
Grant's orders, 311 ; leads advance from
Duck River to Savannah, 319, arrives at
Savannah with advance division of Buell's
army, 328; reaches Pittsburg Landing,
333 ; defeated by Smith, VI, 274 ; prepares
to defend Louisville, 274.
Neosho, The, Union gunboat : passage
through the dam on Red River, VIII,
300. i01
INDEX
443
Nesmith, James W., U. S. Sen. : votes for
Thirteenth Amendment, X, 77.
Nevada, State of, organized as a Territory,
III, 237 ; ratifies Thirteenth Amendment,
X, 89.
Newcastle, Duke of, protest against propo-
sition of mediation to the United States,
VI, 67.
Newell, W. A., M. C, Gov. of N. J. : evi-
dence in Porter court-martial case, VI, 12,
13.
New Hampshire, State of, ratifies Thir-
teenth Amendment, X, 89.
New Jersey, State of, fusion movement in,
II, 292 ; legislature passes anti-war resolu-
tions, VI, 218 ; Union members of legisla-
ture renominate Lincoln, IX, 55 ; ratifies
Thirteenth Amendment, X, 89.
Newman, J. P., Bish. M. E. Church : com-
ment on action of Methodist Episcopal
Church, VI, 324, 325.
New Mexico, territory of, acquired, I, 325 ;
Territory of, organized, 328.
New Orleans, La., situation on the Missis-
sippi, V, 254; arrival of Farragut's fleet, 266;
surrender of, April 26, 1862, 268 ; occupied
by Butler, May 1, 1862, 275; insufficient
supply of provisions, 275; Butler's suc-
cessful effort to feed the population, 276 ;
martial law established, 276 ; arrest, trial,
and execution of Mumf ord, 278 ; Butler's
description of disloyalty in the city, 279 ;
the "Woman Order," 281; efficiency of
Butler's military government, 284; assess-
ments and charities, 284, 285 ; the public
health maintained, 285; quarantine and
yellow fever, 285, 286 ; rebel contumacy
and intrigue, 286, 287.
New School Presbyterians, resolutions sup-
porting the war and emancipation, VI,
322, 323.
Newton, John, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. : in-
terview with Lincoln, VI, 213; in battle of
Kenesaw Mountain, IX, 22, 23; sent to
Chattanooga, 281.
New York, State of, fusion movement in,
II, 289, 290 ; Seymour elected governor,
VII, 10 ; draft proceedings in, 13-18 ; draft
riots in, 17-26 ; ratifies Thirteenth Amend-
ment, X, 88.
New York "Journal of Commerce " pub-
lishes forged proclamation, IX, 48 ; order
for suppression of, 48 ; arrest and release
of editor, 48, 49 ; publication resumed, 49.
New York "World," publishes forged proc-
lamation, IX, 48; order for suppression
of, 48 ; arrest and release of editor, 48, 49 ;
publication resumed, 49.
Niagara, The, Union cruiser : captures Con-
federate cruiser Georgia, IX, 138.
Niblack, William E., M. C. : plan of com-
promise, II, 423.
Nichols, E. T., Hear Adm. U. S. N. : com-
mands the Winona in Farragut's fleet, V,
261.
Nicolay, John G., Priv. Sec. to Pres. Lin-
coln : member of Lincoln's suite, III, 290 ;
present at interview between Lincoln and
Grant, VIII, 341 ; inquiry about Lincoln's
preference for Vice-President at Balti-
more Convention, IX, 72, 73; report on
Missouri politics, 369 ; interview with
Ashley, X, 84, 85 ; at Sumter flag-raising
in Charleston, 301.
Noell, John W., M. C. : compromise propo-
sition of, II, 425; second interview with
Lincoln about compensated emancipation,
VI, 112 ; introduces bill in House to aid
Missouri emancipation, 396.
Norfolk, Va., evacuated by rebels, V, 236;
occupied by Union troops, May 10, 1862,
237.
North Anna, Va., battle of, May 23-27,1864,
VIII, 387-390.
North Carolina, State of, answer to Lin-
coln's proclamation, IV, 90 ; course of se-
cession movement in, 246-248 ; seizure of
Forts Johnston and Caswell, 246 ; Conven-
tion voted down, 247 ; military bill passed,
247 ; Fayetteville arsenal seized, 247 ; the
governor's usurpation, 248 ; a second Con-
vention called, 248; secession ordinance
passed, May 20, 1861, 248 ; capture of Hat-
teras, Aug. 29, 1861, V, 12, 13 ; recruiting in,
14 ; Roanoke Island fortified by Confeder-
ates,239,240; Department created for Burn-
side, 242; Union victory at Roanoke Isl-
and, Feb. 8, 1862, 245 ; capture of Elizabeth
City, Feb. 10, 1862, 246 ; reduction of New
Berne, March 14, 1862, 246 ; capture of Fort
Macon and Beaufort, April 26, 1862, 247 ;
Edward Stanley appointed military gov-
ernor, VI, 345; capture of Fort Fisher,
Jan. 15, 1865, X, 67 ; Schofield occupies Wil-
mington, Feb. 22, 1865, 69 ; Schofield occu-
pies Goldsboro', March 21, 1865, 70, 71;
ratifies Thirteenth Amendment, 89 ; Golds-
boro' occupied by Sherman, March 23, 1865,
237; Johnston surrenders to Sherman,
April 26, 1865, 252, 253.
Norton, Elijah H., M. C. : opposes bill te
aid Missouri emancipation, VI, 396.
444
INDEX
Nott, Charles C, Judge U. S. Ct. of Claims :
present at Lincoln's Cooper Institute
speech, II, 217.
Noyes, E. M., Lieut. U. S. Vols. : crosses
Warwick River at Dam No. One, V, 368 ; re-
ports to Gens. Smith and McClellan, 368.
Noyes, William Curtis, signs memorial
ahout Fremont and colored troops, VI,
456.
Nugent, Robert, appointed provost marshal
general for New York, VII, 15.
Nye, James W., Gov. of Nev., U. S. Sen. :
present at Lincoln's Cooper Institute
speech, II, 217.
O'Brien, H. T., Col. of militia: murdered in
New York draft riots, VII, 21, 22.
O'Conor, Charles, remarks ahout slavery,
II, 211.
O'Laughlin, Michael, in conspiracy to as-
sassinate Lincoln, X, 289 ; tried and im-
prisoned, 312, 313.
O'Rorke, Patrick H., Col. U. S. Vols. : killed
at Gettysburg, VII, 255.
Octorara, The, Union gunboat : in battle of
Mobile Bay, IX, 231 ; in siege of Mobile,
240, 242.
Odeil, Moses F., M. C. : member of Com-
mittee on Conduct of the War, V, 150;
first vote for Thirteenth Amendment, X,
78 ; second vote for Thirteenth Amend-
ment, 83.
Odonnell, Leopold, Duke of Tetuan, Spanish
statesman : reply to Great Britain about
joint intervention in Mexico, VI, 36.
Offut, Denton, employs Lincoln to take a
flatboat to New Orleans, I, 70 ; buys Cam-
eron's mill, 78.
Oglesby, Richard J., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols.,
Gov. of 111., U. S. Sen. : orator of the day,
at Lincoln's funeral at Springfield, X,
325.
Ohio Democratic Convention, 1863, nomi-
nates Vallandigham for governor, VII,
350, 351 ; resolutions about Vallandigham's
arrest, 351 ; appoints committee to pre-
sent resolutions to Lincoln, 351, 352 ; reso-
lutions censuring Gov. Tod, 354, 355.
Ohio, State of, free in consequence of Ordi-
nance of 1787, 1, 317 ; response to Lincoln's
proclamation, IV, 86; arrest and trial of
Vallandigham, VII, 332-334; Vallandig-
ham nominated for governor, 350, 351;
John Brough nominated for governor,
355 ; American Knights in, VIII, 12 ; Mor-
gan's raid, 56-58 ; Republican members of
legislature renominate Lincoln, IX, 56;
ratifies Thirteenth Amendment, X, 89.
Olin, A. B., M. C, Judge Sup. Ct. of D. C. :
remarks on bill for draft, VII, 4.
Oliver, Mordecai, M. C. : member of investi-
gating committee, I, 451.
Olustee, Fla., battle of, Feb. 20, 1864, VIII,
285 ; losses at, 285.
Oneida, The, Union gunboat: disabled in
Mobile Bay, IX, 233, 235.
Opdycke, Emerson, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : in march to Franklin, X, 11, 12, 17 ;
in battle of Franklin, 19, 20.
Opdyke, George, authorized to make govern-
ment purchases, IV, 137.
Ord, Edward O. C, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
sent by Grant to attack Iuka, VII, 113 ; at-
tacks Van Dorn's retreat, 118 ; assigned to
command Thirteenth Army Corps, 288;
present at Grant's interview with Pem-
berton, 303; in Sherman's campaign
against Jackson, 323, 324; requests that
Lanman be relieved from command, 324 ;
in assault at Petersburg mine, IX, 423,
424; wounded at Richmond, 431; in as-
sault on Petersburg, X, 177; in march
to Appomattox, 187, 194; made Depart-
ment commander, 338.
Ordinance of 1784, Jefferson's draft of, pro-
hibiting slavery in the Northwest Terri-
tory, I, 316; vote of Congress rejecting
Jefferson's prohibition, 316.
Ordinance of 1787, adopted by Congress, I,
316 ; provides for forming not less than
three nor more than five States, 317 ; Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, free in conse-
quence of, 317.
Oregon, State of, ratifies Thirteenth Amend-
ment, X, 89.
Oreto (or Florida), The, Conf . cruiser : built
in Liverpool, VI, 52 ; sails to Nassau, 52 ;
enters Mobile Bay under British flag, 52 ;
sails as Confederate cruiser under the
name of the Florida, 52.
Orr, James L., M. C, Comr. of S. C, Gov. of
S. C, Min. to Russia: arrives in Wash-
ington, III, 62 ; interview with Pies.
Buchanan, 70.
Osage, The, Union gunboat : sunk by a tor-
pedo at Mobile, IX, 240.
Ossipee, The, Union gunboat : in battle of
Mobile Bay, IX, 235, 237.
Osterhaus, Peter J., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in battle of Port Gibson, VII, 170, 171;
march to Edwards's Station, 187 ; in bat-
tle of Champion's Hill, 191 ; in siege of
INDEX
445
Vicksburg, 292 ; in battle of Chattanooga,
VIII, 139, 140, 152 ; in battles of Atlanta,
IX, 286 ; in March to the Sea, 481.
Ould, Robert, Conf. Col. : appointed Con-
federate commissioner of exchange, VII,
451 ; remarks on negro prisoners of war,
453; refuses to exchange certain prison-
ers, 458; comment on exchange of pris-
oners, 459, 460 ; refuses proposed exchange
of 12,000 prisoners, 460 ; directed to refuse
communication with Butler, 460; asks
Butler for a conference, 460; intimates
readiness to exchange prisoners, 462;
proposes mutual forwarding of supplies
to prisoners, 462, 463.
Owens, Mary S., Lincoln's attentions to,
correspondence with, and proposal of mar-
riage to, 1, 192.
Page, R. L., Conf. Brig. Gen. : surrenders
Fort Morgan, IX, 238, 239.
Paine, Charles J., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : in second Fort Fisher expedition,
X, 65.
Palfrey, F. W., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
statement about strength of Army of Poto-
mac, VI, 136.
Palfrey, John G., M. C, historian : comment
on Calhoun, I, 264 ; comment on slavery,
266.
Palmer, James S., Rear Adm. U. S. N. :
commands the Octorara in siege of Mo-
bile, IX, 242.
Palmer, John M., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols., Gov.
of 111. : prominent lawyer of Illinois, 1, 214 ;
speech in Illinois legislature against Ne-
braska bill, 366, 367; in battle of Mur-
freesboro, VI, 283 ; march on Chattanooga,
VIII, 71 ; in battle of Chickamauga, 92, 104 ;
in march to Lookout Valley, 125 ; in battle
of Chattanooga, 135, 154; skirmishes at
Buzzard's Roost, IX, 11 ; in march to
the Chattahoochee, 26; made Depart-
ment commander, X. 338.
Palmer, Roundell (Lord Selborne), Lord
Chancellor of England: opinion on the
Alabama, VI, 54.
Palmer, W. J., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols.:
defeats W. W. Russell, X, 36.
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, Viscount,
Prime Minister of England : note to the
Queen, V, 27; censures of Gen. Butler,
282; answered in Gen. Butler's farewell
address, 282, 283; rejects Earl Russell's
suggestion to propose mediation to the
United States, VI, 66 ; revives the propo-
sition, 66 ; opinion on the American war,
VIII, 261 ; interview with Mason, 264, 265.
Palmetto State, The, Conf. ram: attempts
to break blockade at Charleston, VII, 59-
61.
Paris, Comte de (Louis Philippe d'Orleans) :
comment on Napoleon the Third's offer
of mediation in the United States, VI,
70, 71.
Parke, John G., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
commands division under Burnside, V,
242; commands right in attack on Ro-
anoke Island, 244; captures Fort Macon
at Beaufort, N. C, 247 ; in siege of Vicks-
burg, VLT, 290, 292; in Sherman's campaign
against Jackson, 324 ; starts in pursuit of
Longstreet, VIII, 185 ; in Army of Poto-
mac, 353 ; in attack on Petersburg, IX,
411; in siege of Petersburg, 432; recap-
ture of Fort Stedman, X, 161-164; in as-
sault at Petersburg, 175, 178, 179; at
grand review in Washington, 332.
Parker, Capt., alias Vernon Locke, Conf.
navy: receives the Chesapeake from her
captors, VIII, 14.
Parker, Foxhall A., Commodore U. S. N.:
commands breaching battery against Fort
Wagner, VII, 433.
Parker, Joel, Chief Justice N. H. Sup. Ct. :
treatise on habeas corpus, VIII, 29.
Parker, Rev. Theodore, receives letters from
John Brown, II, 196 ; informed of John
Brown's plans, 200; remarks on John
Brown's execution, 211.
Parrott, Marcus J., M. C. : elected to Con-
gress, II, 104.
Parsons, M. M., Conf. Brig. Gen. : in battle
of Pleasant Hill, VIII, 295.
Parsons, Theophilus, Chief Justice, Mass.
Sup. Jud. Ct. : opinion on habeas corpus,
VIII, 29.
Patterson, Robert, Maj. Gen. Penn. militia :
organizes Pennsylvania troops, IV, 110;
directions from Gen. Scott, 129, 130; as-
signed to command Department of Penn-
sylvania, 315 ; letter to Cameron, 316 ; re-
ports a victory, 316 ; letter to Townsend,
325 ; crosses to Martinsburg, 326 ; letter to
Townsend, 326; answers Scott, "Enemy
has stolen no march," 345; intention to
offer battle, 345 ; persuaded to change his
plan, 345, 346; marches to Charleston, 346;
mustered out of service, 356 ; orders about
slave insurrection, 386.
Patton, W. T., Conf. Col. : killed at Win-
chester, IX, 305.
446
INDEX
Paulding, Hiram, Rear Adm. U. S. 1ST. : sent
to Gosport with the Pawner, IV, 146;
burns Gosport navy yard, 147.
Payne, Henry B., M. C.,U. S. Sen. : presents
minority report in Charleston Convention,
II, 234, 235.
Payne, Lewis, alias Lewis Powell. See
Powell, Lewis.
Peace Convention, origin of, III, 227; States
represented in, 229; prominent members
of, 230; Constitutional Amendment recom-
mended by committee of, 231 ; contradic-
tory votes of, 231; conflicting views in,
231; resolutions of, transmitted to Con-
gress, 233 ; members make a visit of cere-
mony to Lincoln, 317.
Peach Tree Creek, Ga., battle of, July 20,
1864, IX, 269.
Pearce, N. B., Conf. Brig. Gen. : commands
Arkansas troops, IV, 409 ; junction with
McCulloch and Price, 409 ; returns to
Arkansas, 426.
Pea Ridge, Ark., battle of, March 6-8, 1862,
V, 291, 292.
Peck, Ebenezer, Judge U. S. Ct. of Claims :
organizes the convention system in Illi-
nois, 1, 127 ; member of Bloomington Con-
vention, II, 28.
Pegram, John, Conf. Maj. Gen. : occupies
pass at Rich Mountain, IV, 333 ; defeat
of his rearguard, 335 ; retreats towards
Laurel Hill, 336 ; surrenders to McClellan,
336 ; in battle of Murfreesboro, VI, 282 ;
in battle of Fisher's Hill, IX, 306 ; in battle
of Cedar Creek, 316, 321, 325.
Peirpoint, Francis H., Gov. of Va. : ap-
pointed governor of Virginia, IV, 331;
applies for aid to suppress rebellion, 332 ;
removes seat of " restored government of
Virginia " to Alexandria, VI, 313 ; gathers
a legislature at Alexandria, IX, 438 ; con-
troversy With Butler, 439-442.
Pelletan, Eugene, French Deputy: remarks
on Lincoln's death, X, 345.
Pelouze, Louis H., Bvt. Brig. Gen.U. S. A.:
present at Lincoln's deathbed, X, 300.
Pemberton, John C, Conf. Lieut. Gen. :
superesdes Van Dorn in Mississippi, VII,
119 ; conference with Johnston and Jeffer-
son Davis at Grenada, Miss., 131 ; forces
of, 164 165 ; doubts as to Grant's move-
ments, 166 ; orders reinforcements to
Grand Gulf, 166; sends reinforcements
to Grand Gulf, 170 ; arrives at Vicksburg,
171 ; consults Bowen at Grand Gulf, 172 ;
forces of, 182 ; dispatches of, intercepted,
183 ; blame of Johnston, 183 ; council of
war, 185 ; ordered to Clinton, 186 ; battle
of Champion's Hill, May 16, 1863, 189-192 ;
retreat to Vicksburg, 193 ; decides to hold
Vicksburg, 194, 195; besieged in Vicksburg,
May 18 to July 4, 1863, 282-305 ; correspon-
dence with Johnston about relief of Vicks-
burg, 295, 296 ; council of war, 302 ; pro-
poses to surrender Vicksburg, 302 ; inter-
view with Grant. 303 ; accepts Grant's
terms of surrender, 304, 305; forces sur-
rendered at Vicksburg, 306-310 ; defeated
by Stoneman, X, 238.
Pendleton, George H., M. C, Min. to Prus-
sia : deprecates making paper money
legal tender, VI, 235 ; resolution in House
of Representatives about Vallandigham,
VII, 358; nominated for Vice-President
by Chicago Democratic Convention, IX,
258, 259 ; opposes Thirteenth Amendment,
X, 83.
Pendleton, "William N., Conf. Brig. Gen.:
advises Lee to surrender, X, 189, 190.
Penn, D. B., Conf. Col. : defeated at Rappa-
hannock Station, VIII, 243.
Pennington, William, Gov. of N. J., Speaker
H. R. : receives vote for Vice-President in
Philadelphia Convention, II, 35 ; elected
Speaker, 215.
Pennsylvania, State of, Pittsburgh Repub-
lican Convention, II, 30, 31 ; Philadelphia
Convention, 31-37 ; fusion movement in,
290, 291 ; meeting of governors at Altoona,
Sept. 24, 1862, VI, 164-166 ; organization to
resist the draft, VII, 3; Supreme Court
decides draft law unconstitutional, but
reverses its decision, 13; battle of Get-
tysburg, July 1-3, 1863, 239-264 ; dedication
ceremonies at Gettysburg, Nov. 19, 1863,
VIII, 191-202; address of legislature to
Lincoln, asking his renomination, IX,
53, 54 ; Chambersburg burned, July 30,
1864, 176, 177 ; ratifies Thirteenth Amend-
ment, X, 89.
Pennypacker, Galusha, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
A. : wounded in assault on Fort Fisher, X,
66, 67.
Penrose, Charles B., Bvt. Lieut. Col. U. S.
A.: in Lincoln's visit to Richmond, X,
218.
Pensacola, Fla., navy yard and forts at,
III, 162 ; navy yard and forts surrendered,
Jan. 12, 1861, 163, 164 ; occupied by rebels,
164.
Perrin, Abner, Conf. Brig. Gen. : killed at
Spotsylvania, VIII, 382.
INDEX
447
Perry, Aaron F., argument against habeas
corpus for Vallandigham, VII, 335.
Perry, Edgar, Col. U. S. Vols. : killed at
Cold Harbor, VIII, 405.
Perry, M. S., Gov. of Fla. : reply to Gov.
Gist about proposed secession, II, 313, 314.
Perry ville, Ky., battle of, Oct. 8, 1862, VI,
278.
Personal liberty bills, complaints of, III,
19 ; renewed and remodeled, 30 ; summary
of, 30.
Petersburg, Va., operations against, IX,
403-426; importance of securing, 406, 407;
attack by Gen. W. F. Smith, 407-410 ; Union
advantages lost, 410; Hancock's attack,
410, 411 ; Potter's attack, 411 ; assault of
June 18, 1864, 411 ; Union losses in four
days' fighting, 412 ; investment of, 412 ;
Lee's efforts to divert the besieging force,
419 ; Pleasants proposes a mine, 420 ; ex-
plosion of the mine, 421 ; disorder in the
crater, 422, 423 ; attack repulsed, 424 ; court
of inquiry, 425 ; investigation by Commit-
tee on Conduct of the War, 426 ; evacua-
tion of, April 2, 1865, X, 183.
Pettigrew, James J., Conf. Brig. Gen. : in
battle of Gettysburg, VII, 239, 261, 263.
Pettigru, James L., opinion on secession
in South Carolina, III, 391, 392.
Pettit, John, M. C, U. S. Sen. : votes against
Wilmot Proviso, I, 269; characterization
of Declaration of Independence, II, 153.
Pettus, E.W.,Conf. Brig. Gen.: statement
about Lookout Mountain, VIII, 142.
Pettus, John J., Gov. of Miss. : reply to Gist
about proposed secession, II, 310 ; senti-
ments of, III, 184 ; convenes legislature
to aid Pemberton, VII, 130.
Phelps, Edward H., Col. U. S. Vols. : in
battle of Chattanooga, VIII, 148 ; killed
at Chattanooga, 155.
Phelps, John S., M. C, Mil. Gov. of Ark. :
member of House Committee of Thirty-
three, II, 417 ; second interview with Lin-
coln about compensated emancipation,
VI, 111 ; appointed military governor of
Arkansas, 346.
Phelps, J. W., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. : sug-
gests enlistment of negro soldiers, VI,
447 ; makes requisition to organize negro
regiments, 448; resignation and offen-
sive reply to Butler, 449 ; proclaimed an
outlaw by the rebel government, 471.
Phelps, S. L., Lieut. Comm. U. S. N. : com-
mands gunboat Eastport in Red River
expedition, VIII, 297.
Philadelphia Convention, 1856, Republican
National : meeting, June 17, 1856, II, 31 ;
nominations, 32 ; platform, 36, 37.
Philippi, Va., battle of, June 3, 1861, IV, 331.
Phillips, John, reply to Lincoln's letter, IX,
382.
Phillips, P. J., Conf. Brig. Gen. : defeated
by Walcutt, IX, 485.
Phillips, Wendell, remarks on the John
Brown raid, II, 211 ; approves of Cleve-
land Convention, IX, 32 ; letter to Cleve-
land Convention, 37, 38.
Philo Parsons, The, mrch. vessel : seized by
John Y. Beall, VIII, 19.
Pickens, Francis W., M. C, Min. to Russia,
Gov. of S. C. : interviews with Floyd, II,
317; elected governor and inaugurated, III,
1 ; letter to Buchanan demanding posses-
sion of Fort Sumter, 2, 3 ; withdraws his let-
ter to Buchanan, 7 ; interview with Caleb
Cushing, 12; inquires about recruits for
Fort Sumter, 43; message to Anderson
demanding his return to Fort Moultrie, 57.;
orders seizure of Fort Moultrie and Castle
Pinckney, 58 ; takes possession of Charles-
ton arsenal and other Federal buildings,
59 ; letter to Anderson justifying firing on
the Star of the West, 107 ; communication
to South Carolina legislature, 108 ; sends
commissioners to Anderson to demand
possession of Fort Sumter, 110, 111 ; accepts
Anderson's proposal " to refer this matter
to Washington," 113 ; orders for military
preparation, 116; authorized by Conven-
tion to declare martial law, 117 ; reply to
report of Gen. Simons, 121 ; indorsement
on report of ordnance board, 122 ; orders
engineers to prepare a plan to reduce Fort
Sumter, 124 ; letter to Buchanan demand-
ing possession of Fort Sumter, 154 ; abates
his urgency for an answer, 170 ; letter to
Cobb, 174 ; interview with Fox, 389 ; in-
quiry about expeditions, IV, 3 ; proposes
to assault Fort Sumter, 18, 19; letter to
Beauregard, 23 ; interview with Chew, 35 ;
opens Anderson's mail, 39; reports prep-
arations for defense, 42 ; telegram about
purchasing provisions, 195.
Pickett, Geo. E., Conf. Maj. Gen. : in battle
of Gettysburg, VII, 251, 258-260, 262, 263,
266; makes final charge at Gettysburg,
July 3, 1863, 263-268; joins Lee's army,
VIII, 399 ; retakes works at Bermuda
Hundred, IX, 410; in march to Five
Forks, X, 169, 171, 172 ; in battle of Five
Forks, 173.
448
INDEX
Pickett, John T., requests answer to the com-
missioners' formal note, III, 403; inter-
view with Assistant Secretary of State,
405.
Pickett, T. J., letter to Lincoln suggesting
him as a candidate for President, II, 256.
Pierce, Franklin, fourteenth Pres. U. S. :
nominated for President, I, 332 ; elected,
337 ; inaugural address, 341, 342 ; remarks
on Compromise of 1850, 342; interview with
Democratic Senators, 349 ; agrees to make
repeal of Missouri Compromise a party-
measure, 349 ; amendment written by, 350 ;
appoints A. H. Reeder governor of Kansas
Territory, 402 ; denounces Topeka move-
ment as insurrectionary, 431, 449 ; procla-
mation against Topeka movement, 433, 449 ;
defeated in Cincinnati Convention, II, 38 ;
voted for in Charleston Convention, 244 ;
appoints Jefferson Davis Secretary of
War, III, 206 ; put in nomination for Presi-
dent in 1864, IX, 258.
Pierrepont, Edwards, Atty. Gen. under
Grant : appointed by Lincoln to examine
cases of State prisoners, VIII, 32, 33.
Pike, Albert, Conf. Brig. Gen.: secures ad-
hesion of Indian chiefs to the rebels, V,
82 ; ordered to join Van Dorn in Arkansas,
290 ; commands Indian regiments at Pea
Ridge, 292, 293; ordered back to Indian
Territory, 293.
Pillow, Gideon J., Conf. Maj. Gen. : crosses
to New Madrid, IV, 405 ; ordered to occupy
Columbus, V, 43 ; reenf orces Belmont, 113 ;
sent to reenforce Fort Donelson, 185 ; at-
tacks McClernand's division, 196 ; attends
council of war in Donelson, 198; relin-
quishes command to Buckner, 198 ; leaves
Fort Donelson, 198.
Pinkerton, Allan, detective work of, Febru-
ary, 1861, III, 304-306 ; conference with
Judd, Franciscus, and Sanford, 310.
Pitcher, Thomas G., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S.
A.: musters in Grant as colonel of 21st
Illinois Volunteers, IV, 293.
Pitts, Charles H., elected to Maryland legis-
lature, IV, 165.
Pittsburg Landing (or Shiloh), skirmish at,
V, 317 ; Sherman's and Hurlbut's divisions
at, 317; Grant unites his army at, 320;
situation of battlefield, 322 ; positions of
Union division commanders, 323, 324; battle
of Sunday, April 6, 1862, 325 ; death of A.
S. Johnston, 326 ; capture of Prentiss, 327 ;
W. H. L. Wallace mortally wounded, 327 ;
condition of the battle at sundown, April
6, 1862, 330, 331 ; arrival of Buell with his
army, April 6, 1862, 333 ; battle of April
7, 1862, 334 ; defeat and retreat of Confed-
erates, 334; Union and Confederate loss,
335.
Pittsburgh Republican Convention, meeting
Of, Feb. 22, 1856, II, 30, 31.
Pleasant Hill, La., battle of, April 9, 1864,
VIII, 295.
Pleasants, Henry, Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : proposes Petersburg mine, IX, 420,
421 ; at explosion of the mine, 422.
Pleasonton, Alfred, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
in battle of Chancellors vi lie, VII, 93-102 ;
cavalry battle at Brandy Station, June 9,
1863, 205, 206 ; cavalry successes under, 215 ;
recommends Farnsworth, Custer, and Mer-
ritt for brigadier generals, 232 ; testimony
about Gettysburg, 269 ; drives Price from
Missouri, VIII, 479.
Plumb, David, speech in Cleveland Conven-
tion, IX, 35.
Poindexter, J. A., capture of, VI, 379.
Polignac, C. J., Conf. Maj. Gen. : in battle
of Pleasant Hill, VIII, 295 ; defeated by
A. J. Smith, 301.
Polk, James K., eleventh Pres. U. S. : Dem-
ocratic nominee for President in 1844,
I, 227 ; measures to complete annexation
of Texas, 238 ; orders Gen. Taylor to the
Rio Grande, 241 ; asks appropriation for a
treaty, 267 ; asks appropriation to promote
acquisition of territory, 325.
Polk, Leonidas, Conf. Lieut. Gen. : takes
command on the Mississippi River, IV, 203;
commands at Memphis, 399; plan to in-
vade Missouri, 399, 400 ; message to Magof-
fin, V, 43 ; orders Pillow to Columbus, 43 ;
defends Confederate invasion of Ken-
tucky, 44 ; reenforces Belmont, 113 ; com-
mands Confederate left wing at Pittsburg
Landing, 321 ; in battle of Murfreesboro,
VI, 282, 291, 292 ; recommends retreat
from Murfreesboro, 293 ; pastoral letter
about secession, 331; ordered to attack
Crittenden, VIII, 79 ; requests reinforce-
ments, 80 ; in battle of Chickamauga, 84, 90,
91, 93, 101 ; succeeds Johnston in command
in Mississippi, 326; joins Johnston's
army, IX, 13; in battles of Resaca, 13;
march to Cassville, 15 ; in battles of
Dallas, 18; killed at Pine Mountain, 20.
Polk, Trusten, Gov. of Mo., U- S. Sen. : ex-
pelled from Congress, VIII, 469.
Pomeroy, Samuel C, U. S. Sen. : receives
votes for Vice-President in Philadelphia
INDEX
449
Convention, II, 35 ; present at interview
between Lincoln, Cabinet, and Republican
Senators, VI, 266; favors dismissal of
Seward, 266 ; secret circular of, VIII, 318-
321.
Pope, John, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. : attends
meeting of Lincoln's suite, III, 314 ; offers
to assist Grant, IV, 288; commands in
northern Missouri, 405; describes bush-
whackers, 405 ; opinion of Fremont, 431 ;
report of victory near Milford, V, 91 ; as-
signed to command campaign against Isl-
and No. Ten, 294; lands at Commerce,
Missouri, 294 ; invests New Madrid, 295;
erects battery at Point Pleasant, 295 ; New
Madrid evacuated, 295 ; requests Foote to
attack Island No. Ten with gunboat fleet,
296 ; captures Confederate troops, 299 ; pre-
pares to advance against Memphis, 299 ;
advance to Fort Pillow, 300 ; ordered up
the Tennessee River, 300 ; arrives at Pitts-
burg Landing, 301 ; lands with his army
near Shiloh battlefield, 337 ; assigned to
command left wing of Halleck's army,
337; statement concerning prisoners at
Corinth, 341; appointed to command
Army of Virginia, VI, 1 ; takes the field,
July 29, 1862, 2 ; doubts the cooperation of
McClellan, 3; address to Army of Vir-
ginia, 4; cordial letter to McClellan, 5;
retreats behind the Rappahannock, 6;
orders Fitz John Porter to Bristoe Sta-
tion, 8; joint order to McDowell and
Porter, 8 ; battle at Groveton, 9 ; sends
Porter peremptory order to go into action,
9; sends Porter peremptory order to
report in person on the field, 10 ; battle of
second Bull Run, Aug. 30, 1862, 10, 11;
withdraws to intrenchinents before Wash-
ington, 12; letter asking Grant to ex-
amine Porter court-martial case, 12;
comment in report on second Bull Run,
16 ; made Department commander, X,
338.
Porter, Andrew, Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols.:
provost marshal at Washington, IV, 441 ;
attends council of war, V, 167.
Porter, Benjamin H., Lieut. U. S. N.: killed
at Fort Fisher, X, 66.
Porter, David D., Adm. U. S. N. : selected for
Fort Pickens expedition, III, 438 ; claims
command of the Powhatan, IV, 4 ; sails for
Fort Pickens, 5, 6 ; arrival at Fort Pickens,
16 ; brings information about New Orleans
defenses, V, 253 ; consulted about expedi-
tion against New Orleans, 253; suggests a
Vol. X.— 29
mortar flotilla, 254; present at council
about expedition against New Orleans,
254; assigned to organize and command
mortar flotilla, 255 ; bombardment of Forts
Jackson and St. Philip, April 18, 1861, 260 ;
demands surrender of the forts, 270 ; sends
six mortar schooners to the rear of Fort
Jackson, 272 ; again demands surrender
of Forts Jackson and St. Philip, 272 ;
receives surrender, April 28, 1861, 273 ;
accompanies Farragut to Vicksburg with
mortar flotilla, 348 ; bombards Vicksburg
batteries, June 27, 1862, 348; commands
flotilla in expedition against Arkansas
Post, VII, 139 ; in attack on Fort Hindman,
140; attempts the Steele's Bayou route,
150-152; passes the Vicksburg batteries,
158-161; bombards Grand Gulf, April 29,
1863, 167 ; occupies Grand Gulf, 172 ;
attacks Vicksburg batteries, 293; joins
Banks's expedition at Alexandria, La.,
314, 315 ; commands gunboats in Red River
expedition, VIII, 289 ; retreat down Red
River, 297-301 ; commands fleet in Fort
Fisher expeditions, X, 55 ; first bombard-
ment of Fort Fisher, 61 ; directed to hold
position off Fort Fisher, 65 ; second bom-
bardment of Fort Fisher, 65, 66 ; interview
with Lincoln, Grant, and Sherman, 215;
Lincoln's visit to Richmond, 216-219.
Porter, Fitz John, Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
inspects Charleston forts, II, 345, 346 ;
persuades Patterson not to attack, IV,
346; commands provisional brigades at
Washington, 441 ; attends council of war,
V, 167 ; assigned by McClellan to command
provisional army corps, 381 ; established
north of the Chickahominy, 385; battle
near Hanover Court House, 385; state-
ment about McClellan's change of base,
419 ; repulses rebels at Beaver Dam Creek,
June 26, 1862, 425 ; urges McClellan to move
on Richmond, 426 ; strength of command,
428 ; losses at Gaines's Mill, 429 ; crosses
White Oak Swamp, 433 ; establishes his
corps at Malvern Hill, 433 ; interview with
Lincoln at Harrison's Landing, 453 ;
ordered to Bristoe Station, Centreville,
and Gainesville, VI, 8 ; advance arrives at
Dawkins Branch, 8 ; meeting with Mc-
Dowell^; receives from Pope joint order
to himself and McDowell, 8 ; receives
from Pope peremptory order to go into
action, 9 ; receives from Pope peremp-
tory order to report in person on the
field, 10; reports to Pope, Aug. 30, 1862,
450
INDEX
10; in battle of second Bull Run, Aug.
30, 1862, 10 ; tried by court martial and
cashiered, 12 ; letters to Burnside, 13, 14 ;
sent with Ms corps to McClellan, 134.
Porter, J. K., Lieut. Conf. navy: surrenders
the Florida, IX, 132.
Porter, Joseph C, guerrilla leader in Mis-
souri in 1862, VI, 378 ; pursuit and disper-
sion of his band, 379.
Porter, Peter, Col. U. S. Vols.: killed at
Cold Harbor, VIII, 405.
Porterfield, G. A., Conf. Col.: retires to
Philippi, IV, 330 ; attacked and routed, 331.
Port Gibson, Miss., battle of, May 1, 1863,
VII, 170, 171.
Port Hudson, La., first assault on, May 25,
1863, VII, 317; second assault, June 14,
1863, 317 ; siege begun May 25, 1863, 317 ;
surrender, July 9, 1863, 322.
Port Royal, S. C, expedition against, V,
14-17 ; capture of, Nov. 7, 1861, 17-19.
Posey, , a settler in Indiana, I, 28, 29.
Post, P. Sidney, Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in battle of Murfreesboro, VI, 286; in
march to Franklin, X, 11; in battle of
Nashville, 30, 32, 33.
Potter, Robert B., Maj. Gen. U. 8. Vols. :
in battle of Spotsylvania, VIII, 381; in
attack on Petersburg, IX, 411 ; in assault
at Petersburg mine, 422, 424, 432 ; in recap-
ture of Fort Stedman, X, 162.
Powell, Lazarus W., Gov. of Ky., U. S.
Sen. : moves to appoint Senate Committee
of Thirteen, II, 405 ; member of that com-
mittee, 414 ; amendment to Crittenden
compromise plan, III, 225; Senate reso-
lution about political prisoners, VIII, 39,
40 ; put in nomination for President, IX,
258.
Powell, Lewis Carets Lewis Payne), in con-
piracy to assassinate Lincoln, X, 289 ;
receives Booth's directions to murder
Seward, 291; gains entrance to Seward's
house, X, 303, 304; attacks and wounds
Frederick Seward and Robinson, 304;
stabs Sec. Seward, 304; stabs Augustus
Seward, 305 ; wounds Hansell, 305 ; escapes
from Seward's house, 305 ; arrested at
Mrs. Surratt's house, 306 ; tried and
hanged, 312, 313.
Powell, W. H., Bvt. Mai. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
defeats McCausland, IX, 328.
Powers, Frank, Conf. Col. : report about
negro prisoners of war, VII, 455.
Prairie Grove, Ark., battle of, Dec. 7, 1862,
VI, 383.
Preble, G. H., Rear Adm. U. S. N. : com-
mands tiheKatahdin in Farragut's fleet, V,
261.
Prentice, George D., editor of "LouisviRe
Journal": letter to Lincoln, III, 277.
Prentiss, Benjamin M., Maj. Gen. IT. S.
Vols. : departure with his company for
Springfield, IV, 87 ; takes command at
Cairo, 111., 195 ; asks assistance at Cairo,
406; portion of division at Pittsburg
Landing, V, 323 ; taken prisoner at Pitts-
burg Landing, 327 ; repulses Holmes's
attack on Helena, July 4, 1863, VII, 323.
Presbyterian General Assembly, resolutions
supporting the war and emancipation,
VI, 319-321.
Presbyterian General Assembly of the
South, formed, Dec. 4, 1861, VI, 331.
Prescott, Royal B., Lieut. U. S. Vols.:
enters Richmond, X, 208.
Presidential campaign of i860: candidates
and platforms, II, 279, 280; the "Wide
Awakes," 284-286 ; fusion, 289-292 ; vote of
Maine, 293; the October States, 293;
electors chosen, 294 ; results of fusion, 294 ;
electors cast their votes, 294; the Presi-
dential count, 294 ; Lincoln declared elect-
ed, 294; electoral vote, 294.
Preston, S. W., Lieut. U. S. N. : fires powder-
boat at Fort Fisher, X, 61 ; killed at Fort
Fisher, 66.
Preston, William, Conf. Maj. Gen.: leaves
Kentucky to join the South, IV, 244; in
battle of Chickamauga, VIII, 100, 102, 106.
Preston, William Ballard, member of com-
mittee from Virginia Convention, IV, 72.
Pretorius, Emil, fails to attend Cleveland
Convention, IX, 34.
Price, Sterling, Conf. Maj. Gen. : appointed
major general of Missouri militia, IV, 219 ;
agreement with Harney, 219 ; collects an
army in southwest Missouri, 398 ; defeats
Sigel at Carthage, 398, 399 ; junction with
McCulloch and Pearce, 409 ; marches on
Lexington, 426 ; besieges Lexington, 427,
428; retreats southward, 429; calls for
50,000 volunteers, V, 88; correspondence
with Halleck, 90 ; retreat from Springfield,
289 ; opposed to Grant in the West, VII,
112 ; captures Iuka, 113 ; joins Van Dorn at
Ripley, 113 ; seeks the protection of Maxi-
milian, 420; invasion of Missouri, VIII,
478-480.
Price, Thomas L., M. C. : second interview
with Lincoln about compensated emanci-
pation, VI, 111 ; opposes bill to aid Mis-
INDEX
451
souri emancipation, 396 ; resolution in
Democratic National Convention, IX, 255.
Prim, Don Juan, Marquis de los Castillejos:
named to command Spanish part of
Mexican expedition, VI, 39 ; appointed
diplomatic commissioner of Spain, 39;
executes convention of Soledad with
Doblado, 44 ; sails for Spain from Mexico,
46.
Prisoners of war, Lincoln's letter to Stan-
ton, March 18, 1864, about discharging,
V, 144; Lincoln's order about prisoners
at Rock Island, 145, 146; his interview
with Stanton about them, 146, 147 ; Lin-
coln's letter to Grant about Rock Island
prisoners, 147; Canby's report on, VII,
445; Lincoln's action about rebel priva-
teers, M8; commission for relief of, 449 ;
cartel for exchange of, 451; Confederate
action about negro soldiers, 452-456 ; But-
ler appointed commissioner of exchange,
460; Grant's instructions to Butler, 461;
treatment of, 463-465 , Col. Chandler's re-
port on Andersonville, 465-468; Dr.
Jones's report on Andersonville, 468-470;
numbers and mortality of, 470 ; Winder's
order to Andersonville guards, 471.
Pritchard, Benjamin D., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U.
S. Vols. : in capture of Jefferson Davis,
X, 269, 270 ; statement about conversation
with Davis, 272, 273; report of persons
captured, 273, 274.
Privateering, invited by Jefferson Davis,
IV, 88; Lincoln proclaims it piracy, 89.
Protestant Episcopal Church, Diocese of
Pennsylvania, resolutions supporting the
war and emancipation, VI, 323, 324.
Protestant Episcopal Church in the South,
action on secession, VI, 331, 332.
Provisional Congress of Seceding States,
meeting of, at Montgomery, Ala., Feb. 4,
1861, III, 196 ; elects Howell Cobb chair-
man, 197 ; Provisional Constitution adopt-
ed, 198; adopts name of Confederate
States of America, Feb. 8, 1861, 198; elects
President and Vice-President, 198; Per-
manent Constitution adopted, 198; sum-
mary of Acts of, 212.
Public debt, amount of: July 1, 1861, VI,
226; July 1, 1862, 230; July 1, 1863, 230;
June 30, 1864, 237 ; June 30, 1865, 237 ; maxi-
mum amount (Aug. 31, 1865), 237.
Pugh, George E., U. S. Sen. : opposes a
Congressional slave code, II, 175 ; speech
in the Charleston Convention, 238; Senate
discussion, 404; recommends McClellan
for command at Cincinnati, IV? 282;
counsel for Vallandigham, VII, 335; ap-
plies to Judge Leavitt for writ of habeas
corpus for Vallandigham, 335.
Pugh, James L., M. C. : House discussion,
II, 416, 417 ; signs secession address, 436.
Purcell, John B., Archbishop of Cincinnati;
supports the government and the war, VI,
325.
Purinton, Lieut., U. S. Vols. : in capture
of Jefferson Davis, X, 270.
Putnam, Harvey, M. C. : offers resolution
embodying Wilmot Proviso, I, 269.
Putnam, H. S., Col. U. S. Vols. : killed in
second assault on Fort Wagner, VII, 429,
431.
Quakers, or Society of Friends, action on
the war and emancipation, VI, 326-329.
Quantrell, W. C, Conf. guerrilla: massacre
at Lawrence, Kas., Aug. 21, 1863, VIII, 211,
212.
Quincy, Josiah, M. C: comment on Lin-
coln's Conkling letter, VII, 385.
Quitman, John A., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
candidate for governor of Mississippi in
1861, III, 206.
Radford, Reuben, sells store to Greene, I,
110.
Radford, William, M. C. : votes for Thir-
teenth Amendment, X, 83.
Ramseur, Stephen D., Conf. Maj. Gen.: in
Army of Northern Virginia, VIII, 354;
wounded at Spotsylvania, 382 i defeated
by Averell, IX, 175; in battle of Win-
chester, 300, 301, 304 ; in battle of Fisher's
Hill, 306 ; in battle of Cedar Creek, 316,
321 ; killed at Cedar Creek, 325.
Ramsey, Alexander, U. S. Sen., Sec. of War
under Hayes : votes for re-passage of Na-
tional Bank Act, VI, 245.
Randall, A. W., Gov. of Wis., Min. to Italy,
P. M. Gen. under Johnson : letter to Lin-
coln, IV, 305.
Randolph, George W., member of commit-
tee from Virginia Convention, IV, 72.
Randolph, The, Union gunboat: sunk by a
torpedo at Mobile, IX, 240.
Ransom, , defeated for delegate to Con-
gress, II, 104.
Ransom, George M., Commodore U. S. N.:
commands the Kineo in Farragut's fleet, V,
261.
Ransom, Robert, Jr., Conf. Maj. Gen. : in
battle of Bermuda Hundred, VIII, 398.
452
INDEX
Ransom, T. E. G., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : captures works at Aransas Pass,
VIII, 287; in Red River expedition, 292 ;
in battle of Sabine Cross Roads, 293;
wounded, 294 ; in battles of Atlanta, IX,
286.
Rappahannock, The, Conf. cruiser: action
of French government about, IX, 138-142.
Rathbone, Henry R., Bvt. Col. U. 8. A. : at-
tends Ford's Theater with Mrs. Lincoln
and Miss Harris, X, 292 ; wounded by
Booth, 296 ; directs Lincoln's removal from
Ford's Theater, 296.
Raymond, Miss., battle of, May 12, 1863, VII,
177, 178.
Raymond, Henry J., editor of "New- York
Times," M. C. : reports feeling in Burn-
side's army, VI, 212, 213; reports Balti-
more platform of 1864, IX, 69-71 ; speech
in Baltimore Convention, 71; letter to
Lincoln about peace negotiations, 218, 219.
Raynor, Kenneth, M. C. : suggested for the
Cabinet, III, 362.
Read, John Meredith, Justice Sup. Ct. of
Pa., Min. to Greece: dissents from deci-
sion that draft law is unconstitutional,
VII, 13.
Read, Theodore, Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S.
Vols.: killed in march to Appomattox,
X, 187, 188.
Reagan,JohnH.,M.C.,Conf.P.M.Gen.,U.S.
Sen. : signs secession address, II, 436 ; ap-
pointed Confederate Postmaster General,
III, 212 ; arrest of, X, 151 ; present at inter-
views of Davis and Johnston, 257-263 ; con-
tinues with Davis's party, 267 ; statement
about Pritchard's conversation with Da-
vis, 273 ; captured with Jefferson Davis,
273.
Reconstruction, changes of authority in
localities and States occupied by Union
armies, VI, 343, 344 ; appointment of mili-
tary governors, 344 ; Andrew Johnson ap-
pointed military governor of Tennessee,
344 ; he sketches his official functions, 344,
345 ; Edward Stanley appointed military
governor of North Carolina, 345 ; his com-
mission and instructions, 345 ; G. F. Shep-
ley appointed military governor of Louis-
iana, 346 ; John S. Phelps appointed
military governor of Arkansas, 346; lan-
guage of Lincoln's inaugural concerning,
347 ; language of special message of July
4, 1861, concerning, 347, 348 ; Lincoln's al-
lusions to, in letter to Reverdy Johnson,
348, 349; in letter to Cuthbert Bullitt,
349; Lincoln's letters to Butler and Shep-
ley, 350; to Grant and Johnson, 350; to
Steele and Phelps, 350; Lincoln's letters
to Gov. Shepley about Congressmen from
Louisiana, 351, 352; election for Congress
in Louisiana, 352, 353 ; B. F. Flanders and
Michael Hahn elected and admitted to
seats, 353 ; Lincoln's letter to Gillmore
about, in Florida, VIII, 282, 283 ; mis-
sion of Major Hay, 282, 283 ; failure in
Florida, 283; Lincoln's letters about, in
Arkansas, 410-418 ; State Convention at
Little Rock, 414 ; Arkansas Constitution
amended to abolish slavery, 415 ; provi-
sional government formed in Arkansas,
415; Arkansas adopts new Constitution,
416, 417 ; Arkansas State government
elected and organized, 417 ; Senators and
Congressmen elected from Arkansas, 418 ;
Congress refuses to admit them, 418 ;
Lincoln's letters about, in Louisiana,
420-430; State officers elected in Louisi-
ana, 431-434 ; Louisiana State Conven-
tion elected, 435 ; Louisiana Convention
abolishes slavery, 435, 436 ; amended
Constitution adopted in Louisiana, 436 ;
Senators and Members of Congress elected
in Louisiana, 436, 437; Lincoln's letters
about, in Tennessee, 441-445 ; election for
county officers in Tennessee, 443-445 ;
Tennessee Convention abolishes slavery,
447, 448; amended Constitution adopted,
448, 449 ; Tennessee legislature ratifies
Thirteenth Amendment, 449 ; Senators
and Members of Congress elected in
Tennessee, 449 ; Lincoln's comment on
theory of, IX, 111 ; Henry Winter Davis's
bill, 115-117 ; Act for, passed by Congress,
120 ; Lincoln declines to sign Act, 120-123 ;
Lincoln's proclamation about, 123; Peir-
point-Butler controversy, 439-442; Lin-
coln's letters to Butler about Virginia
reconstruction 442-444 ; Lincoln's letters
to Hurlbut and Canby about Louisiana
reconstruction, 446, 447 ; House of Repre-
sentatives defeats Ashley's bills for,
449-453 ; Lincoln's letter to Trumbull
about Louisiana reconstruction, 453, 454 ;
Trumbull reports joint resolution on
Louisiana reconstruction, 454; Lincoln's
address on, 457-463; discussed at Hamp-
ton Roads Conference, X, 122, 123.
Rector, Henry M., Gov. of Ark. : answer to
Lincoln's call for troops, TV, 90.
Redfield, James, Lieut. Col. U. S. Vols. "
killed at Allatoona, IX, 474.
INDEX
453
Reed, John M., vote for, in Chicago Conven-
tion, 1860, II, 273.
Reeder, Andrew H., Gov. of Kas. Ter. : ap-
pointed governor of Kansas Territory, I,
402 ; powers as governor, 403 ; arrives in
Territory, 403 ; orders election for Terri-
torial Delegate, 404 ; orders census of
inhabitants of Kansas, 409; orders elec-
tion of legislature for March 30, 1855, 409 ;
regulations for election of March 30, 1855,
409, 410 ; removes his office to Shawnee Mis-
sion, 411 ; issues certificate of election to
members of bogus legislature, 412; con-
venes legislature at Pawnee, 414; goes to
Washington, 414; his political dilemma,
416 ; legislature asks his removal, 417 ;
removed by the President, 417; nominated
for Territorial Delegate by Free State
party, 428 ; receives Free State vote for
Delegate, 429, 439 ; elected IT. S. Senator,
430 ; writ against, issued by Lecompte, 451 ;
resists arrest, 451 ; flees in disguise, 451 ;
speech atBloomington, II, 29.
Reformed Presbyterian Church, resolutions
supporting the war and emancipation, VI,
322.
Reid, J. W., M. C. : commands in Border
Ruffian camp, II, 16.
Reid, Whitelaw, editor of N. Y. " Tribune,"
Min. to France : statement about Grant
at Pittsburg Landing, V, 331.
Reno, Jesse L., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. : com-
mands division under Burnside, V, 242;
commands left in attack on Roanoke
Island, 244 ; killed at South Mountain, VI,
137.
Republican Party, proposed, I, 159; organ-
ized in Illinois, II, 23-30 ; Pittsburg Con-
vention, 30, 31 ; Philadelphia Convention,
31; nominates J. C. Fremont for Presi-
dent, 32; nominates William L. Dayton
for Vice-President, 35 ; Philadelphia plat-
form, 36, 37; growing chances of, 255;
leaders in, 255, 256; National Convention
at Chicago in 1860, 255, 259-277 ; candi-
dates and platform in 1860, 279 ; electors
chosen by, 294 ; Baltimore Convention of
1864 adopts resolutions affirming Monroe
doctrine, VII, 421 ; National Convention
of 1864 at Baltimore, IX, 65-74; nominates
Lincoln and Johnson, 71-74; victory in
October States, 1864, 369-371 ; reelection of
Lincoln, Nov. 8, 1864, 377.
Resaca, Ga., battles of, May 13-16, 1864, IX,
13, 14.
Retaliation, rebel threats of, about negro
troops, VI, 471-473; Lincoln's order for,
474, 475 ; McNeil executes ten rebel guer-
rillas, 475, 476 ; Van Dorn authorizes
Breckinridge to threaten, 477 ; Fort Pillow
massacre, 478-480 ; threats of rebel officers,
480 ; Cabinet action on Fort Pillow mas-
sacre, 481-483.
Reynolds, J. J., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A.:
march on Chattanooga, VIII, 71 ; in battle
Of Chickamauga, 88, 92, 94, 95, 98, 99, 104 ;
made Department commander, X, 338.
Reynolds, John, Gov. of 111. : relates pioneer
incidents, I, 53-55 ; call for volunteers
to expel the Indians, 87-89; elected gov-
ernor, 103.
Reynolds, John F., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
commands brigade under McCall, V, 425 ;
makes a reconnaissance at Chancellors-
ville, VII, 108 ; arrives at Gettysburg, 238 ;
selects Gettysburg for the battlefield, 239,
240 ; killed at Gettysburg, 240.
Reynolds, John H., M. C. : member of Select
Committee of Five, III, 142.
Rhind, Alexander C, Commodore U. S. N. :
commands ironclad KeoJcuk in attack on
Charleston, VII, 69 ; fires powder-boat at
Fort Fisher, X, 61.
Rhode Island ratifies Thirteenth Amend-
ment, X, 88.
Rice, Henry M., U„ S. Sen.: member of
Senate Committee of Thirteen, II, 414;
proposition in that committee, III, 222.
Rice, James C, Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. : killed
at Spotsylvania, VIII, 376.
Richardson, A. D., correspondent of N. Y.
"Tribune": cruelly treated as prisoner
of war, VII, 458.
Richardson, Israel B., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols.:
mortally wounded at Antietam, VI, 140.
Richardson, William A., M. C, U. S. Sen. :
chairman of House Committee on Terri-
tories, I, 337 ; introduces first Nebraska
Bill, 338 ; nominated for Speaker of House
of Representatives, 363 ; nominated by
Democrats for governor of Illinois, II, 25 ;
votes for, for governor, 43 ; criticisms on
Bull Run, IV, 359 ; fault-finding speech
about Bull Run, 364; opposes bill for
draft, VII, 4; opposes commutation clause,
27 ; presides over peace meeting at Spring-
field, 378.
Richardson, William P., Maj. Gen. Kas.
militia : orders out his division of militia,
11,6.
Richmond, Va., made capital of the Confed-
erate States, IV, 264 ; effect of the war, X,
454
INDEX
148-150 ; evacuation of, April 2, 1865, 201-
206; conflagration in, 205-207; surrender
of, 208 ; occupied by Gen. Weitzel, 208.
Richmond, The, Union cruiser : in battle
of Mobile Bay, IX, 233, 235.
Rich Mountain, Va., battle of, July 11, 1861,
IV, 334, 335.
Ricketts, James B., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A.:
in Army of Potomac, VIII, 353 ; sent to
Baltimore, IX, 164 ; wounded at Monoc-
acy, 165 ; in battle of Fisher's Hill, 307, 309.
Riney, Zachariah, teacher of Pres. Lincoln,
I, 27.
Ripley, E. H., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
brigade of, occupies Richmond, X, 209.
Rippit, Mrs., housekeeper iu Fort Moultrie :
transfer to Fort Sumter, III, 54.
Roanoke, The, Union steam frigate : at Fort
Monroe, V, 223 ; starts to meet the Merri-
mac, 223 ; runs aground, 223.
Roanoke Island, N. C, situation of, V, 239;
fortified by Confederates, 240 ; Golds-
borough attacks the shore batteries, 243 ;
defenses of, 244 ; attacked by Union army,
244, 245; surrendered by Confederates,
Feb. 8, 1862, 245.
Roberts, George W., Col. U. S. Vols. : killed
at Murfreesboro, VI, 288, 289.
Robertson, Judge, interview with Scott, IV,
104.
Robertson, John, Peace Commissioner from
Virginia to seceding States, III, 165, 228 ;
report of, 229.
Robinson, Charles, elected governor of
Kansas under Topeka Constitution, 1, 430 ;
arrested at Lexington on requisition of
governor of Kansas, 434, 450 ; indictment
against, for "constructive treason," 434;
given command of Free State forces, 443 ;
house of, in Lawrence, burned, 455.
Robinson, Charles D., letter to Lincoln
about war policy, IX, 214.
Robinson, Christopher, M. C, Min. to Peru:
member of House Committee of Thirty-
three, II, 417.
Robinson, Sergeant George F., wounded
by Payne, X, 304.
Robinson, J. F., member of committee to
distribute Union arms, IV, 237.
Robinson, Lucius, Gov. of N. Y. : signs call
for Cleveland Convention, IX, 32 ; letter
to Cleveland Convention, 38.
Robinson, M. S., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in battle of Chickamauga, VIII, 104.
Rockwell, A. F., Bvt. Lieut. Col. U. 8. A. :
present at Lincoln's deathbed, X, 300.
Rodes, Robert E., Conf. Maj. Gen. : in battle
of Chancellorsville, VII, 103 ; losses at
Kelly's Ford, VIII, 245 ; in Army of North-
ern Virginia, 354; in campaign against
Washington, IX, 172; in Shenandoah
campaign, 296 ; in battle of Winchester,
300, 301 ; killed at Winchester, 301, 304.
Rodgers, George W., Commander U. S. N. :
commands Union gunboat Catskill in
attack on Charleston, VII, 69.
Rodgers, John, Rear Adm. U. S. N. : mission
to prepare Western gunboats, IV, 201;
describes bombardment of Port Boyal, V,
18 ; sent West to construct gunboats, 118 ;
commands monitor WeeJiawken, VII, 66 ;
leads attack on Charleston, April 7, 1863,
66 ; captures rebel ram Atlanta, 79-81.
Rodman, Isaac P., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
killed at Antietam, VI, 141.
Roe, F. A., Captain U. S. N. : fight with
the Albemarle, X, 41-43; commands the
Sassacus, 43.
Roebuck, John Arthur, M. P. : interview
with Napoleon the Third, VIII, 274.
Rogers, A. A. C, M. C. : elected to Con-
gress, VIII, 418.
Rollins, James S., M. C. : second interview
with Lincoln about compensated emanci-
pation, VI, 111 ; vote for Thirteenth
Amendment, X, 83.
Roman, A. B., Conf. Comr. : arrives in
Washington, III, 413.
Root, Joseph M., M. C. : resolutions to make
California and New Mexico free Terri-
tories, I, 284.
Rosecrans, "William S., Bvt. Maj. Gen.U. S.
A. : battle of Rich Mountain, July 11, 1861,
IV, 335, 336 ; assigned to command in west-
ern Virginia, 356 ; supersedes Buell in com-
mand of the Army of the Cumberland,
Oct. 30, 1862, VI, 281; appoints Thomas
to command center, McCook right wing,
and Crittenden left wing of his army, 281 ;
establishes headquarters at Nashville,
281 ; marches against Bragg, 282 ; plan of
battle at Murfreesboro, 283, 284 ; battle of
Murfreesboro, Dec. 31, 1862, to Jan. 2, 1863,
285-295 ; occupies Murfreesboro, 294 ; order
respecting church assemblages, 334, 335;
sent by Grant to attack Iuka, VII, 113;
attacked by the rebels, 113 ; defeats Van
Dorn's attack on Corinth, 117 ; pursues
Van Dorn, 118; made major general of
U. S. volunteers, 118; assigned to com-
mand Army of the Cumberland, 118 ; ap-
prehension about conspiracy of American
INDEX
455
Knights, VIII, 10 ; sends report on Ameri-
can Knights to Lincoln, 11-13 ; defends his
inactivity", 43 ; fortifies Murfreesboro, 44 ;
idiosyncrasies of, 45; complaints about
cavalry, 46 ; sends Rousseau to Washing-
ton, 46 ; controversies with Halleck, 47 ;
complaints about rank, 47 ; reply to Hal-
leck's letter about promotion, 48, 49 ; reply
to Halleck about telegraphing, 49 ; organ-
izes cavalry expedition under Col. Streight,
51 ; council of war, 59 ; adopts Garfield's
plan, 60 ; telegram to Halleck about coun-
cil of war, 60 ; drives Bragg out of middle
Tennessee, 61, 62 ; letter to Lincoln, 64 ;
answer to Lincoln's letter, 66; questions
Halleck about his orders, 67 ; march on
Chattanooga, 67-73 ; occupies Chatta-
nooga, Sept. 9, 1863, 73; telegraphs Hal-
leck, " Chattanooga is ours," 75 ; censures
Thomas, 79 ; reply to Halleck, 81 ; battle
of Chickamauga, Sept. 18-20, 1863, 84-107 ;
dispatch about Chickamauga, 108; dis-
patches to Lincoln, 110, ill ; retires to
Chattanooga, 113 ; correspondence with
Lincoln, 114-117 ; relieved from command,
119; denies intention to retreat from Chat-
tanooga, 121 ; plan of, 121-123 ; interview
with Grant, 122 ; answer to Lincoln about
Potomac troops, 143 ; transferred to Mis-
souri, 474 ; order concerning church organ-
izations, 475 ; election order in Missouri,
481, 482 ; approves Jaquess's application
to go South, IX, 202, 203.
Rosser, Thomas L., Conf. Maj. Gen. : in
battle of the Wilderness, VIII, 363 ; sent to
Early, IX, 312 ; defeated by Torbert, 314 ;
in battle of Cedar Creek, 317; stationed at
Stony Creek, 327 ; raid on Baltimore and
Ohio railroad, 328 ; in battle of Waynesboro,
329, 330 ; in retreat to Appomattox, X, 187.
Rouher, Eugene, French Minister of State :
interview with Slidell, VIII, 270.
Rousseau, Lovell H., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
A. : establishes " Camp Joe Holt," IV,
239 ; organizes Union brigade of Kentuck-
ians, V, 47; in battle of Murfreesboro,
VI, 287, 293 ; sent to Washington by Rose-
crans, VIII, 46; cavalry raid from De-
catur, IX, 27 ; receives votes for Vice-
President at Baltimore Convention, 72 ;
defense of Murfreesboro, X, 23.
Rowan, Stephen C, Vice Adm. U. S. N. :
destroys rebel fleet in Albemarle Sound,
V, 246 ; captures Elizabeth City, Feb. 10,
1862, 246 ; in bombardment of Fort Sumter,
VII, 437.
Rowett, Richard, Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols.:
wounded at Allatoona, IX, 474.
Ruffin, Thomas, M. C. : signs secession ad-
dress, II, 436.
Ruger, T. H., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in march to Franklin, X, 13.
Runyon, Theodore, Brig. Gen. N. J. militia :
commands division under McDowell, IV,
342.
Russell, , City Judge of New York :
action about suppression of the " World"
and " Journal of Commerce," IX, 49, 50.
Russell, D. A., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
storms rebel works at Rappahannock
Station, VIII, 243; sent to Washington,
IX, 164 ; killed at Winchester, 301.
Russell, Lord John, afterwards Earl, Brit-
ish Minister of Foreign Affairs : reply to
Dallas, IV, 268; receives Southern com-
missioners, 268 ; disclaims England's
intention to aid the rebellion, 277 ; says
he does not expect to see Southern
commissioners again, 277 ; proposes that
the Declaration of Paris shall not apply to
the rebellion, 278 ; notes on the Trent
affair, V, 29, 30 ; views on the Trent affair,
39, 40; correspondence about intervention
of France, Spain, and England, VI, 35, 36 ;
thinks adhesion of United States ought to
be invited, 36 ; announces English part of
Mexican expedition, 39 ; comment on ru-
mored designs of France and Spain in
Mexico, 42 ; reply to Adams that the Oreto
was built for peaceful commerce, 52 ;
interview with Adams about the Oreto,
52; alleged views on the Alabama, 54;
replies that British government is "un-
able to go beyond the law," 57 ; cor-
respondence with Adams on proposed
changes in Foreign Enlistment Act,
57, 58 ; answer to Adams's presentation of
evidence, 58, 59; interview with Adams,
March 26, 1863, 59 ; comments on blockade-
running, 60; suggestion to Palmerston to
propose mediation to the United States,
66 ; indorses Palmerston' s suggestion to
propose mediation to the United States,
66 ; proposes recognition of Confederate
States, 66; dispatch about the Alabama,
VIII, 254, 255 ; dispatch about Confederate
cruisers, 256 ; correspondence with Adams
about Confederate rams, 258, 259; remarks
on the American war, 260; speech on
Lincoln's death, X, 343.
Russell, John H., Capt. U. S. N. : commands
the Kennebec in Farragut's fleet, V, 261.
456
INDEX
Russell, W. W., Conf. Brig. Gen. : defeated
by Palmer, X, 36.
Russia, invited by France to mediate in
American affairs, VI, 63 ; refuses to join
France in effort to obtain armistice in
United States, 65, 66.
Rust, Albert, M. C, Conf. Brig. Gen. : mem-
ber of House Committee of Thirty-three,
II, 417 ; statement to that committee, 433.
Rutledge, Ann, Lincoln's interest in, 1, 191,
192.
Sabine Cross Roads, La., battle of, April 8,
1864, VIII, 292-294.
Sabine Pass, Texas, Union defeat at, Sept.
8, 1863, VIII, 287.
St. Albans, Vt., rebel raid on, from Canada,
Oct. 19, 1864, VIII, 23-27.
St. Lawrence, The, Union sailing frigate :
at Fort Monroe, V, 223 ; starts to encounter
the Merrimac, 223 ; runs aground, 223.
Salas, Mariano, member of Mexican provi-
sional government, VII, 398.
Saligny, M. de, French diplomatist : assists
Forey to organize a provisional govern-
ment, VII, 397, 398.
Sanborn, F. B., receives letters from John
Brown, II, 198.
Sanders, George N., offered safe-conduct to
Washington, IX, 190 ; replies he is not ac-
credited from Richmond, 191.
Sanderson, J. P., Col. U. S. A. : permission
to visit Washington asked for, VIII, 10,
11 ; report on Order of American Knights,
11-13.
Sandford, C. W., Maj. Gen. N. Y. militia:
sent to aid Patterson, IV, 326.
Sandford, John F. A., owner of Dred Scott,
II, 63.
Sanford, E. S., acknowledgments to, from
Secretary of War, IV, 129.
Sanford, Henry, conference with Judd,
Pinkerton, and Franciscus, III, 310.
Sangamon County, 111., created by the legis-
lature in 1821, I, 59; commissioners of,
elected, 59 ; county-seat established, 60, 61.
Sangston, Lawrence, elected to Maryland
legislature, IV, 165.
Sanitary commissions, work of, VI, 329.
Sanitary fairs, work of, VI, 329, 330.
San Jacinto, The, U. S. war steamer: detains
the Trent, V, 22-24 ; proceeds to Boston, 24.
Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de, Pres. of
Mexico : captured by Houston, I, 233 ; ad-
vance on Saltillo, 255.
Saulsbury, Willard, U. S. Sen. : opposes
repeal of commutation clause of Draft
Act, VII, 27 ; puts Powell in nomination
for President, IX, 258.
Savage's Station, Va., engagement at, June
29, 1862, V, 434.
Savannah, Ga., siege of, Dec. 10-20, 1864, IX,
487-492; occupied by Sherman, Dec. 21,
1864, 492.
Savannah, The, Conf. privateer : crew in-
dicted and tried, V, 10, 11 ; exchanged, 11.
Saxton, Rufus, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
reports the enemy still at Harper's Ferry,
V, 408.
Schaefer, Frederick, Col. U. S. Vols. : killed
at Murfreesboro, VI, 288.
Scheie de Vere, Prof. Univ. of Va. : con-
versation with Napoleon the Third, VI,
34, 35.
Schenck, Robert C, Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
placed under Hooker's orders, VII, 215 ;
order about Maryland election, VIII, 462 ;
supplementary order about Maryland
election, 464.
Schnierle, , Conf. Maj. Gen. : warns
Humphreys of danger of a violent demon-
stration, II, 444; interview with Foster,
445 ; directed to carry out certain military
details, III, 116 ; illness of, 122.
Schofield, J. M., Bvt. Maj. Gen. and Gen.
in Chief U. S. A. : commands Missouri
State militia, V, 97 ; member of advisory
board to reexamine Porter court-martial
case, VI, 13; instructed to "take care of
Missouri," 368 ; assigned to command Dis-
trict of Missouri, 368 ; order to hunt down
and destroy guerrillas, 374 ; assessments on
rebel sympathizers, 374, 375 ; registration
of rebel sympathizers, 376; provisional
regiments from Enrolled Militia, 377 ; re-
port on guerrilla rising of 1862, 378, 379 ;
takes the field towards southwest Mis-
souri, 382; reports no rebel forces north
of Arkansas River, 396; inquiry about
Missouri Convention, VIII, 207, 208 ; letter
to governor of Kansas, 212 ; letter to Lin-
coln about Missouri affairs, 224 ; reports on
Missouri affairs, 229 ; interview with Lin-
coln, 472; nominated major general of
U. S. volunteers, 474 ; transferred to Ten-
nessee, 474 ; strength of Army of the Ohio,
IX, 4 ; advance north of Dalton, 11 ; ad-
vance on Cassville, 15; in battles of
Dallas, 17-19; in battles of Kenesaw
Mountain, 20, 25 ; in march on Atlanta,
263 ; in battles of Atlanta, 272-274, 285, 286 ;
sent to Thomas, 477 ; in army of Thomas,
INDEX
457
X, 7, 8; march to Franklin, Nov. 23-30,
1864, 10-18; battle of Franklin, Nov. 30,
1864, 18-21 ; in defense of Nashville, 21, 22 ;
in battle of Nashville, 30-33 ; assigned to
command Department of North Carolina,
68 ; advance on Wilmington, 68, 69 ; occu-
pies Wilmington, Feb. 22, 1865, 69 ; occupies
Goldsboro, March 21, 1865, 70, 71; made
Department commander, 338.
Schurz, Carl, Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols., U. S.
Sen., Sec. of Int. under Hayes : in battle of
Chancellorsville, VII, 99; in battle of
Gettysburg, 242 ; engagement in Lookout
Valley, VIII, 126.
Scott, Dred, condition as a slave, II, 58, 59 ;
declared to be not a citizen, 73 ; manu-
mitted by his owners, 81. See also Dred
Scott Decision.
Scott, Robert E., suggested by Seward for
the Cabinet, III, 362 ; promises Seward an
interview, 363; interview with Seward,
365.
Scott, Robert N., Bvt. Lieut. Col. U. S. A. :
opinion of Lincoln's military ability, X,
354.
Scott, Thomas A., Asst. Sec. of War: tele-
gram to Halleck, V, 299 ; interview with
Halleck, 299 ; asks for reinforcements for
Halleck, 299 ; suggestion about continuing
the campaign, 300.
Scott, T. Parkin, elected to Maryland legis-
lature, IV, 165.
Scott, Winfield, Bvt. Lieut. Gen. U. S. A. :
march and victories in Mexico, I, 262, 263;
biographical sketch, II, 337, 338 ; his nulli-
fication experience, 338, 339; "Views"
addressed to Buchanan and Floyd, 339-
341 ; reply to Buchanan's criticism, 342 ;
interview with Anderson, 347; orders to
Anderson, Nov. 15, 1860, 348; letter to
Twiggs by G. W. Lay about instructions
to Anderson, 388 ; goes to Washington to
advise the government, 434; message to
Buchanan, III, 68; letter to Floyd, 87;
letter to Larz Anderson, 88 ; confidential
letter to Buchanan, 88; letter of addi-
tional suggestions to Buchanan, 89 ; noti-
fies commanders of forts to be on the
alert, 129; recommendation to reenforce
Forts Taylor and Jefferson, 134 ; orders St.
Louis arsenal reenforced, 135; concen-
trates regular troops at Washington, 139-
145 ; precautionary measures for Lincoln's
inauguration, 146, 324; orders military
parade for Feb. 22, 1861, 149 ; instructions
to Lieut. Slemmer, 162; criticism of the
joint instructions sent to Pensacola, 170 ;
correspondence with Lincoln, 249, 251 ;
letter to Seward, 311 ; opinion on reen-
forcing Sumter, 378 ; recommends evacu-
ating Sumter, 382 ; sends Capt. Fox to
Sumter, 389; letter to Seward, 393; advises
evacuation of Fort Pickens, 394; gives
Capt. Fox confidential orders, IV, 28;
daily reports to the President, 64-67, 95-
97; approves intention to give Lee
command of Union army, 98; interview
with Lee, 100 ; example and loyalty, 102-
104 ; reply to Robertson, 104 ; telegram to
Crittenden, 104 ; interview with Baltimore
Committee, 126 ; directions to Gen. Patter-
son, 129, 130; report of April 22, 1861, 143,
144 ; orders to Butler about Maryland
legislature, 168; letter to Gen. Twiggs,
180; orders troops withdrawn from Texas,
184 ; instructs Col. Waite to form in-
trenched camp, 188 ; alternative instruc-
tion to evacuate Texas, 189 ; order about
provisions on the Ohio, 200; approves Mc-
Clellan's appointment to command, 285;
indorsement on McClellan's plans, 300 ;
general plan of campaign, 301-303 ; com-
ments on the governors' memorial, 305,
306 ; letter to Cameron, 308 ; orders Arling-
ton Heights occupied, 310 ; discusses cam-
paign against Manassas, 323; orders to
Patterson, 325; encouragement to Mc-
Clellan in western Virginia, 339; orders
Gen. Patterson to detain Johnston, 344 ;
warns McDowell of rebel reenf orcements,
351; confidence in McDowell's success,
351, 352 ; discredits reports of defeat, 352,
354 ; criticisms on the disaster, 358 ; urges
Fremont to proceed west, 402; friendli-
ness to McClellan, 461 ; asks to be retired,
462, 463; complaints of McClellan, 463;
General Order of Sept. 16, 1861, 464; sec-
ond remonstrance against McClellan, 464 ;
retirement of, 464, 465 ; approves sending
McDowell's corps to McClellan, VI, 2;
circular to army, recommending accept-
ance of paper money, 228; attends Lin-
coln's funeral at New York, X, 321.
Scripps, John L., answer to Arnold's com-
plaint, IX, 361.
Seaton, "William W., editor of "National
Intelligencer " : approves Lincoln's bill
abolishing slavery in District of Colum-
bia, I, 286.
Secession, agitation in 1852, II, 297; move-
ment in 1850, 297 ; conspiracy in 1856, 299 ;
letter of Gov. Wise to Southern gover-
458
INDEX
nors, 299 ; letter of J. M. Mason to Jeffer-
son Davis, 300 ; letter of Win. L. Yancey to
Slaughter, 301 ; letter of Gov. Wise to
Wm. Sergeant, 302 ; The 1860 Association,
805 ; letter of Gov. Gist to Southern gov-
ernors, 306, 307 ; replies of Southern gov-
ernors to Gov. Gist, 307-314 ; Jackson's
instructions to Gen. Scott about nullifica-
tion, 338 ; Gen. Scott's mission to Charles-
ton, 338 ; address of Senators and Repre-
sentatives, Dec. 14, 1860, 436 ; ordinance of
South Carolina passed Dec. 20, 1860, III,
13 ; Senatorial caucus of Jan. 5, 1861, 155,
180 ; Senators' letter to Hayne, 155 ;
Senators send Holt's reply to Hayne, 162 ;
movement of, 175-182, 193 ; committee of
Senatorial caucus appointed, 180 ; resolu-
tions of Senatorial caucus, 180; date of,
in different States, 181 ; duration of
movement in the Cotton States, IV, 245 ;
course of : in Virginia, 246 — in North
Carolina, 246-248— in Arkansas, 248, 249
— in Tennessee, 249-251 ; first and second
periods of, 251, 252 ; denounced : by Bap-
tist Convention of New York, VI, 315 —
by American Baptist Missionary Union,
316 — by American Board of Foreign Mis-
sions, 317 —by Congregational Conference
of Massachusetts, 317, 318 — by Congrega-
tional General Association of New York,
New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, 318— by
German Reformed Synod, 318— by Lu-
theran General Synod, 318, 319 — by Mora-
vian Synod, 319— by Presbyterian General
Assembly, 319-321 — by United Presby-
terian Church General Assembly, 321 —
by Reformed Presbyterian Church, 322 —
by New School Presbyterians, 322, 323
— by Protestant Episcopal Church, Dio-
cese of Pennsylvania, 323, 324— by Meth-
odist Episcopal Church, 324, 325 — by
Catholic Church, 325 ; action of the Society
of Friends, 326-329 ; supported by Baptist
State Convention of Alabama, 331 ; action:
of Presbyterian General Assembly of
the South, 331 — of Protestant Episcopal
Church in the South, 331, 332 — of Meth-
odist Episcopal Church, South, 332, 338.
Seddon, James A., M. C, Conf. Sec. of War:
remarks about battle of Buena Vista, II,
26; instruction to E. K. Smith to deal
"red-handed" with white officers of col-
ored troops, VI, 473 ; correspondence with
Johnston about Vicksburg, VII, 296-298;
appointed Confederate commissioner to
negotiate an exchange of prisoners, 449 ;
instructions to Beauregard about cap-
tured negro soldiers, 452 ; instructions to
Johnston, VIII, 326, 327 ; dispatch about
Richmond, 396 ; urges Beauregard to
attack, 397 ; resignation of, X, 153.
Sedgwick, John, Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
wounded at Antietam, VI, 140 ; in battle
of Chancellors ville, VII, 106, 107 ; crosses
the Rappahannock with the Sixth Corps,
203 ; in battle of Gettysburg, 249 ; crosses
the Rappahannock, VIII, 243; in move-
ment at Mine Run, 249, 250; commands
Sixth Corps, Army of Potomac, 353 ;
march to the Wilderness, 358 ; in battle of
the Wilderness, 360, 362, 363 ; in battle of
Spotsylvania, 374 ; killed at Spotsylvania,
375.
Segar, Joseph, M. C. : admitted to seat in
House of Representatives, IX, 437.
Selma, Ala., captured by Wilson, April 2,
1865, X, 240.
Selma, The, Conf. gunboat: captured in
Mobile Bay, IX, 234.
Semmes, Raphael, Commander U. S. N.,
Capt. Conf. navy: commands the Ala-
bama, VI, 55 ; procedure of, 55 ; sinks the
Hatteras, 56 ; commands the Alabama, IX,
142 ; accepts challenge of the Eearsarge,
144; escapes on the Deerhound, 150.
Semple, James, U. S. Sen.: defeated for
U. S. Senator, 126.
Senate Committee of Thirteen, appointment
of, moved, II, 405 ; members of, 414 ; Jeffer-
son Davis's excuse, III, 219 ; propositions
submitted to, 220 ; reports inability to
agree, 222.
Seven Pines, Va., battle of, May 31 and
June 1, 1862, V, 388-390; withdrawal of
Confederates, 390.
Seventh New York Militia, arrival in Phila-
delphia, IV, 134 ; arrives before An-
napolis, 135 ; landed at Annapolis, 154 ;
march to Annapolis Junction, 155 ;
arrives in Washington, 156.
Seward, Augustus H., Bvt. Col. U. S. A.:
stabbed by Payne, X, 304.
Seward, Clarence A., proposed as colonel
for Hatteras Volunteers, V, 14.
Seward, Frederick W., Asst. Sec. of State :
visits Lincoln in Philadelphia, III, 311 ;
carries a verbal message to his father,
313 ; valuable manuscripts from, 321 ; ten-
ders his resignation, VI, 264 ; wounded by
Payne, X, 304.
Seward, William H., Gov. of N. Y., U. S.
Sen., See. of State under Lincoln and John-
INDEX
459
son: fails to annex St. Thomas, I, 234;
remarks in Senate speech, 393 ; candidate
before Chicago Convention, II, 255, 271;
political antecedents, 260, 261 ; " higher
law " doctrine, 261 ; " irrepressible con-
flict" doctrine, 261; votes for: on first bal-
lot, 273 — on second ballot, 274 — on third
ballot, 275 ; criticism on Buchanan's mes-
sage, 371; member of Senate Committee of
Thirteen, 414 ; letter about Stanton's rela-
tions to Republican leaders, III, 142 ; pro-
positions in Senate Committee of Thirteen,
222 ; letter to Lincoln about Senate Com-
mittee of Thirteen, 261 ; letters to Lincoln
about crisis at Washington, 264, 265 ; letter
to Lincoln, 311 ; meets Lincoln at railway
station in Washington, 315 ; letter to Lin-
coln, 319 ; suggestions about Lincoln's in-
augural, 319-323,327-343; tendered office of
Secretary of State, 349 ; letter to Lincoln
about Secretaryship, 350; accepts office
of Secretary of State, 351 ; advises Lin-
coln to put a Southerner in his Cabinet,
362; letters to Lincoln: Jan. 4, 1861, 363 —
Jan. 27, 1861, 365 ; withdraws acceptance of
place in Cabinet, 370 ; interview with Lin-
coln, 371 ; renews his acceptance of place
in Cabinet, 372; appointed Secretary of
State, 372 ; first opinion on Sumter, 386, 387 ;
refuses to see commissioners, 402 ; memo-
randum declining official interview with
commissioners, 403, 404; interviews with
Campbell : March 14 or 15, 1861, 406, 407 —
March 21 and 22, 1861, 409, 410 — March 30
and April 1, 1861, 410; memorandum of
April 1, 1861, 410 ; recommends G. W.
Summers for Supreme Court, 423 ; second
opinion on Sumter, 430 ; interview with
Lincoln and Meigs, 435, 436 ; " Some
thoughts for the President's considera-
tion," 445-447; interviews with Lincoln
and Welles, IV, 5, 6 ; telegram to Porter,
6; comment on Harvey's telegram, 32;
gives Campbell written memorandum, 34;
answer to Campbell, 36 ; reply to Gov.
Hicks, 139 f dispatch to Dayton, 260 ; cir-
cular to foreign governments, 267, 268 ;
dispatch of May 21, 1861, 269-275 ; instructs
Adams to propose the adhesion of the
United States to the Declaration of Paris,
278; brings news of defeat at Bull Run,
353; opinion on closing insurrectionary
ports, V, 8 ; hears Lord Lyons about the
Trent affair, 31 ; receives formal dispatch
of British government, 31 ; letter to Weed,
31 ; confidential dispatch to Adams, 32 ; dis-
patch on the Trent affair, 38, 39 ; suggests
to England, France, and Spain a scheme
of financial aid to Mexico, VI, 38 ; reply to
invitation to adhere to tripartite conven-
tion, 40, 41 ; circular, March 3, 1862, about
affairs in Mexico, 48 ; repeats declaration
of unfriendliness of the Queen's procla-
mation of neutrality, 51; comment on
treaty to oppose African slave trade, 61 ;
dispatch to Dayton about European medi-
ation, 68; dispatch declining mediation
proposed by France, 71-76 ; denies having
given authority to make representations
to the rebel government, 84 ; visits New
York, 117; conference with governors
about recruiting, 117; telegram about
number of troops to be called, 118 ; Lin-
coln communicates his decision to adopt
military emancipation, 121-123; favors
employment of negro soldiers, 124 ; favors
delay in publishing first emancipation
proclamation, 128, 130; suggestions relative
to preliminary emancipation proclama-
tion, 161 ; personal attitude towards the
President, 253 ; quotation from diplomatic
dispatches, 263, 264 ; resolutions against,
by caucus of Republican Senators, 264;
tenders his resignation, 264 ; Lincoln de-
clines to accept his resignation, 268 ; re-
sumes duty as Secretary of State, 268;
opinion on the admission of West Vir-
ginia, 300, 301 ; circular to foreign govern-
ments about colonization, 357; stipulations
of the circular, 361 ; suggestions for final
emancipation proclamation, 415, 416;
opinion on the Fort Pillow massacre, 481 ;
comment on the Democratic party, VII,
387 ; dispatches to Dayton about Mexico :
Sept. 26, 1863, 401, 402— Oct. 23, 1863, 403,
404 — April 7, 1864, 408, 409; at council of
war, VIII, 112; response to serenade at
Gettysburg, 191 ; at military conference,
236; dispatch about the Alabama, 255;
comment on the Alexandra case, 257, 258;
answer to Senate about Arguelles case,
IX, 46, 47 ; correspondence about the Flor-
ida, 133 ; comment on McClellan's action,
252 ; speech at Auburn, 353, 354; proclaims
Thirteenth Amendment ratified, X, 89;
sent to confer with Peace Commissioners,
115 ; stabbed by Payne, 304.
Seymour, Horatio, Gov. of N.Y.: defeats
Wadsworth for governor of New York,
VII, 10, 362 ; reply to Lincoln's letter,
April 14, 1863, 11 ; refuses Stanton's invita-
tion for a consultation, 12 ; controversy
460
INDEX
with the government about the draft, 13-
17 ; remarks to rioters, July 13, 1863, 22, 23;
proclamations of July 14, 1863, 23 ; letters
to Lincoln against the draft, 32-38 ; corre-
spondence with Dix about the draft, 36,
37; proclamation about the draft, 37;
correspondence with Stanton about the
draft, 43. 45; letter about Vallandigham
case, 341, 342 ; defeated for governor of
New York in 1863, 377 ; letter about sup-
pression of the " World" and " Journal of
Commerce," IX, 49 ; chairman Democra-
tic National Convention, 256 ; speech of,
256; letter informing McClellan of his
nomination for President, 259, 260 ; procla-
mation about Presidential election, X, 374.
Seymour, Thomas H., M. C, Gov. of Conn.,
Min. to Russia: put in nomination for
President, IX, 258.
Seymour, Truman, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
proceeds with his company to Fort Sumter,
III, 53 ; commands brigade under McCall,
V, 425 ; wounded in second assault on Fort
Wagner, VII, 431 ; commands expedition
to Florida, VIII, 283 ; interview with Gill-
more at Baldwin, 283 ; announces inten-
tion to advance to the Suwanee River, 284 ;
battle of Olustee, Feb. 20, 1864, 285 ; with-
draws to Jacksonville, 285 ; in Wilder-
ness campaign, 285; in battle of the
Wilderness, 367 ; in march to Appomat-
tox, X, 187.
Shackleford, James M., Brig. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : captures Morgan, VIII, 58 ; cap-
tures Gen. Frazer, 165.
Shaler, Alexander, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : in battle of the Wilderness, VIII,
367.
Shannon, "Wilson, Gov. of O., Min. to
Mexico, Gov. of Kas. Ter. : appointed
governor of Kansas, I, 439 ; arrival in the
Territory, 439 ; reception speech at West-
port, 439; presides at Law and Order
meeting at Leavenworth, 440 ; order to
militia to report to Sheriff Jones, 442;
compromise with people of Lawrence,
447; orders the Wakarusa forces to dis-
band, 447; sends requisition for Gov.
Robinson, 450 ; refuses to interfere to pro-
tect Lawrence, 453; asks for troops to
protect Topeka and Lecompton, II, 1;
proclamation commanding military or-
ganizations to disperse, 2 ; removal of, 3;
flight of, 11.
Sharpe, Jacob, Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. ;
wounded at Winchester, IX, 304.
Shaw, Francis George, letter to Lincoln
about his son, VII, 431.
Shaw, H. M., Conf. Col.: surrender at
Roanoke, Feb. 8, 1862, V, 245.
Shaw, John, claimant for seat in Illinois
legislature, 1, 143.
Shaw, Robert G., CoL U. S. Vols. : in second
attack on Fort Wagner, VII, 429-431 ; killed
in the assault, 431.
Shenandoah, The, Conf. cruiser : burns
American whalers, IX, 156, 157 ; surren-
ders to United States, 157.
Shepherd, Oliver L., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S.
A. : in battle of Murfreesboro, VI, 289.
Shepley, G. F., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols., Mil.
Gov. of La. : appointed military governor
of Louisiana, VI, 346 ; orders election for
Congress, 352 ; appoints Durant attorney
general for Louisiana, VIII, 419; orders
registration of voters in Louisiana, 419,
420; renews order of registration, 424,
425 ; order about Norfolk election, IX, 439,
440.
Sheridan, Philip H., Lieut. Gen., Gen. in
Chief, U. S. A. : drives enemy through
Perryville, Oct. 8, 1862, VI, 278; in battle
of Murfreesboro, 285 ; in battle of Chicka-
mauga, VIII, 94-97, loo, 105 ; in battle of
Chattanooga, 135, 138, 148, 150, 152, 153, 155 ;
commands cavalry in Army of Potomac,
353; leads advance in Wilderness cam-
paign, 357 ; defeats Stuart, 368 ; expedition
to join Butler, 370, 371 ; defeats Stuart at
Yellow Tavern, 371 ; joins Butler, 371 ; re-
joins Grant, 371; in battle of Cold Harbor,
391, 400 ; sent north on temporary duty,
IX, 179 ; interview with Grant and Hunter
at Monocacy, 180-182 ; assumes command
of Middle Military Division, 182 ; personal
description of, 291; Shenandoah cam-
paign, Aug. 10 to Sept. 19, 1864, 291-299;
battle of Winchester, Sept. 19, 1864, 299-
305; made brigadier general U. S. A., 305;
battle of Fisher's Hill, Sept. 22, 1864, 306-
310 ; campaign of Cedar Creek, Oct. 6-18,
1864, 312-315 ; visits Washington, 314, 315 ;
returns to Winchester, 315 ; battle of Cedar
Creek, Oct. 19, 1864, 316-326 ; made major
general U. S. A. 327; retires to Kerns-
town, 328; campaign against Virginia
Central Railroad, 329-321; battle of
Waynesboro, March 2, 1865, 329-331 ; raid to
Trevilian Station, 405, 413 ; suggestions to
Grant, X, 167, 168 ; advance to Five Forks,
168, 169, 171 ; battle of Five Forks, April 1,
1865, 172-174 ; relieves Warren from com-
INDEX
461
maud, 173 ; In march to Appomattox, 185-
189, 191, 194 ; commands Military Division
of the Gulf, 338.
Sherman, Francis T., Brig. Gen.U. S. Vols.:
in battle of Chattanooga, VIII, 148.
Sherman, John, M. C, Sec. of Treas. under
Hayes, U. S. Sen. : member of Investi-
gating Committee, I, 451 ; candidate for
Speaker of House of Representatives, II,
214 ; ballotings for, 214 ; indorses Helper's
book, 214 ; declaration about slavery, 214 ;
withdraws his name, 215; plan of compro-
mise, 422 ; introduces National Bank Act
in Senate, VI, 243 ; votes for National
Bank Act, 244 ; votes for re-passage of the
Act, 245.
Sherman, Thomas W., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
A. : recruits forces for Port Royal expedi-
tion, V, 14 ; reports extent of victory at
Port Royal, 19 ; address to white inhabit-
ants of Department of the South, VI, 91.
Sherman, W. Tecumseh, Lieut. Gen. and
Gen. in Chief, U. S. A. : occupies Mul-
draugh's Hill, V, 51 ; succeeds Anderson
in Kentucky, 52 ; military consultation
with Cameron, 53, 54 ; discouragement of,
64 ; relieved from command, 64; river raid
to Eastport, 316; returns to Pittsburg
Landing, 316 ; position of his division, 323 ;
position at sundown, April 6, 1862, 330 ;
opinion of McClellan's correspondence,
453; arranges plan of operations with
Grant, VII, 123 ; appointed by Grant
to command Vicksburg expedition, 125;
arrives at Milliken's Bend, 129; lands
his expedition at Walnut Hills, 129;
assault on Chickasaw Bluffs, Dec. 29, 1863,
133 ; returns to Milliken's Bend, 135 ; super-
seded by McClernand, 135; in attack on
Fort Hindman, 140; commands Fifteenth
Army Corps, 144; attempts the Steele's
Bayou route, 150-152; letter to Grant,
suggesting plan of campaign, 155 ; occu-
pies Clinton, 178 ; battle of Jackson, May
14, 1863, 182, 183 ; ordered to Bolton's Sta-
tion, 187; occupies Haines's Bluff, 195;
first assault on Vicksburg, 283; second
assault on Vicksburg, 233-286 ; in siege of
Vicksburg, 289 ; campaign against Jack-
eon, Miss., 323-325; made brigadier gen-
eral of U. S. army, 325 ; praises Grant, 326 ;
arrives at Memphis, VIII, 131, 132 ; march
to Chattanooga, 132 ; in battle of Chatta-
nooga, 134, 138-140, 144-147, 149, 154, 157 ;
ordered to Knoxville, 154 ; sent to relieve
Burnside, 181 ; enters Knoxville with
Granger's corps, 183 ; returns to Chatta-
nooga, 186 ; visit to Banks, 289 ; movement
to Meridian, 330, 331 ; returns to Vicks-
burg, 331, 332; reply to Grant's letter
of thanks, 337-339 ; commands Military
Division of the Mississippi, 346; plan of
campaign, IX, 1-4; armies of, 4; begins
campaign to the Chattahoochee, May 5,
1864, 4 ; operations against Johnston, 11 ;
battles of Resaca, May 13-16, 1864, 13, 14 ;
battles of Dallas, May 25 to June 4, 1864,
17-19 ; battles of Kenesaw Mountain, June
9-30, 1864, 19-25; advance to the Chatta-
hoochee, 25-28 ; marches on Atlanta, 263 ;
comment on Hood, 268 ; siege of Atlanta,
July 22 to Sept. 1, 1864, 270-289 ; comment
on McPherson, 275 ; dispatch about Oster-
haus, 276; selects Howard to command
Army of Tennessee, 277 ; approves Stone-
man's raid, 279; instructions about de-
stroying railroads, 285 ; occupies Atlanta,
289 ; opposes suspension of the draft, 364,
365 ; returns to Atlanta, 464 ; removes in-
habitants from the city, 465 ; correspon-
dence with Hood, 465-467 ; correspondence
with Grant, 468, 469; sends messages to
Gov. Brown, 469-471 ; communicates to
Lincoln negotiations with Gov. Brown
and A. H. Stephens, 471 ; sends Corse to de-
fend Allatoona, 474 ; prepares for March
to the Sea, 476-479 ; letter to Halleck
about southward march, 476, 477 ; orders
to Thomas, 477; sends SchofieldtoThomas,
477 ; correspondence with Grant, 478, 479 ;
army of, 481 ; orders for the march, 484 ;
begins March to the Sea, Nov. 16, 1864,
484 ; occupies Milledgeville, Nov. 23, 1864,
486 : arrives at Savannah, Dec. 10, 1864,
487 ; orders to assault Fort McAllister, 488 ;
capture of Fort McAllister, Dec. 13, 1864,
488, 489 ; interview with Dahlgren, 489 ;
summons Hardee to surrender Savannah,
491 ; occupies Savannah, Dec. 21, 1864, 492 ;
letter to Lincoln, 493 ; orders to Thomas,
X, 6; interview with Lincoln, Grant, and
Porter, 215; returns to North Carolina,
216 ; march to Columbia, 229-232 ; occupies
Columbia, Feb. 17, 1865, 232 ; march to
Goldsboro, 232-237 ; occupies Goldsboro,
March 23, 1865, 237; assigns Mower to
command Twentieth Corps, 241; march
to Raleigh, 242, 243 ; interview with John-
ston, 244-246 ; interview with Johnston and
Breckinridge, 246-248 ; memorandum of
agreement with Johnston, 246-248 ; letter
to Johnston, 248, 249 ; notifies Johnston of
462
INDEX
disapproval of agreement, 251 ; receives
Johnston's surrender, April 26, 1865, 252,
253 ; letter to Grant, 253 ; controversy
with Stanton and Halleck, 254 ; eulogy of
Lincoln at Springfield, 325 ; at grand
review in Washington, 332, 333 ; commands
Military Division of the Mississippi, 338 ;
eulogy of Lincoln, 350, 353.
Shields, James, U. S. Sen., Brig. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : Illinois State Auditor, I, 203 ;
letters about, from the "Lost Town-
ships," 204, 205; his eccentricities, 204,
205 ; challenges Lincoln to a duel, 206, 207 ;
meets Lincoln opposite Alton, 111., 208;
challenges William Butler, 209 ; subse-
quent political and military career, 210,
211, 251 ; appointed brigadier general of
Illinois volunteers in Mexican war, 251 ;
wounded at Cerro Gordo, 255 ; candidate
for reelection to U. S. Senate, 376 ; sup-
ported by the Democrats, 387 ; dropped
by the Democrats, 388; ordered to reen-
force McDowell, V, 392 ; wounded at
Kernstown, 400; sent to Catlett's Station,
406 ; his grumbling and boasting, 407 ; pur-
suit of Jackson, 410 ; defeated at Port Re-
public, June 9, 1862, 411.
Shiloh, Tenn. (see Pittsburg Landing),
battle Of, April 6, 7, 1862, V, 317-335.
Shipley, Mary, marries Abraham Lincoln,
grandfather of the President, I, 5.
Sickles, Daniel E., M. C, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U.
8. A., Min. to Spain: House discussion,
II, 418, 419 ; offers resolution to celebrate
February 22, III, 149 ; interview with
Buchanan, 151 ; in battle of Chancellors-
ville, VII, 93, 102; present at council of
war, 109 ; in battle of Gettysburg, 245, 249-
251 ; wounded at Gettysburg, 251 ; testi-
mony about Gettysburg, 269 ; made De-
partment commander, X, 338.
Sigel, Franz, Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols.: advance
to Carthage, Mo., IV, 398 ; routed at Wil-
son's Creek, 410 ; commands division
under Fremont, 429 ; succeeds to com-
mand of Fremont's corps in Army of
Virginia, VI, l ; ordered to Culpeper Court
House, 5; retreats to Maryland Heights,
IX, 161 ; removed from command, 161.
Sill, J. W., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. : in battle
of Murfreesboro, VI, 288 ; killed at Mur-
freesboro, 288.
Simms, James P., Conf. Brig. Gen. : opinion
about Gettysburg, VII, 271.
Simons, James, Conf . Brig. Gen. : report to
Gov. Piokens on military situation, 118;
ordered to assume command of State
forces at Charleston, 122.
Simpson, M., Bish. Meth. Ch. : offers prayer
at Lincoln's funeral at Washington, X,
317, 318; oration at Lincoln's funeral at
Springfield, 323.
Singleton, Otho R., M. C. : House discus-
sion, II, 416 ; signs secession address, 436.
Sixth Massachusetts Militia, departure for
Washington, IV, 110; arrival in Balti-
more, 112 ; insulted and attacked, 113-119 ;
casualties in Baltimore riot, 118 ; arrival
in Washington, 123.
Slavery, opinions for and against, I, 143-
152 ; action of Illinois legislature, 150 ;
discussed in the Thirtieth Congress, 263-
266 ; Palfrey's comment on, 266 ; McCler-
nand's motion in House of Representa-
tives, 284; Thompson's amendment, 284;
Lincoln's bill to abolish in District of
Columbia, 285-288 ; estimated value of
slaves in 1861, 313; origin of, in United
States, 313 ; institution of, in United
States, 313-329; Ordinance of 1784, 316;
prohibited in Northwest Territory by
Ordinance of 1787, 316, 317 ; Constitutional
provisions respecting fugitive slaves, 318 ;
relative strength of North and South in
Congress when Constitution was formed,
318; abolished in all Eastern and Middle
States except Delaware, 319 ; increase
in number of slaves before slave trade
ceased, 321 ; remarks of Sherrard Clem-
ens on value of slaves, 321 ; relative
increase of free and slave States, 322;
Missouri Compromise, 323; compromise
measures of 1850, 328 ; Senate caucus
agreement on, 344; Dixon's amendment
to the Nebraska bill, 344 ; Douglas's
amendments, 349, 350; Kansas-Nebraska
Act passed, 351; Thomas Jefferson origi-
nates policy of restriction, 359; growth
of, in Missouri, 398 ; provisions in bogus
laws of Kansas, 419-421; John Brown's
plan and attempt against, II, 193-209;
Fugitive Slave law of 1793, III, 20 ;
decision in Prigg vs. Pennsylvania,
21 ; Fugitive Slave law of 1850, 26, 27 ;
fugitive slaves : escape of, 1850 and 1860, 31
— Cameron's instructions to Butler about,
IV, 389, 390— Lincoln's instructions to
Gen. Scott about, 391 — Cameron's rules
about, 394— Gen. Wool's regulations about
employing, 396; Lincoln modifies War
Department instruction about employing
contrabands, V, 124; Cameron's report
INDEX
463
about arming slaves, 125, 126; Lincoln
modifies Cameron's report, 126, 127 ; Lin-
coln's letter to Bancroft, 203; treaty be-
tween United States and Great Britain to
suppress African slave trade, VI, 60, 61 ;
industrial and educational organization of
abandoned slaves in Department of the
South, 93 ; law forbidding the army to
return fugitive slaves, 98 ; virtual amend-
ment of Fugitive Slave law, 98; Act for
recognition of Hayti and Liberia, 99 ; Act
for suppression of African slave trade, 99 ;
trial and execution of Gordon, the slave
trader, 99; prohibition of slavery in the
Territories, 99, 100; abolished in West
Virginia, 313 ; denounced : by Baptist
Convention of New York, 315— by Ameri-
can Baptist Missionary Union, 316 — by
American Board of Foreign Missions, 317
— by Congregational General Association
of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsyl-
vania, 318— by Lutheran General Synod,
318, 319 — by Moravian Synod, 319 — by
Presbyterian General Assembly, 319-321 —
by United Presbyterian Church General
Assembly, 321 — by Reformed Presby-
terian Church, 322— by New School Pres-
byterians, 322, 323— by Protestant Episco-
pal Church, Diocese of Pennsylvania, 323,
324 ; action on, of Society of Friends, 326-
329 ; abolished : by Arkansas, VIII, 415 —
by Louisiana, 435, 436— by Tennessee, 447,
448— by Maryland, 466— by Missouri, 484
— in Virginia, IX, 438, 439; Thirteenth
Amendment : Trumbull reports it, X, 75 —
adopted by the Senate, 77 — rejected by
the House, 77, 78 — adopted by the House,
85, 86 — ratified, 88, 89.
Slave trade, Gott's resolution to prohibit
in District of Columbia, 1, 286 ; provisions
of the Constitution concerning, 318 ;
abolished in District of Columbia, 328;
treaty between United States and Great
Britain to suppress, VI, 60 ; Act for sup-
pression of, 99; trial and execution of
Gordon, 99.
Slemmer, Adam J., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. A.:
commands Fort Barrancas, Pensacola,
III, 162 ; transfers his command to Fort
Pickens, 163.
Slidell, John, Min. to Mexico, U. S. Sen.,
Conf. Comr. to Europe: signs address
commending Charleston disruption, II,
245, 246 ; signs secession address, 436 ;
member of caucus committee of secession
Senators, III, 180, 181 ; signs Senatorial se-
cession caucus resolutions, 181 ; Confeder-
ate Commissioner to France, V, 21 ; arrives
at Havana, 21 ; removed from the Trent,
23, 24 ; imprisoned in Fort Warren, 24 ; de-
livered to Lord Lyons, 39 ; submits propo-
sitions from rebel government to Napo-
leon the Third, VI, 76-79; interview
with Napoleon, Oct. 28, 1862, about Ameri-
can affairs, 80, 81 ; promises Napoleon
help in Mexico and the West Indies, 82 ;
scheme of cotton loan, 251 ; dispatches to
Benjamin about Maximilian, VII, 413-
415 ; relations with Napoleon, VIII, 267-
269, conversation with Thouvenel, 269;
relations with Drouyn de l'Huys, 269, 270 ;
interview with Rouher, 270; interview
With Napoleon and Voruz, 270 ; conversa-
tion with Napoleon, 272, 273 ; letter to
Napoleon, 275, 276 ; interview with Drouyn
de l'Huys, 276, 277 ; letters to Benjamin
about Confederate ships in France, 278,
280 ; correspondence about the Rappahan-
nock, IX, 139-142 ; interview with Drouyn
de l'Huys, 153-155.
Slocum, Henry W., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
division of, sent to Porter, V, 428; in
battle of Chancellorsville, VII, 93, 96; in
battle Of Gettysburg, 245, 246, 248, 249;
in battles of Atlanta, IX, 288 ; in March to
the Sea, 481 ; in siege of Savannah, 490 ;
in march to Columbia, X, 230 ; defeats
Hardee, 234 ; battle of Bentonville, March
19, 1865, 234, 235 ; at grand review in Wash-
ington, 333.
Small, Col. William F., commands brigade
of Pennsylvania militia, IV, 111.
Smith, , Canadian judge: discharges
the rearrested St. Albans raiders, VIII, 26.
Smith, Andrew J., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
sent to break Shreveport railroad, VII,
129 ; joins Sherman at Walnut Hills, 129 ;
in battle of Port Gibson, 171 ; march to
Edwards's Station, 188 ; in battle of Cham-
pion's Hill, 191 ; present at Grant's inter-
view with Pemberton, 303 ; in Banks's Red
River expedition, VIII, 289, 292 ; captures
Fort de Russy, March 13, 1864, 289 ; in battle
of Pleasant Hill, 295 ; defeats rebels under
Polignac and Wharton, 301 ; sent against
Price, 479; in siege of Mobile, IX, 240;
in army of Thomas, X, 7, 8 ; in defense of
Nashville, 22 ; in battle of Nashville, 30-32.
Smith, A. N., Commodore U. S. N. : com-
mands the Wissahickon in Farragut's
fleet, V, 261.
Smith, Caleb B., M. C, Sec. of Int. under Lin-
464 INDEX
coin, Judge U. S. Dist. Ct. : recommended Smith, Martin L., Conf. Maj. Gen. : advises
for Secretary of Interior, III, 352 ; ap- capitulation of Vicksburg, VII, 302.
pointed Secretary of Interior, 372; first Smith, Melancton, Rear Adm. U. S. N. :
opinion on Sumter, 387, 388 ; second opinion commands the Mississippi in Farragut's
on Sumter, 431, 432 ; signs remonstrance fleet, V, 261 ; captures rebel ram Manas-
against McClellan's continuance in com- sas, 265; battle with the Albemarle, X, 41-
mand, VI, 21 ; retires from Lincoln's Cabi- 43.
net, 300; appointed U. S. District Judge Smith, Morgan L., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols.:
for Indiana, 300, 418. in battle of Chattanooga, VIII, 139, 146.
Smith, Charles, elected U. S. Senator, VIII, Smith, Persifor F., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
437. supersedes Col. Sumner in Kansas, II, 3 ;
Smith, Charles F., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. : reinforcements ordered to, 5; orders
thinks Washington safe, IV, 95 ; march to against Border Ruffians, 6 ; report of, 7,
Calloway, V, 105, 106 ; report of recon- 8 ; consultation with Gov. Geary, 11.
naissance to Fort Henry, 119; invests Fort Smith, Prescott, feat of transportation,
Henry, 121 ; commands division in march VIII, 113.
against Fort Donelson, 192 ; storms in- Smith, T. Kilby, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
trenchments at Donelson, 197 ; ordered to in Red River expedition, VIII, 292.
command Tennessee River expedition, Smith, T. W., Judge, 111. Sup. Ct. : action
312 ; superseded by Grant, 312. on the " alien " question, 1, 164.
Smith, Chauncey, member of Commission Smith, Victor, Collector at Puget's Sound :
on New York Enrollment, VII, 41. complaints against, IX, 89.
Smith, E. Kirby, Conf. Gen. : sent by Bragg Smith, William, M. C. : plan of compromise,
into eastern Kentucky, VI, 274 ; defeats II, 422.
Union force under Nelson, 274; occupies Smith, William F., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A.:
Lexington, 275 ; rejoins Bragg at Frank- attends council of war, V, 167 ; ordered to
fort, 275 ; attempts to inaugurate a Con- reconnoiter Dam No. One, 368 ; ordered to
federate government at Frankfort, 277; hold his position at Dam No. One, 368;
in battle of Murfreesboro, 282; sends withdraws his forces from across Warwick
Walker to attack Milliken's Bend, VII, River, 369 ; position at Williamsburg, 377 ;
293 ; instructions about captured negro states that McClellan prepared a protest
soldiers, 454 ; report of battle of Pleasant against the emancipation proclamation,
Hill, VIII, 295 ; surrenders to Canby, X, VI, 180 ; advises McClellan against pub-
328, 329. lishing it, 180 ; prepares plan at Chatta-
Smith, George W., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. nooga, VIII, 122, 123; occupies Brown's
Vols. : in battles of Atlanta, IX, 273. Ferry, 124 ; reports against attack on
Smith, Gerrit, M. C. : present at John Missionary Ridge, 130 ; in battle of Chat-
Brown's council, II, 198 ; supports John tanooga, 139, 151 ; in battle of Cold Har-
Brown, 199; becomes Jefferson Davis's bor, 391,400, 401, 404; commands Eighteenth
bail, X, 275. Corps, under Butler, 392, 393 ; in battle of
Smith, Giles A., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. : in Bermuda Hundred, 398; joins Army of
March to the Sea, IX, 481. Potomac, 399; advance on Petersburg,
Smith, Green Clay, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. IX, 407-409 ; opinion of Lincoln's military
Vols., M. C, Gov. of Montana : resolu- ability, X, 353, 354.
tions supporting the war, VII, 395. Smith, W. Sooy, Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. : in
Smith, Gustavus W., Conf. Maj. Gen. : coun- siege of Vicksburg, VII, 290 ; defeated by
cil of war at Fairfax Court House, V, 153, Forrest, VIII, 331.
154 , forces in reserve accompanied by Snyder, G. W., Bvt. Maj. U. S. A. : engineer
Gen. Johnston, 388; attacks Union right assistant to Capt. Foster, III, 51; report
flank, 388 ; repulsed by Sumner, 389 ; sue- to Anderson, IV, 25, 26 ; hoists flag of
ceeds to Confederate command after John- Sumter on a jury mast, 59.
ston's wound, 389, in defense of Savan- Society of Friends (or Quakers), action on
nah, IX, 487. the war and emancipation, VI, 326-329.
Smith, John E., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. : in Soley, J. R., Prof., U. S. N., Asst. Sec. of
battle of Chattanooga, VIII, 139,146; in Navy: describes the Monitor's fighting,
March to the Sea, IX, 481. V, 329, 230.
INDEX
465
Sons of Liberty, Order of, VIII, 2-27.
South Carolina, State of, meeting of Demo-
cratic National Convention, 1860, at
Charleston, II, 243 ; legislature convened
by Gov. Gist, 328, 329 ; legislature chooses
Presidential electors, 331, 332; military
appropriation, 333 ; Convention bill
passed, 333, 334; secession mass-meeting
in Charleston, 334, 335 ; Federal forts at
Charleston, 343; delegates to Secession
Convention elected, III, 1 ; convention
organizes at Columbia and adjourns to
Charleston, 1 ; legislature adjourns to
Charleston, 1 ; F. W. Pickens elected and
inaugurated governor, 1 ; ordinance of
secession adopted, Dec. 20, 1860, 13 ; Con-
vention adopts Declaration of Causes, 15 ;
Convention adopts Address to Slavehold-
ing States, 15 ; Anderson transfers his
command to Fort Sumter, 50-54; rebels
occupy Fort Moultrie and Castle Pinck-
ney, 60, 61 ; commissioners from Secession
Conventon reach Washington, 62; com-
missioners inform Buchanan of Ander-
son's movement, 64; interview of com-
missioners with Buchanan, 70; commis-
sioners receive the President's reply, 83 ;
commissioners send rejoinder to Pres.
Buchanan, 83-86 ; Star of the West fired
on, 100, 103 ; Convention authorizes Gov.
Pickens to declare martial law, 117 ;
siege of Fort Sumter begun, 126; bom-
bardment of Sumter, IV, 50-59 ; capitula-
tion and evacuation of Sumter, 60, 61;
capture of Port Royal, Nov. 7, 1861, V, 16-
19 ; attack on defenses of Charleston,
April 7, 1863, VII, 65-71 ; rebels evacuate
Fort Wagner, Sept. 7, 1863, 437 ; bom-
bardment of Charleston, Aug. 23, 1863,
439-441 ; ratifies Thirteenth Amendment,
X, 89; capture of Charleston, Feb. 18,
1865, 231 ; Columbia occupied, Feb. 17,
1865, 232.
Southfield, The, Union gunboat: sunk by
the Albemarle, X, 39, 41.
South Mountain, Md., battle of, Sept. 14,
1862, VI, 136.
Spain, alleged causes of intervention in
Mexico, VI, 33 ; signs tripartite conven-
tion, 38; Spanish fleet sails for Vera Crnz,
41 ; withdraws from Mexican expedition,
45 ; regards with disfavor treaty for sup-
pressing African slave trade, 61; asks
extradition of Arguelles, IX, 46.
Spangler, Edward, tried and imprisoned,
X, 312, 313.
Vol. X— 30
Sparrow, Thomas, married great-aunt of
Pres. Lincoln, I, 24.
Sparrow family, the, mentioned, I, 29, 31.
Spaulding, Elbridge G., M. C. : deprecates
making paper money legal tender, VI,
235 ; aids in preparing National Bank Act,
242.
Spear, S. P., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols: :
captures Gen. W. H. F. Lee, VII, 221.
Speed, James, Atty. Gen. under Lincoln:
member of Committee to Distribute
Union Arms, IV, 237 ; appointed Attorney
General, IX, 347, 348 ; present at Lincoln's
deathbed, X, 300.
Speed, Joshua F., friendship with Lincoln,
I, 153, 194; engaged to be married, 195;
his morbid anxiety, 195 ; represents Ken-
tucky Unionists, IV, 235, 236 ; advice
about organizing Kentucky troops, 236,
237 ; member of Committee to Distribute
Union Arms, 237.
Speed, Mrs. Lucy, mother of Joshua F.
Speed: presents Bible to Lincoln, 1, 195.
Spotswood, Alexander, Gov. of Va. : urges
the building of frontier forts, 1, 12.
Spotsylvania, Va., battle of, May 8-19, 1864,
VIII, 372-385.
Sprague, J. W., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in battles of Atlanta, IX, 270.
Sprague, William, Gov. of P. L, U. S. Sen. :
sailing of, IV, 160 ; visits Halleck, V, 356 ;
asks permission to raise a colored regi-
ment, VI, 462.
Springfield, 111., made county seat of San-
gamon County, I, 60, 61; State capital
located at, 131, 138; condition of society
at, in 1837, 153-156; law practice at, in
early days, 167-169 ; members of the Bar
at, about 1840, 213 ; Lincoln's debate with
Douglas at, 375 ; Lincoln's farewell address
at, III, 291 ; Democratic peace meeting at,
VII, 378; Union mass meeting at, 380;
Lincoln's funeral at, X, 323-325.
Stafford, F. E. P., Conf. Col. : killed at
Franklin, X, 20.
Stafford, LeroyA., Conf. Brig. Gen.: killed
in battle of the Wilderness, VIII, 362.
Stallworth, J. A., M. C. : signs secession
address, II, 436.
Stanley, David S., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
drives Morgan from Snow Hill, VIII, 50 ;
in army of Thomas, X, 7, 8 ; in march to
Franklin, 10, 11 ; in battle of Franklin,
19, 20.
Stanley, Edward, M. C, Mil. Gov. of N. C. :
appointed military governor of North
466
INDEX
Carolina, VI, 345; commission and in-
structions of, 345.
Stannard, George J., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : in battle of Gettysburg, VII, 266 ;
in siege of Richmond, IX, 431, 432.
Stansbury, Edward A., signs memorial
about Fremont and colored troops, VI, 456.
Stanton, Edwin M., Atty. Gen. under Buch-
anan, Sec. of War under Lincoln and
Johnson, Assoc. Justice U. S. Sup. Ct. :
advice on Buchanan's message, II, 365;
appointed Attorney General, III, 66, 139 ;
describes Floyd's last appearance in the
Cabinet, 73, 74 ; announces his intention to
resign, 80 ; copies Black's memorandum,
82 ; urges Holt to accept post of Secretary
of War, 89; confidential relations with
Republican leaders, 140 ; believed to have
written the Howard resolution, 142 ;
answer to Tyler about the Brooklyn, 166 ;
statement about the joint instructions
sent to Pensacola, 169 ; criticism of Lin-
coln, IV, 362 ; appointed Secretary of
War, V, 129 ; biographical sketch, 130, 131 ;
relations with the Buchanan administra-
tion, 131 ; criticized by J. S. Black, 131,
132 ; relations with prominent Repub-
licans, 132 : interviews with Sumner, 133 ;
first meeting with Lincoln, 133, 134 ; letters
criticizing Lincoln, 134, 135 ; personal
characteristics, 136 ; letters to Buchanan
and Dyer, 137, 138; relations to Pres.
Lincoln, 139, 140 ; reply to Lincoln about
discharge of prisoners of war, 144 ; inter-
view with Lincoln about Rock Island
prisoners, 146, 147 ; incites McClellan to
activity, 159 ; orders preparations to ob-
struct the Potomac, 227; visits Fort Mon-
roe, 234 ; reconnoiters landing opposite
Fort Monroe, 236 ; sends complimentary
dispatch to Halleck, 308 ; asks Halleck to
designate limits of his desired command,
315 ; telegraphs Halleck, " I have no in-
structions to give you," 337 ; orders Ellet
to construct a ram fleet, 343 ; orders Hal-
leck to send 25,000 troops east, 353 ; com-
ment onMcClellan, 366; congratulations to
McClellan upon incident at Dam No. One,
370 ; signs remonstrance against McClel-
lan's continuance in command, VI, 21;
telegram to Seward about call for troops,
117, 118; telegram to Seward about ad-
vancing bounty, 118 ; order about seizing
rebel property and employing slaves, 124 ;
favors employment of negro soldiers, 124 ;
memorandum about first emancipation
proclamation, 128 ; favors immediate an-
nouncement of first emancipation procla-
mation, 128; comment on preliminary
emancipation proclamation, 162 ; sends
encouraging letter to Burnside after
Fredericksburg, 211 ; opinion on admis-
sion of West Virginia, 303, 304; order
about churches, 333, 334 ; order modifying
the preceding, 337, 338 ; instructions to
military governor of North Carolina, 345 ;
transmits Lincoln's answer about negro
troops to Butler, 448 ; sends Gen. Thomas
west to organize colored troops, 459 ;
establishes special bureau to organize
colored troops, 461 ; order establishing
recruiting stations for colored troops in
border slave States, 463 ; reports on negro
soldiers, 468 ; opinion on the Fort Pillow
massacre, 481, 482 ; invites Gov. Seymour
to a consultation, VII, 12 ; correspondence
with Seymour about the draft, 43, 44;
telegram giving Grant " full and absolute
authority," 143 ; comment on the Demo-
cratic party, 387 ; order about rebel pris-
oners, 459; action relative to Indiana
conspiracy, VIII, 9, 10 ; order discharging
prisoners arrested for opposing the draft,
etc., 34 ; transmits to Senate Holt's report
about prisoners, 40; sends for the Presi-
dent, 112 ; at council of war, 112 ; meets
Grant at Indianapolis, 119; telegram
about Chattanooga, 121 ; at military con-
ference, 236 ; present at interview between
Lincoln and Grant, 341 ; orders suppres-
sion of New York " World " and " Journal
of Commerce," IX, 48; precaution for
Lincoln's safety, 169; sends Butler to
New York to preserve order at Presi-
dential election, 374 ; recommends Chase
for Chief Justice, 391 ; letter to Grant
about Thomas, X, 24 ; visit to Sherman,
229 ; prints disapproval of Sherman's
agreement, 250 ; at Cabinet meeting, April
14, 1865, 283, 284; present at Lincoln's
deathbed, 300 ; statement about organiza-
tion of armies, 335, 336.
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, signs call for
Cleveland Convention, IX, 31.
Stanton, Frederick P., M. C, Sec. of Kas.
Ter. : appointed Secretary of Kansas Ter-
ritory, II, 95 ; proclamation about at-
tempted frauds, 105, 106 ; becomes acting
governor, 113 ; convenes extra session of
the legislature, 114 ; removal of, 116 ;
speeches against Lecompton Constitu-
tion, 130.
INDEX
467
Stanton, Lewis H., son of E. M. Stanton:
thanks for valuable MSB., V, 137.
Star, Order of the, VIII, 2-27.
Starkweather, John C, Brig. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : in battle of Murfreesboro, VI, 291.
Star of the West, The, merchant vessel:
sails with troops and supplies to relieve
Fort Sumter, III, 96; enters Charleston
harbor, 99, 103, 104 ; fired into by Morris
Island battery, 100, 103; retreats from
Charleston harbor, 101.
Stearns, George L., receives letters from
John Brown, II, 196 ; informed of John
Brown's plans, 200.
Steedman, James B., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in battle of Chickamauga, VIII, 101, 104;
in defense of Nashville, X, 22 ; in battle
of Nashville, 29, 31; made Department
commander, 338.
Steele, Frederick, Bvt. Maj. Gen. TJ. S. A. :
division of, at Chickasaw Bluffs, VII, 134 ;
raid to Greenville, 157 ; march to Little
Hock, VIII, 411; orders an election in
Arkansas, 415-417 ; in siege of Mobile, IX,
240, 241 ; defeats Clanton's cavalry, 240 ;
storms Fort Blakely at Mobile, 241 ; made
Department commander, X, 338.
Steele, John B., M. C. : vote for Thirteenth
Amendment, X, 83.
Steinwehr, A. von, Brig. Gen. TJ. S. Vols. :
in battle of Gettysburg, VII, 242 ; engage-
ment in Lookout Valley, VIII, 126.
Stephens, Alexander H., M. C, Conf. Vice-
Pres. : criticizes South Carolina Declara-
tion of Causes, III, 17 ; comment on Per-
sonal Liberty bills, 19 ; views on slavery,
189; elected Confederate Vice-President,
198; takes official oath, 199; "Corner-
stone" speech, 202; Union speech at
Milledgeville, Nov. 14, 1860, III, 266 ; views
on slavery, 268; views on disunion, 269,
274; confidential correspondence with
Lincoln, 271-273; plenipotentiary to Vir-
ginia, IV, 158 ; conference with Lee, 158,
159; concludes league of Confederate
States with Virginia, 159 ; proposes a mis-
sion to Washington, VII, 370, 371 ; confer-
ence with Davis and Confederate Cabinet
about peace mission to Washington, 371,
372; authorized by Davis to proceed to
Washington, 372 ; asks permission of Ad-
miral Lee to visit Washington, 372 ; de-
clines conference with Sherman, IX, 471 ;
appointed Peace Commissioner, X, 110;
asks permission to goto Washington, 113 ;
interview with Grant, 114-116 ; interview
with Lincoln, 118-129; report to Davis,
129 ; retires to Georgia, 199.
Steuart, George H., Conf. Brig. Gen. : cap-
tured at Spotsylvania, VIII, 380, 382.
Steuart, George H., Pres. of Christian Com-
mission: consults with Mr. Lincoln, VI,
330.
Steever, Charles, Asst. Eng. U. S. N. : in ex-
pedition against the Albemarle, X, 47.
Stevens, , Conf. Major : ordered to erect
a battery on Morris Island, III, 116.
Stevens, A. H., Maj. U. S. Vols. : enters
Richmond, X, 208; raises guidons over
Richmond State House, 208, 209.
Stevens, Isaac I., Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols.:
killed at Chantilly, Sept. 1, 1862, VI, 11.
Stevens, Thaddeus, M. C. : speech on Con-
fiscation Act, IV, 382 ; prominence as an
antislavery leader in Congress, VI, 107 ;
votes for re-passage of National Bank Act,
245 ; introduces bill authorizing the Presi-
dent to suspend habeas corpus, VIII, 34.
Stevenson, Carter L., Conf. Maj. Gen.:
forces of, under Pemberton, VII, 164 ; or-
dered to Grand Gulf, 166 ; sent to reen-
f orce Port Gibson, 170 ; advice in council
of war, 185 ; in battle of Champion's Hill,
189-192 ; in battle of Chattanooga, VIII,
140, 145 ; joins Johnston, X, 36.
Stevenson, John W., M. C, U. S. Sen. : plan
of compromise, II, 423.
Stewart, Alexander P., Conf. Maj. Gen . : in
battle of Chickamauga, VIII, 91, 93 ; in
battle of Chattanooga, 145.
Stewart, Ambrose P., Conf. Lieut. Gen.:
succeeds to Polk's command, IX, 20 ; re-
quests suspension of order removing
Johnston, 265-267 ; in battle of Peach Tree
Creek, 269 ; in battles of Atlanta, 280, 283 ;
in army of Hood, X, 7 ; in march to
Franklin, 12 ; in battle of Franklin, 18 ;
in campaign against Nashville, 23 ; joins
Johnston, 36.
Stewart, James A., M. C. : plan of compro-
mise, II, 422.
Stewart, John A., offered appointment of
Assistant Treasurer at New York, IX, 91,
92.
Stidger, , detective among the American
Knights, VIII, 5.
Stillman, , Maj. 111. Vols. : commands
battalion in Black Hawk war, I, 91 ; de-
feated by Black Hawk, 91.
Stockton, John P., Min. to Rome, U. S. Sen.:
puts McClellan in nomination for Presi-
dent, IX, 258.
468
INDEX
Stokes, James H., superintends transfer of
arms, IV, 199.
Stone, Charles P., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
organizes militia of District of Columbia,
III, 137 ; report, Feb. 5, 1861, 138 ; report,
Feb. 21, 1861, 311 ; employs detectives, 312 ;
preparations for Lincoln's first inaugura-
tion, 324 ; sent to cooperate with Patter-
son, IV, 315 ; joins Patterson, 316 ; recon-
naissance towards Leesburg, 454 ; battle
of Ball's Bluff, Oct. 21, 1861, 455-457 ; sus-
picions against, 459, 460 ; arrest of, 460.
Stone, Dan, member of 111. legislature; one
of the " Long Mne," 1, 128; speech in can-
vass of 1836, 130; protest with Lincoln
against resolutions on slavery, 140, 151.
Stone, Dr. Robert K., called to attend Pres.
Lincoln, X, 297; present at Lincoln's
deathbed, 300.
Stoneman, George, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
chief of cavalry at "Washington, IV, 441 ; re-
pulsed at Williamsburg by Longstreet, V,
376 ; sent on cavalry raid by Hooker, VII,
92 ; result of his expedition, 111 ; in battles
of Resaca, IX, 13 ; cavalry raid in Georgia,
279 ; position near Lynchburg, X, 192 ;
raid through Tennessee and Virginia, 237,
238 ; captures Salisbury, 238 ; made Depart-
ment commander, 338.
Stonewall, The, Conf . ram : surrendered to
the Spanish government, IX, 135-137;
sold to the Emperor of Japan, 137.
Storrs, Rev. Richard S., D. D. : reads se-
lection of psalms at Sumter flag-raising,
X, 278.
Stotesbury, William, Asst. Eng. U. S. N. :
in expedition against the Albemarle, X, 47.
Stoughton, William L., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U.
S. Vols. : in battle of Chattanooga, VIII,
148.
Stout, Lansing, M. C. : member of House
Committee of Thirty-three, II, 417.
Strahl, O. F., Conf. Brig. Gen. : killed at
Franklin, X, 20.
Stratton, John L. N., M. C. : member of
House Committee of Thirty-three, II, 417.
Streight, A. D., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols.:
placed in close confinement by the rebels,
VII, 457; commands cavalry expedition
into Georgia and Alabama, VIII, 50;
forms junction with Gen. Dodge, 50 ;
defeats rebels at Tuscumbia, 51 ; sur-
renders to Forrest, 52 ; escapes from
prison, 52.
Stringfellow, J. H., editor of "Squatter Sov-
ereign " : protest against Pawnee mission,
I, 413 ; elected Speaker of House in Kan-
sas Territorial legislature, 416 ; comment
on the governor, 417.
Stringham, Silas H., Bear Adm. U. S. N. :
opinion on relief of Sumter, III, 381 ; com-
mands fleet of Hatteras expedition, V, 12 ;
report on the Hatteras victory, 13.
Strong, George C, Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
assaults Fort Wagner, July 11, 1863, VII,
427 ; in second assault on Fort Wagner,
July 18, 1863, 429-431 ; killed in the assault,
431.
Strong, Schuyler, prominent lawyer of Illi-
nois, I, 213.
Strong, William, M. C, Justice Sup. Ct. of
Penn., Assoc. Justice U. S. Sup. Ct. : dis-
sents from decision that draft law is un-
constitutional, VII, 13.
Stuart, , puts T. H. Seymour in nomina-
tion for President, IX, 258.
Stuart, Alexander H. H., M. C, Sec. of Int.
under Fillmore : member of committee
from Virginia Convention, IV, 72.
Stuart, Charles E., M. C, U. S. Sen.: votes
against Lecompton Constitution, II, 130 ;
opposes a Congressional slave code, 175 ;
construction of the "two-thirds" rule, 243.
Stuart, David, Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. : posi-
tion of brigade at Pittsburg Landing, V,
323; gallant resistance against Confed-
erate assaults, 327.
Stuart, J. E. B., Conf. Maj. Gen. : raid
around McClellan's army, V, 418 ; ordered
to the Rapidan, VI, 6 ; second cavalry raid
around McClellan's army, 176 ; position at
Fredericksburg, 201; in battle of Chan-
cellorsville, VII, 98; succeeds Jackson
in command of his corps, 104 ; retires to
Ashby's Gap, 216 ; rides around Hooker's
army, 217 ; raiding in Pennsylvania, 233 ;
in battle of Gettysburg, 268; commands
cavalry in Army of Northern Virginia,
VIII, 354; defeated by Sheridan, 368;
killed at Yellow Tavern, 371.
Stuart, John T., Maj. 111. Vols., M. C. : serves
in Black Hawk war, I, 93 ; reenlists as a
private, 93 ; candidate for legislature in
1832, 109 ; elected, 109 ; lends Lincoln law
books, 112 ; advises Lincoln to become a
candidate for the legislature, 121 ; elected
to legislature in 1834, 122 ; forms law part-
nership with Lincoln, 156; defeated for
Congress in 1836, 157 ; elected to Congress
in 1838, 157; rencontre with Douglas, 182;
dissolves partnership with Lincoln, 213 ;
reelected to Congress, 217.
INDEX
469
Studebaker, P. E., marks grave of Nancy
Hanks Lincoln, I, 31.
Sturgis, Samuel D., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A.:
succeeds Lyon in command at Wilson's
Creek, IV, 411 ; in battle of Fredericks-
burg, VI, 206.
Sullivan, Jeremiah C, Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols.:
assists in Kimball's repulse of Jackson,
V, 400.
Summers, George W., M. C. : member of
Peace Convention, III, 230 ; recommended
by Seward for the Supreme Court, 423 ;
invited to Washington, 423.
Sumner, Charles, U. S. Sen. : characteriza-
tion of Baker, I, 221 ; amendment to first
Nebraska bill, 344, 345 ; address against
Nebraska bill, 360 ; receives votes for
Vice-President in Philadelphia Conven-
tion, II, 35 ; his character, 47, 48 ; Senate
speech of, May 19, 20, 1856, 48, 49 ; criticism
of Sen. Butler, 48,49 ; assaulted by Preston
S. Brooks, 50, 51 ; his serious malady, 55 ;
reelected to the Senate, 56 ; reappearance
in the Senate, 56; vote for, in Chicago
Convention, 1860, on first ballot, 273 ;
relates interview with Stanton, V, 133;
favors Lincoln's plan of compensated
abolishment, 214 ; prominence as an anti-
slavery leader in Congress, VI, 107; re-
marks on legal tender, 233; votes for
National Bank Act, 244 ; present at inter-
view between Lincoln, Cabinet, and Re-
publican Senators, 266 ; favors dismissal
of Seward, 266 ; comment on Lincoln's
Conkling letter, VII, 385 ; approves Lin-
coln's message, IX, 109 ; amendment to
Reconstruction Act, 120 ; opposed to Lin-
coln, 367 ; recommends Chase for Chief
Justice, 391 ; opposes recognition of Lou-
isiana, 455 ; joint resolution to abolish
slavery by Constitutional amendment,
X, 75, 76 ; present at Lincoln's deathbed,
300.
Sumner, Edwin V., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
disperses Free State legislature in Kan-
sas, I, 436 ; declines to interfere in Waka-
rusa war, 446 ; only permitted to act at
the call of governor or marshal, 454 ; dis-
perses guerrilla bands in Kansas, II, 2 ;
superseded by Gen. P. F. Smith, 3 ; mem-
ber of Lincoln's suite, III, 290; attends
meeting of Lincoln's suite, 314; attends
council of war, V, 167 ; assigned to com-
mand Second Corps, Army of Potomac,
169; attends council at Fairfax Court
House, 179 ; arrives at Williamsburg, 376 ;
YOL. X.— 31
establishes himself on north side of
Chickahominy, 385; marches with two
divisions to the bridges, 389 ; crosses the
Chickahominy and repulses Smith's at-
tack, 389 ; defeats Magruder at Allen's
Farm and Savage's Station, 428; inter-
view with Lincoln at Harrison's Landing,
453 ; comment on second battle of Bull
Run, VI, 16 ; corps engaged at Antietam,
140; asks permission to cross the Rappa-
hannock, 199; commands Union right at
Fredericksburg, 202 ; in battle of Freder-
icksburg, 205, 206 ; ordered to assault with
the Ninth Corps on Dec. 14, 1862, 208 ;
remonstrates with Burnside, 209 ; admits
there is " too much croaking in the army,"
212 ; lack of confidence in Burnside, 218 ;
relieved from command in Army of Poto-
mac, 221; death of, at Syracuse, N. Y.,
March 21, 1863, 222, 398 ; assigned to com-
mand Department of Missouri, 398.
Sumter, The, Confederate privateer, V, 8, 9.
Supreme Court of the United States, Dred
Scott case in, II, 63-80 ; arguments of the
case, 63-65; members of the Court, 64;
Justice Nelson instructed to prepare the
opinion, 65; opinion of Justice Nelson, 66 ;
suggestions of members, 72 ; decision an-
nounced, 72 ; opinions of all the Justices,
72, 73 ; opinion of the Court by Chief Jus-
tice Taney, 73-76 ; dissenting opinion by
Justice Curtis, 77-79 ; dissenting opinion
by Justice McLean, 78-80 ; decision in case
of Prigg vs. Commonwealth of Pennsyl-
vania, III, 23 ; decision declaring Fugitive
Slave law of 1850 constitutional, 31.
Surratt, John H., in conspiracy to assas-
sinate Lincoln, X, 289, 291, 292 ; escape to
Europe, 313 ; arrested in Egypt, 313 ;
trial of, in Washington, 313.
Surratt, Mrs. Mary E., in conspiracy to
assassinate Lincoln, X, 289, 291, 293 ; state-
ment about Payne, 306 ; tried and hanged,
312, 313.
Swan, Francis H., Paymaster U. S. N. :
in expedition against the Albemarle, X*
46, 48.
Swaney, , teacher of Pres. Lincoln, I,
34.
Swasey, Charles H., Lieut. U. S. N. : report
Of, V, 263, 264.
Sweeney, Thomas W., Brig. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : occupies Springfield, Mo., IV, 398;
in battles of Resaca, IX, 14.
Sweet, Benjamin J., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : commands Camp Douglas at Chi-
470
INDEX
cago, VIII, 21 ; captures leaders of plot to
liberate rebel prisoners, 21, 22.
Swett, Leonard, member of Bloomington
Convention, II, 28 ; urges Holt for Vice-
President at Baltimore Convention, IX,
73.
Swift, , Gen. 111. militia : ordered to
Cairo, 111., IV, 194.
Swinton, William, comment on McClellan's
Antietam campaign, VI, 136.
Sykes, George, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
commands under Porter on the Penin-
sula, V, 428; in battle of second Bull
Pun, VI, 11 ; in battle of Fredericksburg,
206 ; in battle of Chancellorsville, VII,
Taft, Dr., present at Lincoln's deathbed,
X, 300.
Talbot, Theodore, Maj. IT. S.A. : statement
about Anderson's condition, III, 158 ;
obtains interview for Mr. Chew with
Gov. Pickens, IV, 35.
Taliaferro, James G., loyalty of, III, 193.
Taliaferro, R. W., elected to Congress, VIII,
437.
Taney, Roger B., Atty. Gen. under Jackson,
Chief Justice U. S. Sup. Ct. : opinion in
Dred Scott case, II, 73-76 ; says Declara-
tion of Independence does not include
negroes, 153 ; administers oath of office to
Lincoln, III, 344 ; issues writ of habeas
corpus for Merryman, IV, 174; issues
attachment for Gen. Cadwalader, 175 ;
opinion in Merryman case, 175 ; sends his
opinion to the President, 175; death of,
IX, 385, 386.
Tappan, Mason W., M. C. : member of
House Committee of Thirty-three, II, 417.
Tatnall, Josiah, Capt. U. S. N., Capt. Conf.
navy: refuses to send the Merrimac to
York River, V, 233.
Taylor, Bayard, Min. to Russia: description
of Washington, IV, 107, 108 ; description of
Lincoln, 108.
Taylor, E. D., elected to Illinois legislature
in 1832,1, 109 ; discussion at Illinois State
fair, 375.
Taylor, Miles, M. C. : member of House
Committee of Thirty-three, II, 317.
Taylor, Richard, Conf. Lieut. Gen. : com-
mands rebel forces in Louisiana, VII, 314 ;
captures Brashear City, 321 ; sends Green
and Major against Donaldsonville, 321 ;
battle of Sabine Cross Roads, April 8,
1864, VIH, 292-294 ; battle of Pleasant Hill,
April 9, 1864, 295 ; statement about Grant's
plans, 343; in command at Mobile, IX,
239 ; capitulation of, 242 ; retreats to De-
mopolis, X, 240; surrenders to Canby,
327, 328.
Taylor, W. H., Conf. Col. : in battle of the
Wilderness, VIII, 364.
Taylor, Zachary, Maj. Gen. U. S. A., Twelfth
Pres. U. S. : sent to Corpus Christi, 1, 241 ;
ordered to the Rio Grande, 241 ; victories
of, 242 ; success in Mexican war, 260, 261 ;
supported by Lincoln for President, 275 ;
nominated for President, 276 ; elected
282.
Tebbs, W. H., leaves letter for publication
in the Washington " Union," II, ill.
Tecumseh, The, Union ironclad : in battle
of Mobile Bay, IX, 230 ; sunk by a tor-
pedo, 232.
Ten Eyck, John C, U. S. Sen.: votes for
National Bank Act, VI, 244.
Tennessee, State of, response to Lincoln's
proclamation, IV, 90, 250 ; course of seces-
sion movement in, 249-251 ; Convention
voted down, 250; military league with
Confederate States, 251 ; vote on separa-
tion in East Tennessee, V, 58 ; Maynard
and Clements elected to Congress, 59 ;
Union rising in East Tennessee, 74-76;
persecutions in East Tennessee, 76-80;
capture of Fort Henry, Feb. 6, 1862, 121,
122 ; Union forces occupy Nashville, Feb.
25, 1862, 311 ; battle of Pittsburg Landing
(or Shiloh), April 6, 7, 1862, 317-335 ; evacu-
ation of Forts Randolph and Pillow, 340 ;
river battle at Memphis, June 6, 1862, 344 ;
Memphis occupied by Union troops, 345 ;
battle of Murfreesboro, Dec. 31, 1862, to
Jan. 2, 1863, VI, 285-295 ; Andrew Johnson
appointed military governor, 344 ; Lin-
coln's letter to Grant and Johnson, Oct.
21, 1862, about reconstruction, 350; cap-
ture Of Fort Pillow, April 12, 1864, 479, 480 ;
massacre of colored troops at Fort Pillow,
479 ; Rosecrans occupies Chattanooga,
VTII, 73 ; battle of Chickamauga, Sept. 18-
20, 1863, 84-107; battle of Chattanooga,
Nov. 23-25, 1863, 134-157 ; Longstreet's
siege of Knoxville, Nov. 16 to Dec. 3,
1863, 174-181 ; Gov. Johnson orders election
for Congress, 439 ; Union Convention at
Nashville, July 1, 1863, 440 ; Johnson orders
election for county officers, 445, 445 ; Union
Convention at Knoxville, April, 1864, 446 ;
Union Convention at Nashville, Sept. 5,
1864, 446 ; Johnson orders election for
INDEX
471
President, 447 ; Constitutional Convention
abolishes slavery, 447, 448 ; popular vote
on amended Constitution, 448, 449 ; W. G.
Brownlow elected governor, 449 ; legisla-
ture ratifies Thirteenth Amendment, 449 ;
Senators and Members of Congress
elected, 449 ; battle of Franklin, Nov. 30,
1864, X, 18-21 ; battle of Nashville, Dec.
15, 16, 1864, 29-34 ; Thirteenth Amendment
ratified, 89.
Tennessee, The, Conf. ram: fitted out at
Mobile, IX, 227-230 ; in battle of Mobile
Bay, 234-237.
Terry, Alfred H., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
member of advisory board to reexamine
Porter court-martial case, VI, 13 ; makes
demonstration against James Island, VII,
427 ; commands second Fort Fisher expe-
dition, X, 65 ; capture of Fort Fisher. Jan.
15, 1865, 67 ; advance on Wilmington, 68, 69 ;
in advance on Goldsboro, 70, 71 ; made
Department commander, 338.
Texas, annexation of, opposition to, defeats
Van Buren, I, 225 ; urged on Pres. Tyler,
225 ; Andrew Jackson's letter in favor
of, 225, 226 ; Calhoun's views, 227 ; Clay's
views, 228-230 ; opposed by John Quincy
Adams, 230, 231 ; effect on Presidential
election, 231 ; popular sentiment in favor
of, 232, 233 ; Tyler's measures to secure,
237 ; condition of the Republic, 237 ; joint
resolution for, passed, 237, 238; Polk's
measures to complete, 238 ; Convention in
Texas, 238 ; objections of antislavery men,
238, 239 ; protest of Mexican government
against, 240, 241.
Texas, State of, annexation of, I, 225-234;
Dr. Anson Jones elected President, 237;
admitted as a State, 1845, 238, 325 ; western
boundary of, 239 ; joint resolution author-
izing acquisition, annexation, and admis-
sion as a State, 324 ; four additional
States to be formed out of, 325; indem-
nity, 328 ; illegal secession convention in,
III, 193 : secession ordinance passed, Feb.
1, 1861, 193; election to ratify secession
ordinance, 193; the army in, IV, 179; Gov.
Houston's attitude, 181, 182 ; revolutionary
State Convention, 182, 183 ; extra session
of legislature called, 183 ; legislature ap-
proves Convention, 183 ; ordinance of
secession passed, Feb. 1, 1861, 183 ; dele-
gates to Confederate Congress appointed,
183; Ben McCulloch takes possession of
San Antonio, 185 ; vote to ratify secession
ordinance, 186 ; Provisional Confederate
Constitution ratified, 186 ; Gov. Houston
deposed, 187 ; Lieut. Gov. Clark made gov-
ernor, 187 ; Union defeat at Sabine Pass,
Sept. 8, 1863, VIII, 287 ; Banks's expedi-
tion to the Rio Grande, 287, 288 ; ratifies
Thirteenth Amendment, X, 89.
Thatcher, Henry K., Rear Adm. U. S. N. :
commands naval forces before Mobile,
IX, 239 ; receives Farrand's surrender, X,
328.
Thayer, Eli, M. C. : trustee of Massachusetts
Emigrant Aid Society, I, 394; plan of
compromise, II, 422.
Thiers, Louis Adolphe, French statesman
and historian : Constitutional maxim of,
III, 78.
Thirteenth Amendment, reported by Trum-
bull, X, 75 ; adopted by Senate, 77 ; rejected
by the House, 77, 78 ; Lincoln's message
about, 80 ; called up in House for recon-
sideration, 81 ; adopted by House, 85, 86 ;
Lincoln's address on, 87,88; ratification
of, 88, 89 ; discussed at Hampton Roads
Conference, 125, 126.
Thoburn, Joseph, Col. U. S. Vols. : in battle
of Winchester, IX, 303 ; killed at Cedar
Creek, 317.
Thomas, Francis, M. C, Gov. of Md., Min.
to Peru : second interview with Lincoln
about compensated emancipation, VI,
111; House resolution about Maryland
emancipation, VIII, 456, 457.
Thomas, George H., Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
persuades Patterson not to attack, IV,
346 ; sent to Camp Dick Robinson, V, 49 ;
orders a regiment to Lexington, 51 ; rec-
ommends movement on East Tennessee,
62, 63 ; asks to be relieved, 63 ; repeats his
request to march to East Tennessee, 63 ;
commands in eastern Kentucky, 115 ;
ordered to dislodge Zollicoffer, 116; battle
of MiU Springs, Jan. 19, 1862, 116, 117;
supersedes Grant in command of right
wing of Halleck's army, 337; assigned to
supersede Buell, VI, 276 ; protests against
Buell's being relieved from command, 277 ;
order relieving Buell withdrawn, 277 ; ap-
pointed by Buell second in command, 277 ;
appointed by Rosecrans to command
center of Army of the Cumberland, 281 ;
defends Rosecrans's inactivity, VIII, 43 ;
march on Chattanooga, 71; ordered to-
wards Lafayette, 75 ; in battle of Chicka-
mauga, 84, 85, 88-90, 92-94, 97-99, 101-105,
107; supersedes Rosecrans in command
of Army of the Cumberland, 119 ; answer
472
INDEX
to Grant, 120 ; confirms Rosecrans's state-
ment about Chattanooga, 122 ; obtains rev-
ocation of order to attack Missionary
Ridge, 129, 130 ; in battle of Chattanooga,
131, 135, 139, 144, 147, 148, 150, 154, 157;
strength of Army of the Cumberland, IX,
4 ; advance on Kingston, 15 ; in battles of
Dallas, 17, 19; in battles of Kenesaw
Mountain, 20, 22-24 ; in march to the Chat-
tahoochee, 26 ; in march on Atlanta, 263 ;
in battle of Peach Tree Creek, 269; in
battles of Atlanta, 285-287, 289; orders
from Sherman, 477 ; commands Depart-
ments of the Ohio and Tennessee, X, 6 ;
army of, 7, 8 ; battle of Franklin, Nov. 30,
1864, 18-21; defense of Nashville, 21-29;
reply to Grant's criticisms, 25 ; battle of
Nashville, Dec. 15, 16, 1864, 29, 34 ; pursuit
of Hood, 34-36 ; commands Military Divi-
sion of the Tennessee, 338.
Thomas, Jesse B., U.S. Sen.: elected to U. S.
Senate, 1, 143 ; prominent lawyer of Illi-
nois, 213.
Thomas, J. Hanson, elected to Maryland
legislature, IV, 165.
Thomas, Lorenzo, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
ordered to verify Gen. Wads worth's state-
ment, V, 184 ; reports the President's re-
quirement not complied with, 184; sent
West to organize negro troops, VI, 459;
reports of his mission, 459-461.
Thomas, Philip F., M. C, Gov. of Md., Sec.
of Treas. under Buchanan : appointed
Secretary of Treasury, III, 66, 240 ; resig-
nation of, 132, 241; advertises $5,000,000
Treasury notes, 240.
Thomasson, William P., M. C. : votes for
Wilmot Proviso, I, 269.
Thompson, C. R., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. A. :
in battle of Nashville, X, 32, 33.
Thompson, Jacob, M. C, Sec. of Int. under
Buchanan: instructions to Martin, II,
109; interviews with Floyd, 317; inter-
views with Clingman, 325, 326 ; opinion on
disunion, 362, 363; advocates evacuation
of Fort Sumter, III, 73 ; sends notice of re-
lief expedition to Charleston, 99 ; notifies
Gov. Pickens of permanent postponement
of the Sumter expedition, 122; commis-
sioner of Mississippi to North Carolina,
129 ; resignation of, 132 ; Confederate
agent in Canada, VIII, 16 ; organizes con-
spiracies in United States, 16-27 ; employs
Major to burn steamboats on the Missis-
sippi, 22; employs Col. Martin to burn
New York city, 22, 23 ; employs Kennedy
to burn New York city, 23 ; offered safe-
conduct to Washington, IX, 190 ; replies
he is not accredited from Richmond, 191.
Thompson, Jeff. M., Conf. Brig. Gen. : or-
ganizes a secession camp at St. Joseph,
IV, 211.
Thompson, Richard W., M. C.,Sec. of Navy
under Hayes : amendment affecting slav-
ery in California and New Mexico, I, 284.
Thompson, Samuel, Col. 111. Vols. : com-
mands regiment in Black Hawk war, I,
90.
Thompson, Waddy, M. C, Min. to Mexico:
negotiations with Texas, I, 240.
Thomson, J. Edgar, Pres. Penn. R. R. : sug-
gests new route to Washington, IV, 129.
Thoreau, Henry D., remarks on John
Brown's execution, II, 211.
Thouvenel, Edouard Antoine, French Min.
of Foreign Affairs : resignation of, VIII,
268; conversation with Slidell, 269.
Tidball, John C, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in recapture of Fort Stedman, X, 163.
Tilghman, Lloyd, Conf. Brig. Gen. : sur-
renders Fort Henry, Feb. 6, 1862, V, 121 ;
sent to Grindstone Ford, VII, 171 ; killed
at Champion's Hill, 191.
Titus, H. T., Col. Kas. militia: arrives in
Kansas, 1, 448 ; interview with Walker, II,
21.
Tod, David, Min. to Brazil, Gov. of Ohio:
censured by Ohio Democratic Convention,
VII, 354, 355; calls out militia to meet
Morgan's raid, VIII, 56; letter about Lin-
coln's nomination, 323, 324 ; declines nomi-
nation for Secretary of Treasury, IX, 95-
99.
Todd, John, great-uncle of Mrs. Abraham
Lincoln : appointed lieutenant of county
of Illinois by Patrick Henry, 1, 186 ; death
of, 186.
Todd, John B. S., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. 8.
Vols. : present at Lincoln's deathbed, X,
300.
Todd, Lockwood, member of Lincoln's
suite, III, 290.
Todd, Mary, lineage and relatives of, 1, 186 ;
engaged to Abraham Lincoln, 186 ; married
to Abraham Lincoln, 200.
Todd, Robert S., father of Mrs. Abraham
Lincoln, I, 186.
Tompkins, C. H., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : member of military commission
for trial of Lincoln's assassins, X, 312.
Toombs, Robert, U. S. Sen., Conf. Sec. of
State, Conf. Brig. Gen. : introduces ena-
INDEX
473
bling bill for Kansas, II, 93 ; signs address
commending the Charleston disruption,
245, 246 ; member of Senate Committee of
Thirteen, 414 ; signs Senatorial secession
caucus resolutions, III, 181 ; appointed
Confederate Secretary of State, 212 ; prop-
ositions in Senate Committee of Thir-
teen, 220; speech at Milledgeville to
promote secession, 266; instructions to
Commissioners, Feb. 27, 1861, 396 ; instruc-
tions of March 11, 1861, 401 ; instructions
of March 14, 1861, 401 ; instructions of
March 20, 1861, 403 ; instructions of April
2, 1861, 413.
Topeka Constitution, framed by Free State
Constitutional Convention at Topeka, I,
429 ; submitted to popular vote, 429 ; pre-
sented to Congress as a petition, 429, 430 ;
advocated by Republicans in Congress,
430 ; reported against in Senate by Doug-
las, 431 ; House of Representatives
passes bill to admit Kansas under, 431 ;
provisional legislature under, dispersed
by Col. Sumner, 436 ; never legalized, 436,
437.
Topp, Robertson, letter about persecution
in East Tennessee, V, 60.
Torbert, Alfred T. A., Bvt. Maj. Gen. TJ. S.
A. : commands cavalry rearguard in
Wilderness campaign, VIII, 357 ; in bat-
tle of Spotsylvania, 385: in Sheridan's
army, IX, 182 ; in Shenandoah campaign,
295 ; in battle of Winchester, 303 ; in cam-
paign of Fisher's Hill, 309, 310; defeats
Rosser and Lomax, 314 ; raid on Virginia
Central Railroad, 328, 329.
Totten, Joseph G., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
opinion on evacuation of Fort Sumter, III,
380.
Toucey, Isaac, Atty. Gen. under Polk, U. S.
Sen., Sec. of Navy under Buchanan:
voted for in the Charleston Convention,
II, 244; opinion on disunion, 362; ap-
proves Buchanan's draft of reply to
South Carolina commissioners, III, 75;
informs Buchanan of threatened resigna-
tion of Black and Stanton, 80; instruc-
tions to Capt. Armstrong, 163; orders
ships of war to Pensacola, 164.
Tourtellotte, J. E., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : wounded at Allatoona, IX, 474.
Townsend, E. D., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
reads original dispatch at Sumter flag-
raising, X, 279 ; represents Secretary of
War at Lincoln's funeral, 320.
Townsend, Frederick, Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S.
A. : appointed Provost Marshal General
for New York, VII, 15.
Townsend, George Alfred, account of
Booth's escape, X, 308.
Tracy, E. D., Conf. Brig. Gen. : in battle of
Port Gibson, VII, 170, 171.
Transylvania Presbytery, action of, VI, 332.
Trapier, J. H., Conf. Brig. Gen. : ordered to
prepare a plan to reduce Fort Sumter, III,
124.
Travis, Wm. Barrett, defense of the Alamo,
I, 233.
Treadwell, , goes to Kansas, I, 448.
Treasury notes, issue of $10,000,000 author-
ized, III, 240 ; $5,000,000 advertised by
Secretary Thomas, 240 ; offers for, 240 ;
authorized by Morrill Tariff Act, 243.
Treat, Samuel H., U. S. Dist. Judge : promi-
nent lawyer of Illinois, I, 213.
Trenholm, George A., Conf. Sec. of Treas. :
goes to Greensboro, X, 257.
Trent, The, British mail steamer: detained
by the San Jacinto, V, 22-24 ; permitted to
proceed, 24.
Trent Brothers, purchase Berry & Lincoln's
store, 1, 112.
Trescott, W. H., Asst. Sec. of State under
Buchanan : interviews with Floyd, II,
317 ; letters: to Rhett, 317-319— to Drayton,
322, 323— to Gov. Gist, 378, 379 ; interview
with Buchanan, 379 ; agent of South Caro-
lina, III, 4 ; advises with South Carolina
Congressmen, 6; interview with Buch-
anan, 7 ; letter to Gov. Pickens, 7-9.
Trimble, Isaac R., Conf. Maj. Gen. : in battle
of Gettysburg, VII, 261, 263 ; opinion about
Gettysburg, 271.
Trowbridge, C. T., Lieut. Col. U. S. Vols. :
maintains a company of negro soldiers,
VI, 444, 445.
Trumbull, Lyman, M. C, U. S. Sen. : discus-
sion at Illinois State fair, 1, 375 ; votes for,
for U. S. Senator, 388 ; elected U. S.
Senator, 390; member of Bloomington Con-
vention, II, 28 ; letters to Lincoln, III,
252, 254 ; attends meeting at Seward's
house, 253 ; amendment to Confiscation
Act, IV, 380, 381 ; interview with Lincoln,
467 ; interview with McClellan, 467 ; votes
for re-passage of National Bank Act, VI,
245; present at interview between Lin-
coln, Cabinet, and Republican Senators,
266 ; favors dismissal of Seward, 266 ;
Senate resolution about political prison-
ers, VIII, 31 ; reports joint resolution on
Louisiana reconstruction, IX, 454 ; advo-
474
INDEX
cates recognition of Louisiana, 455; re-
ports Thirteenth Amendment, X, 75 ;
speech on Thirteenth Amendment, 76.
Tucker, John, Asst. Sec. of War : charged
with transportation of Army of Potomac,
V, 167 ; report of army transportation, 182.
Turchin, J. B., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. : in
battle of Chickamauga, VIII, 104 ; in
battle of Chattanooga, 148.
Turner, John W., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
in assault at Petersburg mine, IX, 423;
in assault on Petersburg, X, 179, 180.
Turner, Levi C, Maj. U. S. Vols. : inter-
view with the President, VI, 186, 187.
Turner, Thomas, Rear Adm. U. S. N. : com-
mands Union frigate New Ironsides in
attack on Charleston, VII, 67.
Tuttle, James M., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in siege of Vicksburg, VII, 292.
Twiggs, David E., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A.,
Conf. Maj. Gen. : in command of Depart-
ment of Texas, IV, 179 ; asks instructions
of Gen. Scott, 180; correspondence with
Gen. Scott, 180 ; asks to be relieved, 181 ;
relieved from command, 184 ; surrenders
military posts and government property
in Texas, 185 ; agrees to withdraw the
army by sea, 185 ; dismissed from U. S.
army, 191 ; terms to U. S. prisoners of war,
VII, 447.
Tyler, Daniel, Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. : com-
mands division under McDowell, IV, 342 ;
brings on battle of Blackburn's Ford, July
18, 1861, 343 ; in battle of Bull Run, 348.
Tyler, Erastus B., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : assists Kimball in repulse of Jack-
son, V, 400.
Tyler, John, tenth Pres. U. S. : measures to
secure annexation of Texas, I, 237 ; signs
Act to admit Iowa and Florida, 324 ;
signs joint resolution admitting Texas,
324, 325 ; protests against military parade
on Feb. 22, 1861, III, 150; appointed com-
missioner to Washington by Virginia
legislature, 165, 228 ; interview with
Buchanan, 165 ; interview with Black and
Stanton, 166 ; note to Buchanan, 166 ;
called to preside over Peace Convention,
231.
Tyler, Robert O., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
wounded at Cold Harbor, VIII, 404.
Ullman, Daniel, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
volunteers to organize negro troops, VI,
454, 455.
Underwood, John C, Judge U. S. Dist. Ct. :
certificate of division in the Jefferson
Davis case, X, 275.
Underwood, J. W. H., M. C. : signs secession
address, II, 436.
United Presbyterian Church, General As-
sembly, resolutions supporting emanci-
pation, VI, 321.
Upsher, Abel P., Sec. of Navy and Sec.
of State under Tyler : negotiations with
Texas, I, 240.
Upton, Emory, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
storms rebel works at Rappahannock
Station, VIII, 243 ; in battle of Spotsyl-
vania, 377; in battle of Winchester, IX,
301 ; wounded at Winchester, 304 ; in Wil-
son's raid, X, 239.
Uraga, Jose Lopez, Gen., Mex. army: made
general-in-chief of Mexican army, VII,
400; goes over to Maximilian, 419.
Usher, John P., Sec. of Int. under Lincoln:
appointed Secretary of Interior to succeed
Caleb B. Smith, VI, 419 ; opinion on Fort
Pillow massacre, 482 ; resignation of, IX,
349, 350; statement about Lincoln's eman-
cipation message, X, 136 ; present at Lin-
coln's deathbed, 300.
Utah, Territory of, organized, I, 328.
Vallandigham, Clement L., M. C. : cross-
examines John Brown, II, 209 ; House dis-
cussion, 419, 420 ; compromise proposition,
426; comment on Burnside's Order No.
Thirty-eight, VII, 329, 330; attacks on the
government war policy, 329, 330 ; speech at
Mt. Vernon, O., 330, 331 ; arrested and im-
prisoned, 332 ; tried by military commis-
sion, 333, 334 ; sentenced to close confine-
ment during the war, 334 ; sentence
commuted by Lincoln, 339 ; sent within
the Confederate lines, 339 ; nominated for
governor of Ohio, 354 ; goes to Richmond,
355; escapes to Bermuda, 355,356 ; arrives
in Canada, 356 ; address to the people of
Ohio, 356; defeated by 101,000 majority,
357, 377; returns to United States, June
1864, 359 ; political speeches, 360 ; takes
part in Chicago Convention, 360; House
resolutions for peace, 365 ; statement of
numbers of American Knights, etc., VIII,
2 ; on Platform Committee of Democratic
National Convention, IX, 255 ; writes
peace resolution of Democratic Platform
of 1864, 257 ; comment on Democratic Plat-
form, 261, 262.
Van Bergen, , sues Lincoln for debt, I,
117.
INDEX
475
Van Buren, Martin, eighth Pres. U. S. : de-
feated for Presidential nomination in
1844, I, 227 ; receives Free-soil nomina-
tion for President, 277 ; popular vote for,
282.
Vance, R. B., Conf. Brig. Gen. : moves his
command to East Tennessee, V, 77.
Vance, Zebulon B., M. C, Conf. Gov. of N.
C, U. S. Sen. : flight from Raleigh, X,
243.
Van Cleve, H. P., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols.:
in battle of Murfreesboro, VI, 287, 289, 292 ;
in battle of Chickamauga, VIII, 88, 95.
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, becomes Jefferson
Davis's bail, X, 275.
Vanderbilt, The, merchant steamer: char-
tered and prepared to run down the Mer-
rimac, V, 227.
Van Derveer, Ferdinand, Brig. Gen. U. S.
Vols.: in battle of Chickamauga, VIII,
94 ; in battle of Chattanooga, 148.
Van Dorn, Earl, Conf. Maj. Gen. : mission
to induce U. S. troops to rebel, IV, 190 ;
ordered to capture U. S. troops and stores,
190; captures remnants of U. S. troops,
191 ; captures Union troops in Texas, 262 ;
sent to command the trans-Mississippi
district or Department No. Two, V, 290;
orders McCulloch, Mcintosh, and Pike to
join him in. Arkansas, 290; proposes a
haversack campaign against St. Louis,
290, 291; writes to Johnston that he will
give battle at Cross Hollow, 291 ; battle of
Pea Ridge, March 6-8, 1862, 291, 292 ; moves
towards Pocahontas, 293; authorizes
Breckinridge to threaten retaliation, VI,
477 ; opposed to Grant in the West, VII,
112 ; attacks Rosecrans at Corinth, Oct.
3, 1863, 116; battle of Corinth, Oct. 3, 4,
1863, 116, 117 ; repulsed at Corinth, 117 ;
retreat of, 118 ; superseded by Pemberton,
119 ; captures Holly Springs, Dec. 20, 1862,
127 ; death of, 179 ; defeats Coburn, VIII,
50.
Venable, Charles S., Conf. Col.: in battle of
the Wilderness, VIII, 364.
Vermont, State of, response to Lincoln's
proclamation, IV, 86: rebel raid from
Canada on St. Albans, Oct. 19, 1864, VIII,
23-27 ; ratifies Thirteenth Amendment, X,
89.
Vicksburg, Miss., fortified by rebels, V,
346; passed and repassed by Farragut's
fleet, 347-350 ; situation of, VII, 121, 282 ;
■first assault on, May 19, 1863, 282, 283 ; sec-
ond assault on, May 22, 1863, 283-286 ; siege
of, May 22 to July 4, 1863, 288-305 ; priva-
tions of inhabitants, 300, 301 ; surrender
of, July 4, 1863, 305 ; occupied by Grant,
305-307.
Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and Ire-
land : proclamation of neutrality, IV, 268 ;
note to Lord John Russell, V, 28.
Vidaurri, Santiago, Mex. Gen. : deserts from
Monterey, VII, 419.
Vincent, Strong, Col. U. S. Vols. : in battle
of Gettysburg, VII, 254 ; killed at Gettys-
burg, 255.
Vincent, Thomas M., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S.
A. : present at Lincoln's deathbed, X,
300.
Vinton, S. F.,M. C: recommends McClellan
for command at Cincinnati, IV, 282.
Virginia, State of, legislature incorporates
Louisville, Ky., I, 15 ; endows Transyl-
vania University, 15, 16; John Brown's
raid, II, 205-208 ; legislature appoints
John Tyler commissioner to Washington,
III, 165, 228; legislature appoints John
Robertson commissioner to seceding
States, 165, 228 ; resolutions of legislature
suggesting Peace Convention, 227 ; effect
of John Brown's raid, 416 ; preparations
for arming, 416; declines the South Caro-
lina proposition for a conference, 417 ;
vote at Presidential election of 1860, 417 ;
military organization, 418 ; extra session
of legislature, 419 ; legislative resolution
against coercion, 421 ; State Convention
elected, 421 ; meeting of Convention, 422 ;
Committee of Convention visits the Presi-
dent, IV, 72 ; response to Lincoln's proc-
lamation, 91 ; ordinance of secession
passed, April 17, 1861, 91, 92 ; armory at
Harper's Ferry burned, 122 ; burning of
Gosport Navy Yard, 147 ; military league
with Confederate States, 158-162 ; Rich-
mond made the rebel capital, 264 ; Gov.
Letcher calls out State forces, 310, 330;
popular movement in western Virginia
against secession, 329; provisional State
government formed, 331, 332 ; Peirpoint
appointed governor, 331 ; he applies for
aid to suppress rebellion, 332 ; battle of
Rich Mountain, July 11, 1861, 334, 335 ; en-
gagement at Blackburn's Ford, July 18,
1861, 343 ; battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861,
348-351 ; battle of Ball's Bluff, Oct. 21,
1861, 455-457 ; Norfolk occupied by Union
troops, May 10, 1862, V, 237 ; McClellan's
Richmond campaign begun, 358 ; capture
of Yorktown, May 3, 1862, 374, 375 ; battle
476
INDEX
of Williamsburg, May 5, 1862, 377 ; battle
of Seven Pines, May 31 and June 1, 1862,
388-390; engagement at Beaver Dam,
June 26, 1862, 425; battle of Gaines's Mill,
June 27, 1862, 428-430; engagement at
Savage's Station, June 29, 1862, 434 ; en-
gagement at Glendale, June 30, 1862, 435 ;
battle of Malveru Hill, July 1, 1862,
437-439 ; engagement at Cedar Mountain,
Aug. 9, 1862, VI, 6 ; engagement at Grove-
ton, Aug. 29, 1862, 9 ; battle of second
Bull Bun, Aug. 30, 1862, 10; engagement
at Cbantilly, Sept. 1, 1862, 11 ; battle of
Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862, 203-208;
consent of Wheeling legislature to di-
vision of the State, 298 ; (as to organ-
ization of West Virginia, see West
Virginia) ; the Peirpoint government re-
moves to Alexandria, 313 ; battle of Chan-
cellorsville, May 1-3, 1863, VII, 96-107;
cavalry battle at Brandy Station, June 9,
1863, 205, 206 ; battle of the Wilderness,
May 5, 6, 1864, VIII, 360, 367 ; battle of
Spotsylvania, May 8-19, 1864, 372-385 ; bat-
tle of North Anna, May 23-27, 1864, 387-
390 ; battle of Cold Harbor, June 1-12, 1864,
391, 400-405 ; battle of Bermuda Hundred,
May 16, 1864, 397-399 ; battle of Winchester,
Sept. 19, 1864, IX, 299-305; battle of Fisher's
Hill, Sept. 22, 1864, 306-310 ; battle of Cedar
Creek, Oct. 19, 1864, 316-326; battle of
Waynesboro, March 2, 1865, 329-331 ; battle
of Hatcher's Run, Oct. 27, 1864, 433, 434 ;
elects State Convention, 438; abolishes
slavery, 438, 439 ; ordinance to establish
restored government, 439 ; legislature
ratifies Thirteenth Amendment, 439, X,
89; battle of Five Forks, April 1, 1865,
172-174; evacuation of Petersburg, April
2, 1865, 183 ; Lee's surrender at Appomat-
tox, April 9, 1865, 195-197 ; evacuation of
Richmond, April 2, 1865, 201-207; Rich-
mond occupied by Gen. Weitzel, 208.
Vogdes, Israel B., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. A. :
sent with artillery company to reenforce
Fort Pickens, III, 164, 165 ; ordered to land
his company at Fort Pickens, 394 ; asks
facilities for landing, IV, 7 ; lands, 12, 13 ;
constructs batteries on Folly Island, VII,
426.
Voruz, , French Deputy : interview
with Napoleon the Third and Slidell,
VIII, 270.
Waddell, J. I., Lieut. Conf. Navy: com-
mands Confederate cruiser Shenandoah,
IX, 155 ; burns American whaling-vessels,
156, 157.
Wade, Benjamin, F., U. S. Sen. : votes for,
in Chicago Convention, 1860, on first ballot,
I, 273 ; Senate speech for the Union, 412-
414 ; member of Senate Committee of Thir-
teen, 414; interview with Pres. Lincoln,
IV, 467; interview with McClellan, 467;
member of Committee on Conduct of the
War, V, 150 ; urges active army operations,
150 ; votes for National Bank Act, VI, 244 ;
advocates Reconstruction Act, IX, 119 ;
signs Wade-Davis manifesto, 124-127; op-
poses recognition of Louisiana, 455 ; com-
ment on Lincoln's death, X, 316.
Wadsworth, James S.,Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : assigned to command defenses of
Washington, V, 169; reports only 19,000
men under his command, 184 ; reports the
President's requirement not complied
with, 184 ; defeated by Seymour for gov-
ernor of New York, VII, 10, 362 ; in battle
of Gettysburg, 239, 240, 244, 249 ; testimony
about Gettysburg, 269; favors attacking
Lee at the Potomac, 275-277 ; in battle of
the Wilderness, VIII, 361, 363, 364; killed in
battle of the Wilderness, 366.
Wagner, George D., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in battle of Chattanooga, VIII, 148, 149,
153 ; in battle of Kenesaw Mountain, IX,
23; in march to Franklin, X, 11, 17; in
battle of Franklin, 18.
Wainwright, Jonathan M., Commander U.
S. N. : commands the Harriet Lane, VII,
313 ; killed at Galveston, 313.
Wainwright, Richard, Commander U. S.
N. : commands the Hartford in Farragut's
fleet, V, 261.
Waite, Carlos A., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. A. :
assigned to command Department of
Texas, IV, 184; arrives in San Antonio
185 ; complies with agreement entered
into by Twiggs, 185 ; capture of, 191.
Walcutt, C. C, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
defeats Phillips, IX, 485.
Walke, Henry, Rear Adm. U. S. N. : runs
gunboat Carondelet past Island No. Ten,
V, 298.
Walker, Cyrus, prominent lawyer of Illi-
nois, I, 213.
Walker, Duncan S., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : valuable manuscripts from, II, 112.
Walker, James A. : Conf. Brig. Gen. :
wounded at Spotsylvania, VIII, 382.
Walker, J. G., Conf. Maj. Gen. : sent to cap-
ture Harper's Ferry, VI, 133 ; sent to at-
INDEX
477
tack Milliken's Bend, VII, 293 ; in battle
of Sabine Cross Roads, VIII, 293.
Walker, Leroy P., Conf. Sec. of War and
Brig. Gen. : appointed Confederate Secre-
tary of War, III, 212 ; letter to Pickens, 397 ;
dispatcbes about Fort Pickens, IV, 9-11, 13 ;
telegrams to Beauregard, 19, 20 ; instruc-
tions to Beauregard, 29, 30, 38 ; order to
reduce Sumter, 45, 46 ; sends agent West
to purchase provisions, 195 ; directs with-
drawal of Confederate troops from Ken-
tucky, V, 44.
Walker, Moses B., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : in battle of Murfreesboro, VI, 291.
Walker, Robert J., U. S« Sen., Sec. of Treas.
under Polk, Gov. of Kas. : appointed gov-
ernor of Kansas, II, 93 ; conditions of ac-
ceptance, 93 ; promises a submission of
tbe Constitution to popular vote, 93, 97,
101 ; bis inaugural address, 95 ; arrival in
Kansas, 96 ; speech at Topeka, 97 ; letter
to Pres. Buchanan, 102 ; rejects the Ox-
ford and McGee fraudulent returns,
105; proclamation about the attempted
frauds, 105, 106; goes to Washington on
leave of absence, 112 ; resignation of, 117 ;
opposition to Lecompton Constitution,
130.
Walker, Samuel, Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : interview with Titus, II, 21.
Walker, W. H. T., Conf. Maj. Gen. : in en-
gagement at Raymond, VII, 177 ; ordered
towards Lee and Gordon's Mills, VIII, 79 ;
in battle of Chickamauga, 84, 88, 91 ; in
battle of Chattanooga, 145.
Wallace, Lew, Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. : divi-
sion ordered to attack at Fort Donelson,
V, 197 ; position of division at Crump's
Landing, 324 ; ordered to battlefield of
Pittsburg Landing, 329 ; arrival and posi-
tion of, 334 ; commands at Baltimore, IX,
163 ; battle of Monocacy, July 9, 1864, 165 ;
member of military commission for trial
of Lincoln's assassins, X, 312.
Wallace, W. H. L., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
commands Smith's division at Pittsburg
Landing, V, 324 ; position of division, 324 ;
mortally wounded at Pittsburg Landing,
327.
Wallace, Dr. W. S., member of Lincoln's
suite, III. 290.
Wallis, S. Teackle, elected to Maryland
legislature, IV, 165.
Walthall, E. C, Conf. Maj. Gen. : in retreat
of Hood, X, 35.
Ward, James H., Capt. U. S. N. : project to
relieve Fort Sumter, ill, 172 ; interview
with Gen. Scott about relief of Sumter,
383.
Ward, W. T., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in March to the Sea, IX, 481.
Warfield, Henry M., elected to Maryland
legislature, IV, 165.
Warren, Gouverneur K., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U.
S. A. : in battle of Chancellorsville, VII,
97 ,* opinion of Hooker, 110, ill ; in battle
of Gettysburg, 248, 254, 261 ; wounded at
Gettysburg, 269 ; testimony about Gettys-
burg, 271 ; sent to Culpeper, VIII, 237, 238 ;
repulses A. P. Hill's attack, 240 ; move-
ment at Mine Run, 248-250; opinion on
lost opportunities, 252, 253; commands
Fifth Corps Army of Potomac, 353 ; crosses
the Rappahannock, 357, 358 ; in battle of
the Wilderness, 360, 361, 363; reaches
Spotsylvania, 368, 369 ; in battle of Spot-
sylvania, 374, 376, 381, 3835 385; in battle of
North Anna, 387, 389 ; in battle of Cold
Harbor, 391, 404; in movement across
James River, IX, 407; in siege of Peters-
burg, 412; in march to Five Forks, X,
169, 171; in battle of Five Forks, 172,
173 ; relieved from command, 173, 174 ; at
grand review in Washington, 332.
Washburn, Cadwalader C.,M. C, Maj. Gen.
U. S. Vols. : member of House Committee
of Thirty-three, II, 417 ; in siege of Vicks-
burg, VII, 290, 292 ; commands advance on
Matagorda Bay, VIII, 287.
Washburn, Francis, Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : killed in march to Appomattox, X,
187, 188.
Washburne, Elihu B.,M. C, Min. to France :
interview with Gen. Scott, III, 250 ; letter
to Lincoln, 250 ; meets Lincoln at railway
station in Washington, 315 ; recommends
Grant, IV, 293 ; candidate for Speaker of
House of Representatives, VII, 391 ;
nominates Colfax for Speaker, 393, 394;
introduces bill to revive grade of lieu-
tenant general, VIII, 334; statement
about Schofleld, 471; letter expressing
doubt about Lincoln's reelection, IX,
372.
Watson, Benjamin, Lieut. Col. 6th Mass.
Militia : in Baltimore riot, IV, 113.
Watson, P. H., Asst. Sec. of War : at coun-
cil of war, VIII, 112.
Wayne, James M., Assoc. Justice U. S. Sup.
Ct. : moves to reconsider Dred Scott de-
cision, II, 67 ; opinion in Dred Scott case,
72.
478
INDEX
Waynesboro', Va., battle of, March 2, 1865,
IX, 329-331.
Wead, Fred F., Col. U. S. Vols. : killed at
Cold Harbor, VIII, 405.
Webb, Alexander S., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
A. : statement of strength of Johnston's
army, V, 176, 177 ; comment on landing of
Franklin's division, 365, 366; says War-
wick line could have been broken, 367 ;
says a fair opportunity to break the War-
wick line was missed, 369; comment on
McClellan's report, 384; in battle of Get-
tysburg, VII, 261, 266 ; wounded at Gettys-
burg, 269: testimony about Gettysburg,
269; assists in repulsing Hill, VIII, 240;
wounded at Spotsylvania, 382.
Webb, The, Conf . ram : burned on the Mis-
sissippi River, IX, 242, 243.
Webster, Charles R., Ould refuses to ex-
change him, VII, 458.
Webster, Daniel, U. S. Sen., Sec. of State
under W. H. Harrison, Tyler, and Fill-
more : amendment to Fugitive Slave law,
III, 25.
Webster, Edwin H., M. C. : second inter-
view with Lincoln about compensated
emancipation, VI, ill.
Webster, J. D., Bvt. Maj. Gen. IT. S. Vols. :
posts a reserve battery at Pittsburg Land-
ing, V, 328.
Weed, Stephen H., Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols.:
killed at Gettysburg, VII, 255.
Weed, Thurlow, editor of Albany" Evening
Journal " : invites Lincoln to speak at
Albany, II, 177 ; letter to Lincoln, III, 252 ;
visit tc Lincoln at Springfield, 261 ; state-
ment about Lincoln and Seymour, VII,
12, 13 ; interview with McClellan, IX, 247 ;
letter to Seward about politics, 250 ; letter
about opposition to Lincoln, 366.
Weehawken, The, Union monitor : cap-
tures the Atlanta, VII, 79-81 ; sinking of,
81, 82.
Weitzel, Godfrey, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
in siege of Richmond, IX, 434 ; assigned
to command first Fort Fisher expedition,
X, 55 ; reconnoiters Fort Fisher, 61, 62 ;
occupies Richmond, April 3, 1865, 208;
present at interviews of Lincoln and
Campbell, 220-222 ; statement about inter-
view between Lincoln and Campbell, 222 ;
interview with Campbell, 224-226.
Welles, Edgar T., valuable manuscripts
from, VI, 123.
Welles, Gideon, Sec. of Navy under Lin-
coln: opinion about the Lincoln gene-
alogy, I, 5 ; selected for the Cabinet, III,
367 ; appointed Secretary of Navy, 372 ;
first opinion on Sumter, 387 ; second
opinion on Sumter, 430, 431 ; interview
with Lincoln, 440, 441 ; orders for Fort
Sumter expedition, IV, 4 ; interview with
Lincoln and Seward, 5, 6 ; instructions to
Capt. Adams, 9 ; order to prepare West-
ern gunboats, 201; opinion on closing
insurrectionary ports, V, 7 ; approves
course of Capt. Wilkes, 25; present at
council about expedition against New
Orleans, 254, 255 ; statement about Farra-
gut's confidence and enthusiasm, 257 ;
signs remonstrance against McClellan's
continuance in command, VI, 22 ; de-
scribes Lincoln's reading of emancipation
proclamation, 160 ; comment on emanci-
pation proclamation, 163 ; present at
interview between Lincoln, Cabinet, and
Republican Senators, 266 ; opinion on ad-
mission of West Virginia, 304-306 ; com-
ments on Lincoln's draft of final eman-
cipation proclamation, 405 ; proposes
amendments to draft, 415, 416 ; opinion on
the Fort Pillow massacre, 482; letter of
thanks to Du Pont, VII, 86; statement
about Grant's plans, VIII, 343 ; memo-
randum about Lincoln's emancipation
message, X, 136; at Cabinet meeting,
April 14, 1865, 282, 284 ; present at Lincoln's
deathbed, 300 ; statement about reduction
of navy, 337, 338.
Welles, T. M., elected to Congress, VIII,
437.
Wessells, Henry W., Bvt. Brig. Gen.
U. S. A. : commands at Plymouth, N. C,
X, 39.
Weston, , guerrilla leader in Kansas, I,
453.
West Virginia, State of, popular move-
ment against secession, IV, 329 ; consulta-
tion at Wheeling, 329 ; Union Convention
at Wheeling, 331 ; provisional State gov-
ernment formed, 331, 332 ; Peirpoint ap-
pointed governor, 331 ; legislature elects
U. S. Senators, 332 ; ordinance to create
State of Kanawha, 332 ; recapitulation of
formation of the new State, VI, 297, 298 ;
popular vote for the new State, October,
1861, 298 ; Constitutional Convention at
Wheeling, 298 ; name of West Virginia
adopted, 298 ; popular vote on the Consti-
tution, 298 ; consent of legislature of the
"restored government of Virginia" to
the erection of the new State of West Vir-
INDEX 479
ginia, 298; report of Senate Committee on White, Hugh L., U. S. Sen. : Presidential
Territories on the division of the State, candidate, I, 125.
299; conditions of the Senate bill, 299; Whiteley, William G., M. C. : member of
Senate hill passed, July 14, 1862, 299 ; House Committee of Thirty-three, II, 417.
passage of the hill by House of Repre- Whitesides, John D., bears a challenge
sentatives, Dec. 10, 1862, 299 ; Cabinet from Shields to Lincoln, I, 206, 207 ; pub-
consideration of the bill, 300 ; opinions : lishes account of the Lincoln-Shields duel,
by Seward, 300, 301 — by Chase, 301-303— 208; correspondence with Merryman,
by Stanton, 303, 304 — by Welles, 304-306 — 209, 210.
by Blair, 306-308 — by Bates, 308, 309 — by Whitesides, Samuel, Gen. 111. Vols. : corn-
Lincoln, 309-311 ; Lincoln approves the mands volunteer expedition in Black
Act, 311 ; Constitutional Convention re- Hawk war, I, 90 ; march of, to Dixon, 91 ;
assembled, 312 ; conditions of Congress march to Stillman's Run, 91 ; reenlists as
adopted, 312 ; Lincoln's proclamation a private, 93.
of admission, 312; inauguration of new Whitfield, J. W., Delegate from Kas. Ter. :
State government, 312; legislative Acts voted for, for Delegate in 1854, I, 406;
concerning slavery, 312, 313 ; abolition of elected to Congress, 408 ; elected Delegate
slavery in, 313; ratifies Thirteenth Amend- by Pro-Slavery party, 1855, 428, 429, 438;
ment, X, 88, 89. driven out of Kansas, II, 2 ; leaves let-
Wever, Clark R., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. ters for publication in the Washington
Vols. : defense of Resaca, IX, 475, 476. " Union," 111.
Whaley, Kellian V., M. C. : member of Whiting, W. H. C, Conf. Maj. Gen. : corn-
Select Committee on Emancipation, VI, mands under Lee on the Peninsula, V,
395. 428 ; at battle of Bermuda Hundred, VIII,
Wharton, Gabriel C, Conf. Brig. Gen. : in 398, 399 ; wounded at Fort Fisher, 67.
battle of Fisher's Hill, IX, 306 ; in battle Whitney, Eli, inventor of the cotton gin, I,
of Cedar Creek, 316, 320, 321, 325 ; winter 320, 321 ; fame of, neglected, 322.
quarters at Staunton, 329; in battle of Whitney, E. W., letter about his father, I,
Waynesboro, 329, 330. 322.
Wharton, John A., Conf. Maj. Gen.: in Wickham, W. C, Conf. Brig. Gen. : in cam-
battle of Murfreesboro, VI, 282 ; defeated paign of Fisher's Hill, IX, 306, 309, 310.
by A. J. Smith, VIII, 301. Wickliffe, Charles A., M. C, P. M. Gen.
Wheaton, Frank, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. : under Tyler : member of committee to
in march to Appomattox, X, 187. distribute Union arms, IV, 237 ; second
Wheeler, Ezra, M. C. : first vote for Thir- interview with Lincoln about compen-
teenth Amendment, X, 78; second vote sated emancipation, VI, 111 ; opposes bill
for Thirteenth Amendment, 83. for draft, VII, 5 ; puts Pierce in nomina-
Wheeler, Joseph, Conf. Lieut. Gen. : in bat- tion for President, IX, 258.
tie of Murfreesboro, VI, 282, 293 ; repulsed Wide Awakes, origin and campaign work
at Fort Donelson, VIII, 50 ; defeats Co- of, II, 284-286.
burn, 50; in expedition against Burnside, Wigfall, Louis T., U. S. Sen., Conf. Brig.
129 ; in battles of Resaca, IX, 13 ; in battles Gen. : Senate discussion, II, 401, 402, 410 ;
of Atlanta, 270; raid in Sherman's rear, signs secession address, 436; signs the
281-283. Senatorial secession caucus resolutions,
Whipple, Amiel W., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. : III, 181 ; retains his seat in Senate, 195 ;
in battle of Chancellorsville, VII, 101. visits Fort Sumter, IV, 59, 60 ; establishes
White, Albert S., M. C, U. S. Sen., Judge of rebel recruiting office in Baltimore, 93.
Dist. Ct. of Ind. : chairman of Select Com- Wilcox, Cadmus M., Conf. Maj. Gen. : in
mittee on Emancipation, VI, 395 ; reports battle of Gettysburg, VII, 261, 263, 267 ; in
bill to aid emancipation in Delaware, siege of Richmond, IX, 427; in siege of
Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennes- Petersburg, 432 ; defense of Petersburg,
see, and Missouri, 395. X, 178.
White, E.B., Conf. Col. : ordered to prepare Wilder, John T., Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S.
a plan to reduce Fort Sumter, III, 124. Vols. : march on Chattanooga, VIII, 71.
White, Harry, Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. : Wilderness, Va., battle of, May 5, 6, 1864,
exchange of, refused, VII, 458. VIII, 360-367.
480
INDEX
"Wilkes, , goes to Kansas, I, 448.
Wilkes, Charles, Rear Adm. U. S. N. : com-
mands U. S. war steamer, San Jacinto,
V, 22; overhauls the Trent, 22; com-
mended by Secretary of Navy, 25; re-
ceives thanks of House of Representa-
tives, 25.
Willcox, O. B.. Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. : in
Army of Potomac, VIII, 353 ; in attack on
Petersburg, IX, 411 ; in assault at Peters-
burg mine, 422 ; censured for Petersburg
mine affair, 425 ; in recapture of Fort Sted-
man, X, 162.
Willey, Waitman T., U. S. Sen. : second in-
terview with Lincoln about compensated
emancipation, VI, 112.
Williams, Archibald, U. S. Dist. Judge:
member of Bloomington Convention, II,
28 ; letter to Lincoln, III, 256.
Williams, A. S., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
succeeds to command of Mansfield's
corps at Antietam, VI, 140 ; in March to
the Sea, IX, 481 ; in march to Columbia,
X, 230.
Williams, John E., signs memorial about
Fremont and colored troops, VI, 456.
Williams, Richard, Commander, R. N. :
mail agent of the Trent, V, 23.
Williams, Thomas, Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
commanding land forces, accompanies
Farragut to Vicksburg, V, 348; defeats
attack on Baton Rouge, VII, 122 ; killed
at Baton Rouge, 122 ; began Vicksburg
Canal, 146.
Williamsburg, Va., battle at, May 5, 1862,
V, 377.
Williamson, Alexander, present at Lin-
coln's deathbed, X, 300.
Willich, August, Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols. :
in battle of Murfreesboro, VI, 286 ; taken
prisoner, 286 ; in battle of Chickamauga,
VIII, 104 ; in battle of Chattanooga, 148.
Wills, David, Special Agent of Gov. Curtin :
invites Lincoln to Gettysburg dedication
ceremonies, VIII, 190.
Wilmington, N. C, occupied by Schofleld,
Feb. 22, 1865, X, 69.
Wilmot, David, M. C, U. S. Sen. : offers
Wilmot Proviso, I, 268; leaves Demo-
cratic party, 277 ; receives votes for Vice-
President at Philadelphia Convention,
II, 35 ; temporary chairman Chicago Con-
vention, 1860, 266 ; member of Peace Con-
vention, III, 230; writes to Gen. Scott,
IV, 129 ; votes for National Bank Act, VI,
244.
Wilmot Proviso, adopted by House of Rep-
resentatives, I, 268 ; votes upon, 269.
Wilson, Henry, U. S. Sen., Vice-Pres. with
Grant : receives votes for Vice-President
in Philadelphia Convention, II, 35 ; de-
nounces Brooks's assault, 54; challenged
by Brooks, 54 ; votes for National Bank
Act, VI, 244 ; defends bill for draft, VII,
4 ; comment on Lincoln's Conkling letter,
385; approves Lincoln's message, IX, 109 ;
comment on Blair, 339.
Wilson, James F., Gov. of Iowa, M. C. :
member of Select Committee on Emanci-
pation, VI, 395 ; joint resolution to abol-
ish slavery by Constitutional amendment,
X, 78.
Wilson, James H., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A.:
work on the Yazoo Pass route, VII, 149 ;
bridges the Tennessee at Morgantown,
VIII, 182 ; in Army of Potomac, 353 ; in
battle of the Wilderness, 363 ; in battle of
Yellow Tavern, 371; in battle of Cold
Harbor, 391 ; in Sheridan's army, IX, 182 ;
in battle of Winchester, 300, 303 ; in move-
ment across James River, 406, 407; raid
on the Weldon Railroad, 413, 418 ; in army
of Thomas, X, 8 ; in march to Franklin,
11 ; in defense of Nashville, 22 ; in battle
of Nashville, 30, 33; raid through Ala-
bama, 237, 238; defeats Forrest, 239, 240;
captures Selma, April 2, 1865, 240; sends
parties in pursuit of Davis, 269 ; capture
of Jefferson Davis, May 10, 1865, 270-274 ;
paroles rebel prisoners, 329 ; opinion of
Lincoln's military ability, 354.
Wilson, R. L., one of the " Long Nine," I,
128.
Wilson, Robert, U. S. Sen. : second inter-
view with Lincoln about compensated
emancipation, VI, 111; appointed U. S.
Senator, VIII, 469.
Wilson, Thomas F., U. S. consul at Bahia:
protest against the Florida, IX, 130, 131 ;
dismissal of, 133.
Wilson's Creek, Mo., battle of, Aug. 10, 1861,
IV, 410, 411.
Winans, Ross, elected to Maryland legis-
lature, IV, 165.
Winchester, Va., battle of, Sept. 19, 1864,
IX, 299, 305.
Winder, John H., Conf. Brig. Gen. : cen-
sured by Col. Chandler, VII, 407, 468 ; pro-
motion of, 468 ; order to guards at Ander-
sonville prison, 471.
Windom, William, M. C, U. S. Sen., Sec. of
Treas. under Gai'tield and B. Harrison :
INDEX
481
member of House Committee of Thirty-
three, II, 417 ; votes for re-passage of Na-
tional Bank Act, VI, 245.
Winnebago, The, Union monitor : in battle
of Mobile Bay, XI, 235.
Winslow, John A., Rear Adui. U. S. H". :
commands the Kearsarge, IX, 143 ; block-
ades the Alabama, 144; sinks the Ala-
bama, 146-149, 152, 153 ; letter about battle
of the Alabama and Kearsarge, 152.
Winslow, Warren, M. C. : member of House
Committee of Thirty-three, II, 417.
Winters, Hannah, niece of Daniel Boone :
marries Abraham Lincoln, I, 5.
Winthrop, Robert C, Speaker H. R.,
U. S. Sen. : chosen Speaker of House of
Representatives, I, 259 ; comment on
provision of Fugitive Slave Law, III,
25, 26.
Winthrop, Theodore, Maj. U. S. Vols. :
killed at Big Bethel, IV, 320.
Wisconsin, State of, admitted as a State, I,
325 ; instructs delegates in favor of Lin-
coln's renomination, IX, 56 ; ratifies
Thirteenth Amendment, X, 89.
Wise, Henry A., Min. to Brazil, Gov. of
Va., Conf. Brig. Gen. : cross-examines
John Brown, II, 209 ; letter to governors
proposing consultation, 299 ; letter to
William Sergeant exposing secession in-
trigues, 302; preparations for secession,
III, 416 ; remarks in Virginia Convention,
417 ; sent to the Kanawha Valley, IV, 332 ;
summarizes effect of Union victory at
Roanoke Island, V, 245, 246.
Withers, Jones M., Conf. Maj. Gen. : in
battle of Murfreesboro, VI, 293.
Witzig, J., member of Union Safety Com-
mittee at St. Louis, IV, 212.
Wood, Fernando, M. C. : advice to Lincoln
about Vallandigham, VII, 359, 360; let-
ters to Lincoln about peace, 366 ; let-
ters to Seward explaining his speech, 367 ;
letter to Lincoln about amnesty, 367;
rejoinder to Lincoln's reply, 368, 369 ;
House resolution to appoint peace com-
missioners, 394, 395.
Wood, Gustavus A., Col. U. 8. Vols. : in
battle of Chattanooga, VIII, 153.
Wood, R. C, Bvt. Brig. Gen. U. S. A. :
made Department commander, X, 338.
Wood, Thomas J., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
march on Chattanooga, VIII, 71 ; in battle
of Chickamauga, 94, 95, 98-100, 103, 104 ; in
battle of Chattanooga, 135, 138, 146, 148, 152,
155 ; in march to Franklin, X, 16; in defense
of Nashville, 22 ; in battle of Nashville, 30-
32 ; in pursuit of Hood, 34 ; made Depart-
ment commander, 338^
Wood, W. B., Conf. Col. : moves his com-
mand to East Tennessee, V, 77.
Wood, W. S., member of Lincoln's suite,
III, 290.
Woodbury, Daniel P., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
A. : advice against Burnside's "Mud
March," VI, 218.
Woodman, John, U. S. N. : in expedition
against the Albemarle, X, 47, 51.
Woodruff, William E., Col. U. S. Vols.:
establishes "Camp Clay," IV, 239; in
battle of Murfreesboro, VI, 286.
Woods, C. R., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A. :
in battle of Chattanooga, VIII, 142 : in
March to the Sea, IX, 481.
Woodson, Daniel, Sec. Kas. Ter. : becomes
acting governor of Kansas Territory, I,
417 ; proclamation forbidding provisional
Free State legislature to assemble, 435 ;
becomes acting governor, II, 3; proclaims
the Territory in insurrection, 6 ; sent to
the Border Ruffian camp, 14; promotion
of, 95.
Woodward, George W., M. C, Judge Sup.
Ct. of Penn. : decides draft law unconsti-
tutional, VII, 13 ; defeated for governor of
Pennsylvania, 13, 375, 376.
Wool, John E., Maj. Gen. U. S. A. : corre-
spondence with Lincoln, III, 251, 252;
regulates pay and rations of contrabands,
IV, 396 ; advises holding the Hatteras
forts, V, 13 ; commands march to Norfolk,
236 ; telegram about McClellan's despon-
dent tone, 378 ; transferred to Baltimore,
413; ordered to report to Hooker, VII,
215; notifies Confederate government of
the mission of Commissioners Fish and
Ames, 449 ; meeting with Cobb to arrange
exchange of prisoners, 449, 450 ; letter to
Benjamin about Confederate privateers,
450.
Woolsey, Dr. Theodore D. : remarks on
civil war, VII, 446.
Worden, John L., Rear Adm. U. S. N. :
sent to Pensacola, IV, 9; arrival, 11;
visits the fleet, 12 ; arrested and impris-
oned, 13 ; commands the Monitor, V, 228 ;
fight of Monitor and Merrimac, March 9,
1862, 228-231 ; wounded, 230; directs Greene
to take command, 231 ; commands monitor
Montauk, VII, 63 ; attacks Fort McAllister,
63 ; in attack on Charleston, 67.
Wright, Horatio G., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S. A..*
482
INDEX
commands troops in expedition to occupy
coast of Florida, V, 251 ; in Army of Poto-
mac, VIII, 353 ; in battle of the Wilder-
ness, 363, 367; succeeds Sedgwick in
command of Sixth Corps, 375 ; in battle of
Spotsylvania, 375, 378, 381-383 ; wounded,
382; in battle of Cold Harbor, 391, 400, 401 ;
sent to Washington, IX, 164 ; lands two
divisions at Washington, 171 ; begins
pursuit of Early, 173,174; in Sheridan's
army, 182 ; in battle of Winchester, 300,
303; in battle of Fisher's Hill, 307, 309;
in campaign of Cedar Creek, 314, 315, 317,
320-325 ; in movement across James River,
407 ; in siege of Petersburg, 412 ; in recap-
ture of Fort Stedman, X, 163, 164 ; in assault
at Petersburg, 175, 177-181 ; made Depart-
ment commander, 338.
Wyke, Sir Charles Lennox, British Min. to
Mexico : correspondence with Mexican
foreign office, VI, 32 ; ceases diplomatic
relations with Mexico, 32 ; sails for Eng-
land from Mexico, 45.
Yancey, William L., M. C, Conf. Comr.
to Europe : characteristics of, II, 236 ;
speech in Charleston Convention, 237 ;
leads secession from Charleston Conven-
tion, 240; his prophecy, 242; speech in
Seceders' Convention, 244 ; inconsisten-
cies of, 249 ; present at Baltimore, 251 ;
letter to Slaughter, proposing revolution,
301; prints explanatory statement, 303;
speech in Alabama Convention, III, 187.
Yates, Richard, M. C, Gov. of 111., U. S.
Sen. : candidate for Congress, I, 373 ;
member of Bloomington Convention, II,
28 ; orders Gen. Swift to Cairo, IV, 194 ;
orders Prentiss to seize arms and muni-
tions, 195, 196 ; applies to Gen. Harney for
arms, 198 ; asks Grant to assist the adju-
tant general, 287 ; sends him to muster in
new regiments, 288 ; appoints him colonel
of 21st Hlinois Volunteers, 292; appre-
hension about conspiracy of American
Knights, VIII, 10.
Yeaman, George H., M. C, Min. to Den-
mark : resolution in House of Repre-
sentatives censuring emancipation proc-
lamation, VI, 171; vote for Thirteenth
Amendment, X, 83.
Yorktown, Va., siege of, April 5 to May 3,
1862, V, 368-374; evacuation of, May 3,
1862, 374, 375.
York, Zebulon, Conf. Brig. Gen. : wounded
at Winchester, IX, 305.
Yulee, David L., U. S. Sen.: letter to
Finegan, III, 180; signs the Senatorial
secession caucus resolutions, 181.
Zamacona, Manuel Maria de, Mex. diplo-
matist : correspondence with Sir Charles
Wyke, VI, 32.
Zollicoffer, Felix K., M. C, Conf. Brig. Gen. :
invades eastern Kentucky, V, 45, 46 ; com-
mands in East Tennessee, 60; guards Cum-
berland Gap, 116; attacks Thomas, 116:
killed at Mill Springs, 117.
Zook, Samuel K., Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
Vols. : killed at Gettysburg, VII, 255.
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